List of Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Siberia. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 170 million people.
Turkic languages by subfamily
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1][2]
Relative numbers of speakers of Turkic languages (2007)
| Number | Branch | Languages | Status | Native Speakers | Majority | Main Writing System |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oghuz languages | 8 | Normal | 108,000,000 |  | Latin |
| 2 | Karluk languages | 4 | Normal | 38,000,000 |  | Latin |
| 3 | Kipchak languages | 12 | Normal | 31,300,000 |  | Latin |
| 4 | Siberian Turkic languages | 9 | Vulnerable | 800,000 |  | Cyrillic |
| 5 | Arghu Turkic language | 1 | Vulnerable | 20,000 |  | Perso-Arabic |
| 6 | Oghur languages | 1 | Vulnerable | 1,200,000 | | Cyrillic |
| Total | Turkic languages | 35 | Normal | 179,000,000 | | Latin |
Turkic languages by native speakers
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 [3] documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1] [2]
Endangered Turkic languages
An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language".
25 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[4][5]
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers | Main Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bashkir language | Vulnerable | 1,500,000 | |
| 2 | Chuvash language | Vulnerable | 1,200,000 | |
| 3 | Khorasani Turkic language | Vulnerable | 1,000,000 | |
| 4 | Crimean Tatar language | Severely endangered | 600,000 |  |
| 5 | Kumyk language | Vulnerable | 450,000 | |
| 6 | Yakut language | Vulnerable | 400,000 | |
| 7 | Karachay-Balkar language | Vulnerable | 400,000 | |
| 8 | Tuvan language | Vulnerable | 300,000 | |
| 9 | Urum language | Definitely endangered | 200,000 | |
| 10 | Gagauz language | Critically endangered | 150,000 |  |
| 11 | Siberian Tatar language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 | |
| 12 | Nogai language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 | |
| 13 | Salar language | Vulnerable | 70,000 |  |
| 14 | Altai language | Severely endangered | 60,000 | |
| 15 | Khakas language | Definitely endangered | 50,000 | |
| 16 | Khalaj language | Vulnerable | 20,000 | |
| 17 | Äynu language | Critically endangered | 6,000 | |
| 18 | Western Yugur language | Severely endangered | 5,000 | |
| 19 | Shor language | Severely endangered | 3,000 | |
| 20 | Dolgan language | Definitely endangered | 1,000 | |
| 21 | Krymchak language | Critically endangered | 200 |  |
| 22 | Tofa language | Critically endangered | 100 | |
| 23 | Karaim language | Critically endangered | 100 | |
| 24 | Ili Turki language | Severely endangered | 100 | |
| 25 | Chulym language | Critically endangered | 50 | |
Extinct Turkic languages
| Number | Name | Time of Extinct |
|---|---|---|
| - | Proto Turkic | Reconstructed language |
| 1 | Old Turkic | 8th century |
| 2 | Old Anatolian Turkish | 11th century |
| 3 | Pecheneg | 12th century |
| 4 | Orkhon Turkic | 13th century |
| 5 | Khazar | 13th century |
| 6 | Old Uyghur | 14th century |
| 7 | Khorezmian | 14th century |
| 8 | Bulgar | 14th century |
| 9 | Middle Turkic | 15th century |
| 10 | Kipchak | 17th century |
| 11 | Cuman | 1770 |
| 12 | Old Tatar | 19th century |
| 13 | Fergana Kipchak | 1920s |
| 14 | Chagatai | 1921 |
| 15 | Ottoman Turkish | 1928 |
| 16 | Fuyu Girgis | 20th century |
| 17 | Dukhan | 21st century |
| 18 | Salchuq | 2013 |
Famous Turkic Dialects
| Number | Dialect | Main Language |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rumelian dialect | Turkish language |
| 2 | Cypriot dialect | Turkish language |
| 3 | Afshar dialect | Azerbaijani language |
| 4 | Sonqori dialect | Azerbaijani language |
| 5 | Lop dialect | Uyghur language |
| 6 | Baraba dialect | Siberian Tatar language |
Hypothetical ancestors
Hypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages
- Proto-Human (?)
- Several unknown language families and links (?)
- Borean/Boreal (?)
- Nostratic (?)
- Eurasiatic (?)
- Uralo-Siberian - Altaic
- Altaic (?)
- Pre-Proto-Turkic (?)
- Altaic (?)
- Uralo-Siberian - Altaic
- Eurasiatic (?)
- Nostratic (?)
- Borean/Boreal (?)
- Several unknown language families and links (?)
Ancestral
Geographical distribution of the Turkic languages. Dark Blue: Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic languages); Green: Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk languages); Orange: Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak languages); Red: Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz languages); Purple: Oghur languages
Common Turkic (Shaz Turkic / Z Turkic)
Karluk languages. Green: East Karluk; Red: West Karluk
Orange: South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian); Red: North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian); Green: West Kipchak (Ponto-Caspian)
Orange: East Oghuz; Green; Azerbaijani; Red: Turkish; Purple: Gagauz; Light Blue: Qashqai; Greenish Blue: Salar
- Proto-Common Turkic
- Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic)
- South Siberian
- Altai Turkic
- Northern Altai (Altay tili)
- Tuba
- Kumandy/Qumanda
- Turachak
- Solton
- Starobardinian
- Chalkan (Kuu/Qu, Lebedin)
- Northern Altai (Altay tili)
- Chulym Turkic
- Sayan Turkic (dialect continuum)
- Tofa (Tòfa dıl)
- Tuha
- Tsengel Tuvan
- Tuvan (Tıwa dıl)
- Western/Khemchik River (It is influenced by the Altai language)
- Central (the geographical centrality of this dialect meant it was similar to the language spoken by most Tuvans, whether or not exactly the same). Forms the basis of the standard and literary language and includes:
- Ovyur
- Bii-Khem
- Northeastern/Todzhi (it is spoken near the upper course of the Bii-Khem River by the Tozhu Tuvans. The speakers of this dialect utilize nasalization. It contains a large vocabulary related to hunting and reindeer breeding not found in the other dialects).
- Southeastern (shows the most influence from the Mongolian language).
- Taiga
- Dukha / Dukhan / Tsaatan (Tuha tıl) - spoken by the Dukha (Tsaatan) people of Tsagaan-Nuur county of Khövsgöl Province (nearly extinct)
- Soyot (old language of the Soyot spoken in the Okinsky District or Rayon in the Republic of Buryatia; now they speak the Buryat language) (Samoyedic Uralic substrate; people shifted first to a Turkic language and after to a Mongolian one - Buryat) (extinct)
- Tofa (Tòfa dıl)
- Orkhon Turkic / Old Turkic / Old Uyghur (extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Uyghur, that descends from Karluk) (not synonymous with Proto-Turkic)
- Yenisei Turkic
- Khakas (Xakas tili)
- Sagay/Saghay
- Kacha/Qaça
- Koybal (Turkic Koybal) (Samoyedic Uralic substrate; people shifted to a Turkic language)
- Beltir
- Kyzyl/Qizil
- Fuyu Kyrgyz (could be a dialect of Khakas)
- Shor (Šor tili)
- Mrassu (basis for literary and standard Shor)
- Upper-Mrassu
- Kondoma
- Upper-Kondoma
- Mrassu (basis for literary and standard Shor)
- Western Yugur / Yellow Uyghur (Neo-Uygur) (Yoɣïr lar) (direct descendant of the language called Old Uyghur, Old Turkic or Orkhon Turkic)
- Khakas (Xakas tili)
- Yenisei Turkic
- Altai Turkic
- North Siberian
- South Siberian
- Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk) - Historically in Central Asia there was a distinction between sedentary, called Sart or Taranchi, and nomadic peoples (regardless of the ethnic group and language). Many times it was used confusingly because it was a generic word for several peoples and their languages (mainly Iranians or Turkics) and also because it had different meanings at different historical times (had shifting meanings over the centuries). Strictly it was not an ethnic or linguistic definition but one of a lifestyle. (strong Iranian substrate)
- Chagatai/Turki (Jağatāy) (literary language of medieval Golden Horde in much of Central Asia) (extinct)
- Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465)
- Classical Chagatai (1465–1600)
- Post-classical Chagatai (1600–1921)
- Turkic Khorezmian (it was a literary language of the medieval Golden Horde of Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe) (extinct)
- Classical Chagatai (1465–1600)
- East
- Uyghur (Uyghur tili) (not a direct descendant of the language called Old Uyghur, Old Turkic or Orkhon Turkic)
- Eastern: Spoken in an area stretching from Qarkilik towards north to Qongköl
- Central: Spoken in an area stretching from Kumul towards south to Yarkand
- Southern: Spoken in an area stretching from Guma towards east to Qarkilik
- Lop (Ľ'or télé) (could be a distinct language)
- Ili Turki (Kipchak substrate) (extinct)
- Uyghur (Uyghur tili) (not a direct descendant of the language called Old Uyghur, Old Turkic or Orkhon Turkic)
- West
- Uzbek (Karluk Uzbek, Sart Uzbek – Sedentary and Urban Uzbek, “Modern Uzbek”) (strong Iranian substrate from Sogdian and Persian languages)
- Northern Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha / Oʻzbek tili)
- Ferghana Uzbek (not the same as Kipchak Uzbek)
- Tashkent Uzbek
- Chimkent/Shymkent-Turkestan Uzbek
- Surkhandarya Uzbek
- Khorezm Uzbek
- Southern Uzbek / Afghan Uzbek (strong Iranian substrate from Bactrian language and heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Dari / Dari Persian / East Persian / Afghan Persian)
- Northern Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha / Oʻzbek tili)
- Uzbek (Karluk Uzbek, Sart Uzbek – Sedentary and Urban Uzbek, “Modern Uzbek”) (strong Iranian substrate from Sogdian and Persian languages)
- Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465)
- Chagatai/Turki (Jağatāy) (literary language of medieval Golden Horde in much of Central Asia) (extinct)
- Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)
- Kipchak (extinct)
- South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian Turkic)
- Kipchak-Nogai
- Fergana Kipchak (Kipchak Uzbek / ”Old Uzbek”) (nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic of the regions of Fergana, Samarkand, Bukhara and Turkistan) (extinct)
- Kazakh (Qazaqsha / Qazaq tili)
- Eastern Kazakh
- Southern Kazakh
- Northern Kazakh
- Western Kazakh
- Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq tili) (closer to Kazakh) (Iranian Kwarazmian and Turkic Kwarazmian substrates)
- Northeastern Karakalpak
- Southwestern Karakalpak
- Fergana Valley Karakalpak?
- Nogai
- Karanogay-Nogai Proper
- Karanogay or Qara-Nogai (literally "Black Nogai"; "Northern Nogai"), spoken in Dagestan
- Central Nogai or Nogai Proper, in Stavropol
- Aqnogai (White or Western Nogai), by the Kuban River, its tributaries in Karachay–Cherkessia, and in the Mineralnye Vody District. Qara-Nogai and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, whereas Aqnogai is more different.
- Karanogay-Nogai Proper
- Kyrgyz-Kypchak
- Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzcha / Kyrgyz tili)
- Northern Kyrgyz (basis of standard Kyrgyz)
- Southern Kyrgyz
- Southern Altai
- Altai proper
- Mayma
- Telengit
- Tölös
- Chuy
- Teleut
- Altai proper
- Siberian Tatar (Sıbır tel)
- East Siberian Tatar
- Tom
- Baraba
- West Siberian Tatar
- Tobol-Irtysh
- East Siberian Tatar
- Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzcha / Kyrgyz tili)
- Kipchak-Nogai
- North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian/Volga-Ural Turkic) (has some Uralic substrate)
- Old Tatar / Old Bashkir (Volga Turki) (extinct)
- Bashkir (Bashqortsa / Bashqort tele)
- Southern
- Eastern
- Northwestern
- Tatar (Tatarça / Tatar Tele)
- Central/Middle (Kazan) (basis of the standard literary Tatar)
- Western (Mişär or Mishar)
- Bashkir (Bashqortsa / Bashqort tele)
- Old Tatar / Old Bashkir (Volga Turki) (extinct)
- West Kipchak (Kipchak-Cuman/Ponto-Caspian Turkic)
- Cuman (Polovtsian/Folban/Vallany/Kun) (extinct)
- Karachay-Balkar - Kumyk
- Karachay-Balkar (Qaraçay-Malqar til / Tawlu til)
- Karachay-Baksan-Chegem (basis of the standard language)
- Balkar (Malqar)
- Kumyk (“Caucasian Tatar”) (Qumuq til) (Oghur Turkic substrate – Khazar and Bulgar)
- Terek
- Khasavyurt
- Buynaksk
- Khaitag
- Podgorniy
- Karachay-Balkar (Qaraçay-Malqar til / Tawlu til)
- Crimean Tatar (Qırımtatar tili / Qırım tili) (Scytho-Sarmatian and Crimean Gothic substrates)
- Northern (Steppe Crimean Tatar/Nogay Steppe) (should not be confused with Nogai people of the Northern Caucasus and the Lower Volga)
- Middle (more Cuman type characteristics) (basis of the standard Crimean Tatar)
- Southern/Coastal Crimean Tatar (Oghuz Turkic influence)
- Krymchak (Judeo-Crimean Tatar) (Qrımçah tılyı) (a different language from Karaim, not confuse with Karaim)
- Urum (closely related to Crimean Tatar and spoken by Turkish-speaking Greeks of Southeastern Ukraine and Georgia, etymological related to the Turkish name for Rome - Rûm / Urum, associated with the name of the East Roman Empire, mainly Greek in language) (Greek substrate)
- Karaim (Judeo-Crimean) (Qaray tili / Karaj tili) (a different language from Krymchak, not confuse with Krymchak)
- Karachay-Balkar - Kumyk
- Cuman (Polovtsian/Folban/Vallany/Kun) (extinct)
- South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian Turkic)
- Kipchak (extinct)
- Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz) (dialect continuum)
- East Oghuz (Eastern)
- Salar (Salırça) (an Oghuz language outlier strongly influenced by Karluk and Kipchak languages and also by non-Turkic languages like Tibetan and Chinese)
- Qinghai (Amdo) Salar
- Ili Salar
- Turkmen (Türkmençe / Türkmen dili)
- Teke (Tekke) (basis of the standard Turkmen)
- Nohurly
- Ýomud
- Änewli
- Hasarly
- Nerezim
- Gökleň
- Salyr
- Saryk
- Ärsary
- Çowdur
- Trukhmen
- Salar (Salırça) (an Oghuz language outlier strongly influenced by Karluk and Kipchak languages and also by non-Turkic languages like Tibetan and Chinese)
- Transitional East-West Oghuz
- Khorasani Turkic (Khorasan Türkçesi)
- North
- South/Razavi
- West
- Khorasani Turkic (Khorasan Türkçesi)
- West Oghuz (Western)
- Azerbaijani (Azeri Turkic, West Turkmen) (Azərbaycan dili) (has an Iranian substrate from the Old Azeri language, an Indo-European language)
- South Azerbaijani (Iranian Azerbaijani / Azerbaijani of Iran)
- Qarapapaq
- Shahsavani (Shahseven)
- Muqaddam
- Baharlu (Kamesh)
- Nafar
- Qaragözlü
- Pishaqchi
- Bayatlu
- Qajar
- Tabrizi (basis of Standard South Azerbaijani but not identical)
- Iraqi Turkmen (South Turkmen)
- Salchuq (extinct) (etymological related to the name Seljuk, from the Seljuk Turks, who brought Turkic languages and dialects to Iran and Anatolia)
- North Azerbaijani (Caucasian Azerbaijani / Azerbaijani of the Caucasus)
- Salyan
- Lenkaran
- Qazakh
- Airym
- Borcala
- Terekeme
- Qyzylbash
- Nukha
- Zaqatala (Mugaly)
- Qabala
- Yerevan
- Ordubad
- Ganja
- Shusha (Karabakh)
- Karapapak
- Shirvan dialect
- Baku dialect (basis of Standard North Azerbaijani but not identical)
- Shamakhi
- Quba
- Derbend
- Nakhchivan
- South Azerbaijani (Iranian Azerbaijani / Azerbaijani of Iran)
- Transitional Turkish Azerbaijani-Turkish
- Eastern Anatolian Turkish (Doğu Anadolu Ağızları)
- Meshketian Turkish
- Hemshen Turkish
- Eastern Anatolian Turkish Proper (Kars, Erzurum, other regions)
- Zaza Turkish (Turkish spoken by Zazas, not to be confused with Zaza, which is an Iranian language, Zaza substrate)
- Kurdish Turkish (Turkish spoken by Kurds, not to be confused with Kurdish which is an Iranian language, Kurdish substrate)
- Northeastern Anatolian Turkish (Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Ağızları)
- Laz Turkish (Turkish spoken by Laz, do not confuse with Laz which is a Kartvelian language)
- Trebizond (Trabzon) Turkish
- Eastern Anatolian Turkish (Doğu Anadolu Ağızları)
- Old Anatolian Turkish (extinct)
- Turkish (Anatolian Turkish / Turkish of Turkey / Istanbul Turkish) (Türkçe / Türk dili)
- Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları)
- Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları)
- Central (Orta Anadolu)
- East central
- West Central
- Mediterranean (Akdeniz)/South (Güney)
- Southwest (Güneybatı)
- Southeast (Güneydoğu)
- Black Sea (Karadeniz)/North (Kuzey)
- Çorum, Çankırı
- East Black Sea Coast
- West Black Sea Coast
- Sakarya-Izmit
- Aegean (Ege)/West (Batı)
- Yörük (Nomadic Anatolian Turkish)
- Central (Orta Anadolu)
- Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları)
- Istanbul dialect (İstanbul Türkçesi) (basis of Modern Standard Turkish but not identical)
- Syrian Turkmen (Syrian Turkish)
- Cypriot Turkish
- Balkanic/Rumelian/Danubian
- East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian
- Edirne
- West Balkanic/West Rumelian/West Danubian
- East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian
- Karamanli Turkish (Turkish of the Karamanlides, Turkish-speaking Greeks, Greek language substrate, not confuse with Cappadocian Greek, a mixed language, or the Cappadocian Greeks, although they are related) (almost extinct)
- Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları)
- Balkan Gagauz Turkish (Balkan Turkic) (Rumeli Türkçesi)
- Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî / Osmanlı Türkçesi / Osmanlıca) (extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Anatolian Turkish but a heavily Persianized and Arabized Turkic language)
- Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense
- Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade
- Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.
- Turkish (Anatolian Turkish / Turkish of Turkey / Istanbul Turkish) (Türkçe / Türk dili)
- Azerbaijani (Azeri Turkic, West Turkmen) (Azərbaycan dili) (has an Iranian substrate from the Old Azeri language, an Indo-European language)
- South Oghuz
- Afshar (Əfşar türkcəsi) (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
- Aynallu (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
- Qashqai (Turki) (Kaşqay dili) (closely related to Azerbaijani / West Turkmen)
- Sonqori (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
- East Oghuz (Eastern)
- Pecheneg
- Pecheneg (Peçenek) (extinct)
- Arghu
- Khalaj (a divergent member of the Common Turkic languages, not an Oghuz language) (heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Persian / Iranian Persian / Western Persian)
- Northern
- Southern
- Khalaj (a divergent member of the Common Turkic languages, not an Oghuz language) (heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Persian / Iranian Persian / Western Persian)
- Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic)
Oghur (Lir Turkic / R Turkic)
- Proto-Oghur
- Bulgar/Bolgar (extinct) (had a Uralic substrate)
- Volga Bulgar (extinct)
- Danube Bulgar (extinct in the 10th c. AD assimilated by the Slavic language of the Seven Slavic Tribes, that was close to Old Church Slavonic, but they chose the name Bulgarian as an ethnonym and also for their language because of the origins of much of their ruling class or political elite that was Turkic)
- Khazar (extinct) (the language of the Khazars)
- Bulgar/Bolgar (extinct) (had a Uralic substrate)
Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)
Unclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families
- Hunnic / Xiongnu (?)
- Hunnic / Hunnish - the language or languages of the Huns (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Xiongnu - the language or languages of the Xiongnu (may be the same as the Hunnic language, a closely related one, or not related at all) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Keraite - the language or languages of the Keraites (in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Qarai Turks, the Kerey Kazakh group of the middle zhuz Argyns, the Kireis, a group of the Kyrgyz and many Torghut may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Old Naiman - the language or languages of the old Naimans (in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Pannonian Avar - the language or languages of the Pannonian Avars (there are several hypotheses about their language)
Possible Mixed Turkic-Iranian language
- Äynu / Aini (Äynú) (could be a mixed language) (Turkic cryptolect with a mainly Iranian vocabulary and Turkic grammar, spoken by the Äynu people, a different people from the Uyghur)
gollark: I'm going to see if it gets faster if I just swap all doubly linked lists for seqs.
gollark: Summon eldritch horrors?
gollark: Simultaneously.
gollark: This seems like it was programmed by 198247 apioform.
gollark: It just pushes things to the end as far as I know.
See also
References
- https://www.ethnologue.com/
- https://glottolog.org/
- Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (In Russian)
- "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
- "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
- Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (in Russian)
- Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (in Russian)
- Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (in Russian)
- Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
- Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
- Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
- Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
- Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
- Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
- Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
- Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
External links
- Turkic Languages Verb Comparison
- Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia
- Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
- Map of Turkic languages
- Classification of Turkic Languages
- Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
- List of Turkic languages at Curlie
- Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary
- A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
- The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell with illustrations.
- Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- Conferences on Turkic languages processing: Astana, Kazakhstan, 2013, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014, Kazan, Tatarstan, 2015
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