Kapampangan language

Kapampangan language is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Kapampangan ethnic group. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the municipalities of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. A few Aeta groups in Central Luzon's southern part also understand and even speak Kapampangan as well. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ("breastfed, or nurtured, language").[4]

Kapampangan
Pampangan, Pampango, Pampangueño
Amánung Kapampángan, Amánung Sísuan
"Kapangpángan" written in Kulitan, the language's writing system
Pronunciation[kapamˈpaŋan]
Native toPhilippines
RegionCentral Luzon (entirety of Pampanga, southern Tarlac, northeastern Bataan, western Bulacan, southwestern Nueva Ecija, southeastern parts of Zambales)
EthnicityKapampangan
Native speakers
2 million (2005)[1]
7th most spoken native language in the Philippines[2]
Latin (Kapampangan alphabet)
Historically written in: Kulitan
Official status
Official language in
Regional language of the Philippines
Regulated byKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2pam
ISO 639-3pam
Glottologpamp1243[3]
Areas where Kapampangan is spoken in the Philippines.

Classification

Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the proto-Austronesian consonant *R.

History

Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ("riverbank"). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.

A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. Diego Bergaño wrote two 18th-century books about the language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga[5] (first published in 1729) and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada, and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.

Geographic distribution

Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan (Dinalupihan, Hermosa and Orani), Bulacan (Baliuag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Isidro, Gapan City and Cabanatuan City) and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in South Cotabato, specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language.

Phonology

Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.

Vowels

Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:

Some dialects also include /ə/.

There are four main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /oɪ/, /aʊ/, and /iʊ/. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are reduced to /ɛ/ and /o/ respectively.

Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:

  • /a/ is raised slightly in unstressed positions, except final syllables.
  • Unstressed /i u/ is usually pronounced [ɪ ʊ], as in English "bit" and "book" respectively (except final syllables).
  • In final syllables /i/ can be pronounced [ɛ, i], and /u/ can be pronounced [o, u].
    • deni/reni ("these") can be pronounced [ˈdɛnɛ]/[ˈɾɛnɛ] or [ˈdɛni]/[ˈɾɛni]; seli ("bought") can be pronounced [ˈsɛlɛ] or [ˈsɛli]; kekami ("to us" [except you]) can be pronounced [kɛkɐˈmɛ] or [kɛkɐˈmi]; suerti can be pronounced [ˈswɛɾtɛ] or [ˈswɛɾti], sisilim ("dusk") can be pronounced [sɪˈsilɛm] or [sɪˈsilim].
    • kanu ("he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly") can be pronounced [kaˈno] or [kaˈnu]; libru ("book") can be pronounced [libˈɾo] or [libˈɾu]; ninu ("who") can be pronounced [ˈnino] or [ˈninu]; kaku ("to me") can be pronounced [ˈkako] or [ˈkaku], and kamaru ("cricket") can be pronounced [kamɐˈɾo] or [kamɐˈɾu].
  • Unstressed /e, o/ are usually pronounced [ɪ, ʊ], respectively (except final syllables).

Consonants

In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other Philippine languages, Kapampangan lacks the phoneme /h/.

Bilabial Dental /
Alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop voiceless p t tʃ k ʔ
voiced b d dʒ g
Fricative s ʃ
Tap/Trill ɾ ~ r
Approximant l j w
  • /k/ tends to lenite to [x] between vowels.
  • [d] and [ɾ] are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable; Nukarin la ring libru? can be Nukarin la ding libru? ("Where are the books?").
  • A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence.

Stress

Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):[6]

  • dápat ("should, ought to") → dapát ("deed, concern, business")
  • dapúg ("gather, burn trash") → dápug ("trash pile")

Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:[6]

  • ábe → abáyan ("company")
  • láso → lasáwan ("melt, digest")

Sound changes

In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine *tanəm is tanam (to plant) in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog tanim, Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem (grave).

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/. The Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu; it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian.

Grammar

Nouns

Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.

Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).

Case markers
  Absolutive Ergative Oblique
Common singular ing -ng, ning king
Common plural ding, ring ring karing
Personal singular i(y) -ng kang
Personal plural di, ri ri kari

Examples:

  • Dintang ya ing lalaki (The man arrived).
  • Ikit neng Juan i(y) Maria (Juan saw Maria).
  • Munta ya i(y) Elena ampo i(y) Robertu king bale nang Miguel (Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house).
  • Nukarin la ring libro? (Where are the books?)
  • Ibiye ke ing susi kang Carmen (I will give the key to Carmen).

Pronouns

Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.

  Absolutive (independent) Absolutive (enclitic) Ergative Oblique
1st person singular yaku, i(y) aku, aku ku ku kanaku, kaku
2nd person singular ika ka mu keka
3rd person singular iya, ya ya na keya, kaya
1st person dual ikata kata, ta ta kekata
1st person plural inclusive ikatamu, itamu katamu, tamu tamu, ta kekatamu, kekata
1st person plural exclusive ikami, ike kami, ke mi kekami, keke
2nd person plural ikayu, iko kayu, ko yu kekayu, keko
3rd person plural ila la da, ra karela

Examples
  • Sinulat ku (I wrote).
  • Silatanan ke (I wrote to him).
  • Silatanan na ku (He [or she] wrote me).
  • Dintang ya (He [or she] has arrived). Note: Dintang ya = He arrived (or arrives); Dintang ne = He has arrived.
  • Sabian me kaku (Tell it to me).
  • Ninu ing minaus keka? (Who called you?)
  • Mamasa la (They are reading).
  • Mamangan la ring babi? (Are the pigs eating?)

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.

  • Ing bale ku; Ing kakung bale; Ing kanakung bale (my house)

The dual pronoun ikata and the inclusive pronoun ikatamu refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons.

  • Ala katang nasi. (We [dual] do not have rice).
  • Ala tamung nasi. (We [inclusive] do not have rice).
  • Ala keng nasi, Ala kaming nasi (We [exclusive] do not have rice).

Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.

  • Dintang ya i(y) Erning (not dintang i(y) Erning; Ernie arrived).
  • Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan (not mamasa ri Maria at Juan; Maria and Juan are reading).
  • Silatanan na kang José (not silatanan kang José; José wrote you).

Special forms

The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not).

  • Ati yu king Pampanga (He is in Pampanga).
  • Ala lu ring doktor keni, Ala lu ding doktor keni (the doctors are no longer here).

Both ati yu and ati ya are correct. The plural form ("they are") is atilu and atila. Both ala la and ala lu are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are ala ya and ala yu.

Pronoun combinations

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker:

  • Ikit da ka (I saw you).
  • Silatanan na ku (He wrote to me).

Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun:

  • Ikit ke (I saw her).
  • Dinan kong kwalta (I will give them money).

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word naman:

  • Akakit me? (Do you see him?)
  • Buri nya naman yan, buri ne murin yan (He likes that, too).

In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case.

Pronoun order and forms
  yaku
(1 sing.)		 ika
(2 sing.)		 ya
(3 sing.)		 ikata
(1 dual)		 ikatamu
(1 incl.)		 ikami
(1 exclusive)		 ikayo
(2 plural)		 ila
(3 plural)
ku
(1 sing)		 (ing sarili ku) da ka
ra ka		 ke
keya		 – – – da ko (ra ko)
da kayu (ra kayu)		 ko
ku la
mu
(2 sing)		 mu ku (ing sarili mu) me
mya		 – – mu ke
mu kami		 – mo
mu la
na
(3 sing)		 na ku na ka ne
nya
(ing sarili na)		 na kata na katamu na ke
na kami		 na ko
na kayu		 no
nu la
ta
(1 dual)		 – – te
tya		 (ing sarili ta) – – – to
ta la
tamu
(1p inc)		 – – ta ya – (ing sarili tamu) – – ta la
mi
(1p exc)		 – da ka
ra ka		 mi ya – – (ing sarili mi) da ko (ra ko)
da kayu (ra kayu)		 mi la
yu
(2 p)		 yu ku – ye
ya		 – – yu ke
yu kami		 (ing sarili yu) yo
yu la
da
(3 p)		 da ku
ra ku		 da ka
ra ka		 de (re)
dya		 da kata
ra kata		 da katamu
ra katamu		 da ke (ra ke)
da kami (ra kami)		 da ko (ra ko)
da kayu (ra kayu)		 do (ro)
da la (ra la)
(ing sarili da)

Demonstrative pronouns

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.

Demonstrative pronouns
  Absolutive Ergative Oblique Locative Existential
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nearest to speaker
(this, here)		 ini deni,
reni		 nini dareni kanini kareni oyni oreni keni
Near speaker & addressee
(this, here)		 iti deti,
reti		 niti dareti kaniti kareti oyti oreti keti
Nearest addressee
(that, there)		 iyan den,
ren		 niyan daren kanyan karen oyan oren ken
Remote
(yon, yonder)		 ita deta,
reta		 nita dareta kanita kareta oyta oreta keta

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (and their respective forms) both mean "this", but each has distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: iting musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi (this is what we do). Ini is always concrete: ining libru (this book), ini ing asu nang Juan (this is Juan's dog).

In their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti, but will refer to their respective towns as keni; both mean "here".

The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of iyan is den/ren; the plural of niyan is daren; the plural of kanyan is karen, and the plural of oyan is oren. The existential form of iyan is ken.

  • Nanu ini? (What's this?)
  • Mangabanglu la rening sampaga, Mangabanglu la dening sampaga (These flowers smell nice).
  • Ninu ing lalaking ita? (Who is that man?)
  • Me keni, munta ka keni (Come here).
  • Ati ku keti, atsu ku keni, atyu ku keni (I am here).
  • Mangan la keta (They will eat there).
  • Ninu ing anak a yan? (Who is that child?)
  • Uyta/Oyta ya pala ing salamin mu! (So that's where your glasses are!)
  • E ku pa menakit makanyan/makanini (I haven't seen one of these before).
  • Manyaman la ren/Manyaman la den (Those are delicious).
  • Ayni/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka (Here are the two gifts for you).
  • Buri daka! (I like you!)
  • Kaluguran daka! (I love you!)
  • Mangan Tana! (Let's eat!)
  • Edaka buring mawala! (I don't want to lose you!)

Verbs

Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.

The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are ing (which marks singular subjects) and reng, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case ning; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng, which is cliticized onto the preceding word.[7]

(1)Agent trigger (or voice)
S‹um›ulat yang poesia ing lalaki king pen king papil.
ya=ng
‹at›will.write3sg.dir=accpoemdirboyoblpenoblpaper
"The boy will write a poem with a pen on the paper."
(2)Patient trigger
I-sulat ne ning lalaki ing poesia king mestra.
na+ya
pt-will.write3sg.erg+3sg.dirergboydirpoemoblteacher.f
"The boy will write the poem to the teacher"
or "The poem will be written by the boy to the teacher."
(3)Goal trigger
Sulat-anan ne ning lalaki ing mestro.
na+ya
will.write-gt3sg.erg+3sg.dirergboydirteacher.M
"The boy will write to the teacher"
or "The teacher will be written to by the boy."
(4)Locative trigger
Pi-sulat-an neng poesia ning lalaki ing blackboard.
na+ya=ng
lt-will.write-lt3sg.erg+3sg.dir=accpoemergboydirblackboard
"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard"
or "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
(5)a. Circumstantial trigger (with instrument subject)
Panyulat neng poesia ning lalaki ing pen.
paN-sulatna+ya=ng
ct-will.write3sg.erg+3sg.dir=accpoemergboydirpen
"The boy will write a poem with the pen"
or "The pen will be written a poem with by the boy."
(5)b. Circumstantial trigger (with benefactee subject)
Pamasa nong libru ning babai reng anak.
paN-basana+la=ng
ct-will.read3sg.erg+3pl.dir=accbookergwomanpl.dirchild
"The woman will read a book for the children"
or "The children will be read a book by the woman."

Ambiguities and irregularities

Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word sulat (write) exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:

  • Susulat means "is writing" in Kapampangan and "will write" in Tagalog.
  • Sumulat means "will write" in Kapampangan and "wrote" in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages.
  • Sinulat means "wrote" in both languages. In Kapampangan it is in the actor focus (with long i: [ˌsi:ˈnu:lat]) or object focus (with short i: [siˈnu:lat]), and object focus only in Tagalog.

The object-focus suffix -an represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves -an in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:

  • Bayaran (to pay someone): bayaran (will pay someone), babayaran (is paying someone), beyaran (paid someone)
  • Bayaran (to pay for something): bayaran (will pay for something), babayaran (is paying for something), binayad (paid for something)

Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has -in and -an in, Bikol and most of the Visayan languages have -on and -an, and Ilokano has -en and -an due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.

A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix -um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example, gawa (to do), bulus (to immerse), terak (to dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to smoke), saklu (to fetch), takbang (to step) and tuki (to accompany). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (-um- verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel /u/ in the first syllable; lukas (to take off) is conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking off), and likas (took off).

This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases (for example, dela [brought something], semal [worked on something] and seli [bought]).

There is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes; magsalita may mean "is speaking" or "will speak", but there is an audible difference. [mɐɡsaliˈtaʔ] means "will speak" while [ˌmaːɡsaliˈtaʔ] means "is speaking".

Conjugation chart
  Infinitive &
contemplative		 Progressive Completed
Actor focus -um- CV- -ín-
Actor focus – CV- -in-
-i-
Actor focus m- mVm- min-
me-
Actor focus mag- mág- mig-, meg-
Actor focus ma- má- ne-
Actor focus maN- máN- meN-
Object focus -an CV- ... -an -in-
-i-
-e-
Object focus
Benefactive focus		 i- iCV- i- -in-
i- -i-
i- -e-
Object focus
Locative focus		 -an CV- ... -an -in- ... -an
-i- ... -an
-e- ... -an
Instrument focus ipaN- páN- piN-, peN
Reason focus ka- ká- ke-

Enclitics
  • warî: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
  • agyaman, man: even, even if, even though
  • nung: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
  • kanu: reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
  • din, rin: inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too
  • iká: expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect
  • itá: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
  • mu: limiting particle; only, just
  • na, pa
    • na: now, already, yet, anymore
    • pa: still, else
  • namán: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
  • nanu ita: expresses cause; because, because of
  • pin: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
  • palá: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something
  • pu, opu: politeness particle

Examples:

  • Swerti kanu iti kanaku: I was told that it is lucky.
  • Edukado ya rin ing nobyu mu, Edukado ya din ing nobyu mu: Your boyfriend is also educated.

Existence and possession

To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word atí is used:

  • Atí la namang konsyensya: They also have a conscience.

Negation

Kapampangan has two negation words: alí and alá. Alí negates verbs and equations, and means "no" or "not":

  • Alí ya sinali. (He did not buy.)

Alá is the opposite of atí:

  • Alá na mo kanung lugud. (They say that there is no more love.)

E is sometimes used instead of alí:

  • E ke seli. (I did not buy it.)

Interrogative words

Komustá is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ("How are you?"), it is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está?

  • Komustá na ka? (How are you?)
  • Komustá ya ing pasyenti? (How is the patient?)

Nanu means "what": Nanu ya ing gagawan mu? (What are you doing?)

Ninu means "who":

  • Ninu la reng lalaki? or Ninu la deng lalaki? (Who are those men?)
  • Ninu i(y) Jennifer? (Who is Jennifer?)

Nukarin, meaning "where", is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:

  • Nukarin ya ing drayber/mag-manewu? (Where is the driver? Drayber is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of "driver").
  • Nukarin ya i(y) Henry? (Where is Henry?)

Loanwords

Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as:

  • Ápû 阿婆 "(maternal) grandmother"
  • Bápa 爸伯 "uncle"
  • Ditsí 二姊 "2nd eldest sister"
  • Díko 二哥 "2nd eldest brother"
  • Dízon 二孫 "2nd eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Gózun 五孫 "5th eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Lácson 六孫 "6th eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Pekson 八孫 "8th eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Impû 外婆 "(paternal) grandmother"
  • Ingkung 外公 "(paternal) grandfather"
  • Atsi 阿姐 "eldest sister"
  • Kóya 哥仔 "eldest brother"
  • Sanko 三哥 "3rd eldest brother"
  • Satsi 三姊 "4th eldest sister"
  • Sámson 三孫 "3rd eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Sese 謝謝 "pet, to look after, thank you" (name)
  • Síson 四孫 "4th eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Sitson 七孫 "7th eldest grandson" (a surname)
  • Susi 鎖匙 "key"
  • Sitsí 四姊 "4th eldest sister"
  • Síko 四哥 "4th eldest brother"
  • Tuázon 太孫 "eldest grandson (a surname)
  • Pansit 便食 "noodles" (literally "instant meal")
  • Buisit 無衣食 "bad luck" (literally "without clothes and food")

Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:

  • Aláya, "home", from the Sanskrit आलय alaya
  • Kalma, "fate", from the Sanskrit कर्म karma
  • Damla, "divine law", from the Sanskrit धर्म dharma
  • Mantála, "magic formulas", from the Sanskrit मन्त्र mantra
  • Upáya, "power", from the Sanskrit उपाय upaya
  • Siuálâ, "voice", from the Sanskrit स्वर svara
  • Lúpa, "face", from the Sanskrit रुपा rupa
  • Sabla, "every", from the Sanskrit सर्व sarva
  • Láwû, "eclipse/dragon", from the Sanskrit राहु rahu
  • Galúrâ, "giant eagle" (a surname, phoenix), from the Sanskrit गरुड garuda
  • Láksina, "south" (a surname), from the Sanskrit दक्षिण dakshin
  • Laksamana, "admiral" (a surname), from the Sanskrit लक्ष्मण lakshmana

The language also has many Spanish loanwords, including kómusta (from cómo estás, "Hello/How are you?"), suérti (from suerte, "luck"), kurus (from cruz, "cross"), karni (from carne, "meat"), kórsunada (from corazonada, "crush") and kasapégo (from casa fuego, "matchbox") and others such as times, for countings and numbers.

Writing systems and orthography
Amánung Sísuan (honorific name for "mother language" (literally "nurtured or suckled language") in Kulitan, Kapampangan's indigenous writing system

Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written with the Kulitan alphabet. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.[8]

The first system (sulat Baculud, also known as tutung Capampangan or tutung Kapampangan in the sulat Wawa system) is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme /k/ (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before /a/, /o/ and /u/ (ca, co and cu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels /e/ and /i/ (que, qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan Pasion.[8]

The second system, the Sulat Wawa, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme /k/. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.[8]

The third system, Amung Samson hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the sulat Baculud and sulat Wawa. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in sulat Baculud) and ⟨k⟩ (in sulat Wawa) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.[8]

Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The sulat Wawa system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language (the national language) and its orthography. The sulat Wawa system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.[8]

Orthographic history and disputes

From the 10th century AD to 1571, before the Spanish conquest of Lúsung Guo which resulted in the creation of the Province of Pampanga, Kapampangans used a writing system known as Kulitan or Sulat Kapampangan. Augustinian missionaries studied the Kapampangan language and its writing system.[9]

As late as 1699, more than a century after the Spanish conquest, Spaniards continued studying the Kapampangan language and writing system. The Spanish introduced a Romanized orthography, known as the Bacolor Orthography, Súlat Bacúlud or Tutûng Kapampángan (English: "genuine Kapampangan") because of the number of works written in this orthography. The orthography contains the letters q, c, f, ñ and ll.[8]

By the end of the Spanish colonization, the Abakada alphabet (also known as Súlat Wáwâ or Guagua script) replaced c and q with k. Kapampangan nationalist writers from Wáwâ (Guagua) wanted to create an identity distinct from the Bacúlud literary tradition. They were inspired by José Rizal, who proposed simplifying the Romanized Tagalog by replacing c and q with k. Two Kapampangan writers from Wáwâ, Aurelio Tolentino and Monico Mercado (with his translation of Rizal's "Mi último adiós") have adapted Rizal's proposal into Kapampangan writing.[8]

A Kapampangan calligraphist writes in Kulitan script during the inauguration of the University of the Philippines Diliman's Extension Program on Pampanga's new campus.

On December 31, 1937, Philippine president Manuel L. Quezon proclaimed the language based on Tagalog as the commonwealth's national language. Zoilo Hilario proposed standardizing Kapampangan orthography. A member of the Institute of National Language (INL), Hilario sought to adopt the Abakada alphabet used in Tagalog as Kapampangan's orthographic system. The legal imposition of Tagalog as the Philippine national language placed all other Philippine languages (including Kapampangan) in a subordinate position. The conflict between the "purists" and "anti-purists" which plagued the Tagalog literary scene was echoed by Kapampangan writers.[8]

In 1970 (before his translation of the Bible into Kapampangan), Venancio Samson called the dispute over Kapampangan orthography to the attention of the Philippine Bible Society and submitted a proposal aimed at reconciling the old and the new spelling in Kapampangan writing with what is known as Ámung Samson's hybrid orthography. Samson's synthesis was readily accepted by the Catholic Archdiocese of Pampanga, which used it in most of its Kapampangan publications during the early 1970s.[8]

In 1997, the Batiáuan Foundation said that the major obstacle to popularizing Kapampangan was the intense conflict over orthography. The prediction that the Kapampangans would be absorbed by the Tagalogs was seen by Kapampangan groups as a real threat, since Tagalog words were replacing indigenous words in spoken Kapampangan. They revised the Abakada alphabet in Kapampangan writing, removing the letter w and mandating simplified diacritical marks. According to Akademyang Kapampangan, the Batiáuan revision complicates Kapampangan writing and confuses adherents of their proposed orthography. Batiáuan insists that the diacritical marks are essential in written Kapampangan, because many words are spelled the same but are pronounced differently. From this perspective, diacritical marks facilitate understanding instead of complicating the language.[8]

Prayers, words and sentences
The Church of the Pater Noster in Jerusalem, with a Kapampangan version of the Lord's Prayer on the right
  • Sign of the cross: Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, karing masamá kekami, ikabus Mu kami, Ginu ming Dios. King lagyu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anak, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen.
  • The Creed: Sasalpantaya ku king Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang king banwa't yatu. At kang Hesukristong Anak nang Bugtung a Ginu tamu. Pengagli Ya king upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya kang Santa Mariang Birhen. Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipaku ya king krus, mete Ya't mikutkut. Tinipa Ya karing mete. King katlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua, makalukluk wanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat karin, magbalik Ya naman keti ban mukum karing mabie ampon mengamate. Sasalpantaya ku king Banal a Espiritu, ang Santa Iglesia Katolika, ang pamisamak ding Santos, ang pangapatauadda ring kasalanan, king pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at king bie alang angga. Amen.
  • The Lord's Prayer: Ibpa mi, a atiu banua. Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu. Datang kekami ing kayarian Mu. Mipamintuan ing lub Mu, keti sulip anti banua. Ing kakanan mi king aldo-aldo ibie Mu kekami king aldo ngeni. Ampon ipatawad Mo kekami ring sala mi Keka, anti ing pamamatauad mi karing mikasala kekami. E Mu ke ipaisaul ang tuksu, nune ikabus Mu kami karing sablang marok. Amen.
  • Hail Mary: Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ka king grasya. Ing Ginung Dios atyu keka. Nuan ka karing sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, i(y) Jesús. Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu keng makasalanan, ngeni, ampon king oras ning kamatayan mi. Amen.
  • Gloria Patri: Ligaya king Ibpa, at ang Anak, at ang Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadya nang ligaya ibat king kamumulan, ngeni't kapilan man, mangga man king alang angga. Amen.
  • Salve Regina: Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamakalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, ikang ausan mi, ikeng pepalakuan a anak nang Eva; ikang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung ke manga tatangis keni king karinan ning luwa. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu kami karing mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, pakit me kekami i(y) Hesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud! O mapamakalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! Ipanalangin mu kami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. Ba’keng sukat makinabang karing pengaku nang Hesukristong Ginu tamu.

Numbers:

  • One - isa (used when reciting numbers; métung used for counting)
  • Two - aduá
  • Three - atlú
  • Four - ápat
  • Five - limá
  • Six - ánam
  • Seven - pitú
  • Eight - ualú
  • Nine - s'yám
  • Ten - apúlu

Sentences:

  • My name is John. - Juan ya ing lagyu ku.
  • I am here! - Atyu ku keni! (Ati ku keni!)
  • Where are you? - Nukarin ka (kanyan)?
  • I love you. - Kaluguran daka.
  • What do you want? - Nanu ya ing buri mu?
  • I will go home. - Muli ku.
  • They don't want to eat. - Ali la bisang mangan.
  • He bought rice. - Sinali yang nasi.
  • She likes that. - Buri ne ita.
  • May I go out? - Malyari ku waring lumwal?
  • I can't sleep. - Ali ku mipapatudtud.
  • We are afraid. - Tatakut kami.
  • My pet died yesterday. - Mete ya ing sese ku napun.
  • How old are you? - Pilan na kang banua?
  • How did you do that? - Makananu meng gewa ita?
  • How did you get here? – Katnamu ka miparas keni?
  • How big is it? - Makananu ya karagul? (Nu anti ya karagul?)
  • When will you be back? - Kapilan ka mibalik?

Words:

  • I - yaku, i(y) aku
  • You - ika (singular), ikayu (plural)
  • You and I - ikata
  • We - ikami
  • Us - itamu, ikatamu
  • All of us - itamu ngan, ikatamu ngan
  • All of you - ikayu nga, iko ngan
  • Love - lugud
  • Anger - muwa
  • Beautiful - malagu
  • Handsome - masanting (male and [usually] inanimate objects)
  • Beauty - lagu
  • Head - buntuk
  • Hair - buak
  • Eye - mata
  • Nose - arung
  • Ear - balugbug
  • Lip - labi, asbuk, balungus
  • Teeth - ipan
  • Neck - batal
  • Forehead - kanuan
  • Back - gulut
  • Hand - gamat
  • Finger - taliri
  • Butt - buldit
  • Chest - salu
  • Stomach - atyan
  • Shoulder - pago
  • Leg - puwad
  • Navel - pusad
  • Sun - aldo
  • Moon - bulan
  • Star - batuin
  • Sky - banua
  • Cloud - ulap
  • Earth (planet) - yatu
  • Morning - abak
  • Noon - ugtu, ugtung aldo
  • Afternoon - gatpanapun
  • Dusk - sisilim
  • Night - bengi
  • Breakfast - almusal
  • Lunch - abakan
  • Dinner - apunan
  • Midnight - kapitangang bengi
  • Dawn, daybreak - ganing aldo
  • Path, road - dalan
  • Bridge - tete
  • Air - angin
  • Soil - gabun
  • Water - danum
  • Fire - api
  • Food - pamangan
  • Viand, dish - ulam, asan
  • Shrimp paste - baguk
  • Fermented fish - buru
  • Leftovers - lataklatak
  • Dog - asu
  • Cat - pusa
  • Mouse, rat - dagis
  • Ant - panas, salusad
  • Snake - ubingan, bingan
  • Mosquito - amuk
  • Fly (insect) - lango
  • Termite - ane
  • Butterfly - paru-paru
  • Dragonfly - tulang
  • Grasshopper - tipaklung
  • Cricket - kamaru
  • Lizard - lupisak
  • Bee - bubuyug
  • Cockroach - ipas
  • Spider - babagwa
  • Bird - ayup
  • Crocodile, alligator - dapu
  • Horse - kabayu
  • Pig, boar - babi
  • Chicken - manuk
  • Duck - bibi
  • Fish - asan
  • Carabao - damulag
  • Cow - baka
  • Shrimp - paro
  • Crab - ema
  • Snakehead - bulig
  • Catfish - itu
  • Milkfish - bangus
  • St. Peter's fish - talapia
  • Plant - tanaman
  • Flower - sampaga
  • Leaf - bulung
  • Root - uyat
  • Vegetable - gule
  • Fruit - prutas
  • House - bale
  • School - iskuwela
  • Church - pisamban
  • Chapel - bisitas
  • Hospital - uspital
  • Cemetery - campo santo, kabisantu
  • Rain - uran
  • Thunder - duldul
  • Lightning - kildap
  • Earthquake - ayun
  • Typhoon, storm - bagyu
  • Waterspout, Tornado- ipu-ipu, buawi
  • Flood - albug
  • Town, municipality - balen
  • Husband, wife - asawa, abe
  • Child - anak
  • Parent - pengari
  • Sibling - kapatad
  • Uncle - bapa
  • Aunt - dara
  • Cousin - pisan
  • Mother- or father-in-law - katuangan
  • Son- or daughter-in-law - manuyang
  • Sister- or brother-in-law - bayo, bilas
  • Grandchild - apu
  • Godparent - tegawan
  • Godchild - nanak
  • Friend - kaluguran
  • Enemy - kapate
gollark: Chromium? More like APIOCHROMIUM.
gollark: It has, however, stopped being broken constantly.
gollark: Nope!
gollark: Greetings, "barry".
gollark: [EXPUNGED]

See also

References
Footnotes
  1. Kapampangan at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  2. Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pampanga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society. Volume 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2018. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
  5. Bergaño
  6. Forman, Michael, 1971, pp.28-29
  7. In the examples, the word to which the accusative case marker attaches is a pronoun or portmanteau pronoun that is obligatorily present in the same clause as the noun with which it is co-referential. In sentences with an agent trigger, the pronoun co-refers with the agent subject. In sentences with a non-agent trigger, the portmanteau pronoun co-refers with both the ergative agent and the non-agent subject, which is marked with direct case.
  8. Pangilinan, M. R. M. (2006, January). Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: settling the dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized orthography. In Paper at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan (pp. 17-20).
  9. Pangilinan, Michael (2012). An introduction to Kulitan, the indigenous Kapampangan script. Center for Kapampangan Studies, Philippines.
Bibliography
  • Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.
  • Bergaño, Diego. 1860. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance. 2nd ed. Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier.
  • Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press.
  • Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez
  • Forman, Michael. 1971. Kapampangan Grammar Notes. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
  • Gallárdo, José. 1985–86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando.
  • Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
  • Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World's Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy
  • Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute.
  • Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  • Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
  • Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine.
  • Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine.
  • Samson, Venancio. 2011. Kapampangan Dictionary. Angeles City: The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University Press. ISBN 978-971-0546-07-7
  • Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank.
  • Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy
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