Wyoming

Wyoming (/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ (listen)) is a doubly landlocked state in the western United States. The 10th largest state by area, it is also the least populous and second most sparsely populated state in the country. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Colorado to the south, Utah to the southwest, and Idaho to the west. The state population was estimated at 578,759 in 2019, which is less than 31 of the most populous U.S. cities.[6] The state capital and the most populous city is Cheyenne, which had an estimated population of 63,957 in 2018.[7]

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Wyoming (disambiguation).

Wyoming
State
State of Wyoming
Nickname(s): 
Equality State (official);
Cowboy State; Big Wyoming[1]
Motto(s): 
Equal Rights
Anthem: "Wyoming"
Map of the United States with Wyoming highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodWyoming Territory
Admitted to the UnionJuly 10, 1890 (44th)
Capital
(and largest city)		Cheyenne
Largest metroCheyenne Metro Area
Government
 • GovernorMark Gordon (R)
 • Secretary of StateEdward Buchanan (R)
LegislatureWyoming Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryWyoming Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsMike Enzi (R)
John Barrasso (R)
U.S. House delegationLiz Cheney (R) (list)
Area
 • Total97,914[1] sq mi (253,600 km2)
Area rank10th
Dimensions
 • Length280 mi (452 km)
 • Width372.8 mi (600 km)
Elevation
6,700 ft (2,040 m)
Highest elevation13,809 ft (4,209.1 m)
Lowest elevation3,101 ft (945 m)
Population
 (2019)
 • Total578,759
 • Rank50th
 • Density5.97/sq mi (2.31/km2)
 • Density rank49th
 • Median household income
$62,268[5]
 • Income rank
20th
Demonym(s)Wyomingite
Language
 • Official languageEnglish
Time zoneUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation
WY
ISO 3166 codeUS-WY
Trad. abbreviationWyo.
Latitude41°N to 45°N
Longitude104°3'W to 111°3'W
Websitewyoming.gov
Wyoming state symbols
Living insignia
BirdWestern meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
FishCutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)
FlowerWyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia)
GrassWestern wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii)
MammalAmerican bison (Bison bison)
ReptileHorned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre)
TreePlains cottonwood (Populus sargentii)
Inanimate insignia
DinosaurTriceratops
FossilKnightia
MineralNephrite
SoilForkwood (unofficial)
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2007
Lists of United States state symbols

Wyoming's western half is mostly covered by the ranges and rangelands of the Rocky Mountains, while the eastern half of the state is high-elevation prairie called the High Plains. Almost half of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth by area and fifth by proportion of a state's land owned by the federal government.[8] Federal lands include two national parks—Grand Teton and Yellowstone—two national recreation areas, two national monuments, several national forests, historic sites, fish hatcheries, and wildlife refuges.

Original inhabitants of the region include the Arapaho, Crow, Lakota, and Shoshone. Southwest Wyoming was claimed by the Spanish Empire and then as Mexican territory until it was ceded to the U.S. in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. The region acquired the name "Wyoming" when a bill was introduced to Congress in 1865 to provide a temporary government for the territory of Wyoming. The name had been used earlier for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, and is derived from the Munsee word xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat".[9][10]

The main drivers of Wyoming's economy are tourism and extraction of minerals such as coal, oil, natural gas, and trona. Agricultural commodities include livestock, hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. The climate is semi-arid and continental, drier and windier than the rest of the country with greater temperature extremes. Wyoming has been a politically conservative state since the 1950s, with the Republican nominee carrying the state in every presidential election since 1968.[11] Donald Trump won it by 46 points in 2016, which was the best performance in the 21st century in the state and Trump's best performance in any state.

Geography

Climate
Further information: Climate change in Wyoming
Köppen climate classification
On Interstate 80, leaving Utah
Autumn in the Bighorn Mountains

Wyoming's climate is generally semi-arid and continental (Köppen climate classification BSk), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between 85 and 95 °F (29 and 35 °C) in most of the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above 9,000 feet (2,700 m) averaging around 70 °F (21 °C). Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the 50–60 °F (10–16 °C) range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with Chinook winds providing unusually warm temperatures in some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the Big Horn Basin averaging 5–8 inches (130–200 mm) (making the area nearly a true desert). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around 10–12 inches (250–300 mm), making the climate there semi-arid. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation, 20 inches (510 mm) or more, much of it as snow, sometimes 200 inches (510 cm) or more annually. The state's highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) at Basin on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is −66 °F (−54 °C) at Riverside on February 9, 1933.

The number of thunderstorm days vary across the state with the southeastern plains of the state having the most days of thunderstorm activity. Thunderstorm activity in the state is highest during the late spring and early summer. The southeastern corner of the state is the most vulnerable part of the state to tornado activity. Moving away from that point and westwards, the incidence of tornadoes drops dramatically with the west part of the state showing little vulnerability. Tornadoes, where they occur, tend to be small and brief, unlike some of those that occur farther east.

Casper climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average max. temperature °F (°C) 32
(0)		 37
(3)		 45
(7)		 56
(13)		 66
(19)		 78
(26)		 87
(31)		 85
(29)		 74
(23)		 60
(16)		 44
(7)		 34
(1)		 58
(14)
Average min. temperature
°F (°C)		 12
(−11)		 16
(−9)		 21
(−6)		 28
(−2)		 37
(3)		 46
(8)		 54
(12)		 51
(11)		 41
(5)		 32
(0)		 21
(−6)		 14
(−10)		 31
(-1)
Average rainfall
inches (mm)		 0.6
(15.2)		 0.6
(15.2)		 1.0
(25.4)		 1.6
(40.6)		 2.1
(53.3)		 1.5
(38.1)		 1.3
(33.0)		 0.7
(17.8)		 0.9
(22.9)		 1.0
(25.4)		 0.8
(20.3)		 0.7
(17.8)		 12.8
(325.1)
Source:[12]
Jackson climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average max. temperature °F (°C) 24
(−4)		 28
(−2)		 37
(3)		 47
(8)		 58
(14)		 68
(20)		 78
(26)		 77
(25)		 67
(19)		 54
(12)		 37
(3)		 24
(−4)		 49
(9)
Average min. temperature
°F (°C)		 -1
(−18)		 2
(−17)		 10
(−12)		 21
(−6)		 30
(−1)		 36
(2)		 41
(5)		 38
(3)		 31
(−1)		 22
(−6)		 14
(−10)		 0
(−18)		 20
(-7)
Average rainfall
inches (mm)		 2.6
(66.0)		 1.9
(48.3)		 1.6
(40.6)		 1.4
(35.6)		 1.9
(48.3)		 1.8
(45.7)		 1.3
(33.0)		 1.3
(33.0)		 1.5
(38.1)		 1.3
(33.0)		 2.3
(58.4)		 2.5
(63.5)		 21.4
(543.6)
Source:[13]

Location and size

As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude 41°N and 45°N, and longitude 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27 and 34 west of the Washington Meridian)—a geodesic quadrangle.[14] Wyoming is one of only three states (Colorado, Utah) to have borders defined by only "straight" lines. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel.[15] Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square miles (253,340 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km);[16] and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.

Natural landforms

Mountain ranges
Teton Range
Green River valley

The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet (4,207 m), to the Belle Fourche River valley in the state's northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (952 m). In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River, and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy, and Sierra Madre ranges.

The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies both in geology and in appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000 ft (4,000 m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains.

The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80 km), part of which is included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the second highest peak in the state.

The Continental Divide spans north–south across the central portion of the state. Rivers east of the divide drain into the Missouri River Basin and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn and the Yellowstone rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean, as does the Green River through the Colorado River Basin.

The Continental Divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area known as the Great Divide Basin where water that precipitates onto or flows into it cannot reach an ocean—it all sinks into the soil and eventually evaporates.

Several rivers begin in or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.

Islands
For a more comprehensive list, see List of islands of Wyoming.

Wyoming has 32 named islands; the majority are in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake, within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. The Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands.

Regions and administrative divisions

Counties
An enlargeable map of the 23 counties of Wyoming
For a more comprehensive list, see List of counties in Wyoming.

The state of Wyoming has 23 counties.

The 23 counties of the state of Wyoming[17]
Rank County Population Rank County Population
1 Laramie 98,327 13 Converse 13,809
2 Natrona 79,547 14 Goshen 13,378
3 Campbell 46,242 15 Big Horn 11,906
4 Sweetwater 43,534 16 Sublette 9,799
5 Fremont 39,803 17 Platte 8,562
6 Albany 38,332 18 Johnson 8,476
7 Sheridan 30,210 19 Washakie 8,064
8 Park 29,568 20 Crook 7,410
9 Teton 23,265 21 Weston 6,927
10 Uinta 20,495 22 Hot Springs 4,696
11 Lincoln 19,265 23 Niobrara 2,397
12 Carbon 15,303 Wyoming Total 579,315

Wyoming license plates have a number on the left that indicates the county where the vehicle is registered, ranked by an earlier census.[18] Specifically, the numbers are representative of the property values of the counties in 1930.[19] The county license plate numbers are:

License
Plate
Prefix		 County License
Plate
Prefix		 County License
Plate
Prefix		 County
1 Natrona 9 Big Horn 17 Campbell
2 Laramie 10 Fremont 18 Crook
3 Sheridan 11 Park 19 Uinta
4 Sweetwater 12 Lincoln 20 Washakie
5 Albany 13 Converse 21 Weston
6 Carbon 14 Niobrara 22 Teton
7 Goshen 15 Hot Springs 23 Sublette
8 Platte 16 Johnson    

Cities and towns
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Casper, Wyoming
Evanston, Wyoming
Rawlins, Wyoming

The State of Wyoming has 99 incorporated municipalities.

Most Populous Wyoming Cities and Towns[20]
Rank City County Population
1 Cheyenne Laramie 63,957
2 Casper Natrona 57,461
3 Laramie Albany 32,473
4 Gillette Campbell 31,903
5 Rock Springs Sweetwater 23,082
6 Sheridan Sheridan 17,849
7 Green River Sweetwater 11,978
8 Evanston Uinta 11,704
9 Riverton Fremont 10,996
10 Jackson Teton 10,429
11 Cody Park 9,828
12 Rawlins Carbon 8,658
13 Lander Fremont 7,503
14 Torrington Goshen 6,701
15 Powell Park 6,310
16 Douglas Converse 6,273

In 2005, 50.6% of Wyomingites lived in one of the 13 most populous Wyoming municipalities.

Metropolitan areas

The United States Census Bureau has defined two Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and seven Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MiSA) for the State of Wyoming. In 2008, 30.4% of Wyomingites lived in either of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and 73% lived in either a Metropolitan Statistical Area or a Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas[21]
Census Area County Population
Cheyenne Laramie County, Wyoming 98,976
Casper Natrona County, Wyoming 79,115
Gillette Campbell County, Wyoming 46,140
Rock Springs Sweetwater County, Wyoming 43,051
Riverton Fremont County, Wyoming 39,531
Laramie Albany County, Wyoming 38,601
Jackson Teton County, Wyoming 23,081
Teton County, Idaho 11,640
Total 34,721
Sheridan Sheridan County, Wyoming 30,233
Evanston Uinta County, Wyoming 20,299

Wind River Indian Reservation
Main article: Wind River Indian Reservation
Wind River Canyon

The Wind River Indian Reservation is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes of Native Americans in the central western portion of the state near Lander. The reservation is home to 2,500 Eastern Shoshone and 5,000 Northern Arapaho.[22]

Chief Washakie established the reservation in 1868[23] as the result of negotiations with the federal government in the Fort Bridger Treaty.[24] However, the Northern Arapaho were forced onto the Shoshone reservation in 1876 by the federal government after the government failed to provide a promised separate reservation.[24]

Today the Wind River Indian Reservation is jointly owned, with each tribe having a 50% interest in the land, water, and other natural resources.[25] The reservation is a sovereign, self-governed land with two independent governing bodies: the Eastern Shoshone Tribe and the Northern Arapaho Tribe. Until 2014, the Shoshone Business Council and Northern Arapaho Business Council met jointly as the Joint Business Council to decide matters that affect both tribes.[23] Six elected council members from each tribe served on the joint council.

Public lands
Wyoming terrain map

Nearly half the land in Wyoming (about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1 km2)) is owned by the federal government; the state owns another 3,864,800 acres (15,640 km2).[8][8] Most of it is administered by the Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service in numerous national forests and a national grassland, not to mention vast swaths of "public" land and an air force base near Cheyenne.

National Park Service sites map

There are also areas managed by the National Park Service and agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

National parks
Memorial parkway
National recreation areas
National monuments
National historic trails, landmarks and sites
National fish hatcheries
National wildlife refuges
Panoramic view of the Teton Range looking west from Jackson Hole, Grand Teton National Park

History
Main article: History of Wyoming
The first Fort Laramie as it looked before 1840 (painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller)

Several Native American groups originally inhabited the region now known as Wyoming. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were but a few of the original inhabitants white explorers encountered when they first visited the region. What is now southwestern Wyoming became a part of the Spanish Empire and later Mexican territory of Alta California, until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. French-Canadian trappers from Québec and Montréal went into the state in the late 18th century, leaving French toponyms such as Téton and La Ramie. John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, itself guided by French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau and his young Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, first described the region in 1807. At the time, his reports of the Yellowstone area were considered to be fictional.[27] Robert Stuart and a party of five men returning from Astoria discovered South Pass in 1812. The Oregon Trail later followed that route. In 1850, Jim Bridger located what is now known as Bridger Pass, which the Union Pacific Railroad used in 1868—as did Interstate 80, 90 years later. Bridger also explored Yellowstone and filed reports on the region that, like those of Colter, were largely regarded as tall tales at the time.

The region acquired the name Wyoming by 1865, when Representative James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio introduced a bill to Congress to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming". The territory was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell, based on the Battle of Wyoming in the American Revolutionary War. The name ultimately derives from the Munsee word xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat".[9][10]

A backcountry road in the Sierra Madre Range of southeastern Wyoming, near Bridger Peak

The region's population grew steadily after the Union Pacific Railroad reached the town of Cheyenne in 1867, and the federal government established the Wyoming Territory on July 25, 1868.[28] Unlike mineral-rich Colorado, Wyoming lacked significant deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent population boom. However, South Pass City did experience a short-lived boom after the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867.[29] Furthermore, copper was mined in some areas between the Sierra Madre Mountains and the Snowy Range near Grand Encampment.[30]

Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.

On December 10, 1869, territorial Governor John Allen Campbell extended the right to vote to women, making Wyoming the first territory and then United States state to grant suffrage to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming women into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming (Laramie in 1870); Wyoming had the first female court bailiff (Mary Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870); and the first female justice of the peace in the country (Esther Hobart Morris, South Pass City, in 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross, who took office in January 1925.[31] Due to its civil-rights history, one of Wyoming's state nicknames is "The Equality State", and the official state motto is "Equal Rights".[1]

Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water rights.[32] Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.[1]

Wyoming was the location of the Johnson County War of 1892, which erupted between competing groups of cattle ranchers. The passage of the federal Homestead Act led to an influx of small ranchers. A range war broke out when either or both of the groups chose violent conflict over commercial competition in the use of the public land.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18709,118—
188020,789128.0%
189062,555200.9%
190092,53147.9%
1910145,96557.7%
1920194,40233.2%
1930225,56516.0%
1940250,74211.2%
1950290,52915.9%
1960330,06613.6%
1970332,4160.7%
1980469,55741.3%
1990453,588−3.4%
2000493,7828.9%
2010563,62614.1%
Est. 2019578,7592.7%
Sources: 1910–2010[33][34][18]
2019 estimate[6]

Population
The largest population centers are Cheyenne (southeast) and Casper.

The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Wyoming was 578,759 in 2019,[6] The center of population of Wyoming is in Natrona County.[35][36]

In 2014, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population's racial composition was 92.7% white (82.9 non-Hispanic white), 2.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian American, and 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.[37] As of 2011, 24.9% of Wyoming's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[38]

According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the population was 90.7% white, 0.8% black or African American, 2.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.2% from two or more races, and 3.0% from some other race. Ethnically, 8.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race) and 91.1% Non-Hispanic, with non-Hispanic whites constituting the largest non-Hispanic group at 85.9%.[39]

As of 2015, Wyoming had an estimated population of 586,107, which was an increase of 1,954, or 0.29%, from the prior year and an increase of 22,481, or 3.99%, since the 2010 census. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 12,165 (33,704 births minus 21,539 deaths) and an increase from net migration of 4,035 into the state. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 2,264 and migration within the country produced a net increase of 1,771. In 2004, the foreign-born population was 11,000 (2.2%). In 2005, total births in Wyoming were 7,231 (birth rate of 14.04 per thousand).[40] Sparsely populated, Wyoming is the least populous state of the United States. Wyoming has the second-lowest population density in the country (behind Alaska) and is the sparsest-populated of the 48 contiguous states. It is one of only two states (Vermont) with a population smaller than that of the nation's capital.

According to the 2000 census, the largest ancestry groups in Wyoming are: German (26.0%), English (16.0%), Irish (13.3%), Norwegian (4.3%), and Swedish (3.5%).[41]

Birth data

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race 2013[42] 2014[43] 2015[44] 2016[45] 2017[46] 2018[47]
White: 7,090 (92.7%) 7,178 (93.2%) 7,217 (92.9%) ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic White 6,136 (80.3%) 6,258 (81.3%) 6,196 (79.8%) 5,763 (78.0%) 5,426 (78.6%) 5,078 (77.4%)
American Indian 305 (4.0%) 294 (3.8%) 294 (3.8%) 200 (2.7%) 206 (3.0%) 219 (3.3%)
Asian 124 (1.6%) 108 (1.4%) 135 (1.7%) 100 (1.3%) 79 (1.1%) 72 (1.1%)
Black 125 (1.6%) 116 (1.5%) 119 (1.5%) 63 (0.9%) 45 (0.7%) 57 (0.9%)
Hispanic (of any race) 926 (12.1%) 895 (11.6%) 963 (12.4%) 973 (13.2%) 892 (12.9%) 851 (13.0%)
Total Wyoming 7,644 (100%) 7,696 (100%) 7,765 (100%) 7,386 (100%) 6,903 (100%) 6,562 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Government and politics
Further information: Elections in Wyoming
Wyoming State Capitol building, Cheyenne

State government

Wyoming's Constitution established three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Wyoming State Legislature comprises a House of Representatives with 60 members and a Senate with 30 members.

The executive branch is headed by the governor and includes a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Wyoming does not have a lieutenant governor. Instead the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession.

Wyoming's sparse population warrants it only a single at-large seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, and hence only three votes in the Electoral College.

Wyoming is an alcoholic beverage control state.

Judicial system

Wyoming's highest court is the Supreme Court of Wyoming, with five justices presiding over appeals from the state's lower courts. Wyoming is unusual in that it does not have an intermediate appellate court, like most states. This is largely attributable to the state's population and correspondingly lower caseload. Appeals from the state district courts go directly to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming also has state circuit courts (formerly county courts), of limited jurisdiction, which handle certain types of cases, such as civil claims with lower dollar amounts, misdemeanor criminal offenses, and felony arraignments. Circuit court judges also commonly hear small claims cases as well.

Before 1972, Wyoming judges were selected by popular vote on a nonpartisan ballot. This earlier system was criticized by the state bar who called for the adoption of the Missouri Plan, a system designed to balance judiciary independence with judiciary accountability. In 1972, an amendment to Article 5 of the Wyoming Constitution, which incorporated a modified version of the plan, was adopted by the voters. Since the adoption of the amendment, all state court judges in Wyoming are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the Governor. They are then subject to a retention vote by the electorate one year after appointment.[48]

Political history
Further information: Political party strength in Wyoming
Party Registered Voters[49] Percent

Party registration by county
(December 2018):

  Republican >= 40%
  Republican >= 50%
  Republican >= 60%
  Republican >= 70%
  Republican >= 80%
Republican176,35567.18%
Democratic47,10817.94%
No party affiliation35,74513.62%
Libertarian Party2,3860.91%
Constitution Party7930.30%
Other1370.05%
Total Voters262,524100.00%

Wyoming's political history defies easy classification. The state was the first to grant women the right to vote and to elect a woman governor.[50] On December 10, 1869, John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Wyoming Territory, approved the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote. This day was later commemorated as Wyoming Day.[50] On November 5, 1889, voters approved the first constitution in the world granting full voting rights to women.[51]

While the state elected notable Democrats to federal office in the 1960s and 1970s, politics have become decidedly more conservative since the 1980s as the Republican Party came to dominate the state's congressional delegation. Today, Wyoming is represented in Washington by its two Senators, Mike Enzi and John Barrasso, and its one member of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Liz Cheney. All three are Republicans; a Democrat has not represented Wyoming in the Senate since 1977 or in the House since 1978. The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964, one of only eight times since statehood. At present, there is only one relatively reliably Democratic county, affluent Teton, and one swing county, college county Albany. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won his second-largest victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President Dick Cheney is a Wyoming resident and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989.

Republicans are no less dominant at the state level. They have held a majority in the state senate continuously since 1936 and in the state house since 1964. However, Democrats held the governorship for all but eight years between 1975 and 2011. Uniquely, Wyoming elected Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross as the first woman in United States history to serve as state governor. She served from 1925 to 1927, winning a special election after her husband, William Bradford Ross, unexpectedly died a little more than a year into his term.[52]

Voter registration by county

Republicans have a majority of registered votes in all but two counties: Albany and Teton, where they have a plurality of registered voters.

Republican Democratic NPA Libertarian Constitution Others Margin Total
County Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters
Albany7,86245.38%5,54131.98%3,58520.69%298 1.72%390.23%10.00%2,32113.40%17,326
Big Horn4,59782.84%4518.13%4327.79%29 0.52%400.72%00.00%4,14674.71%5,549
Campbell15,45882.90%1,0735.75%1,8519.93% 1861.00%510.27%270.14%14,38577.15%18,646
Carbon4,11862.36%1,33620.23%1,06416.11%72 1.09%130.20%10.02%2,78242.13%6,604
Converse5,49981.45%5658.37%6309.33%30 0.44%240.36%30.04%4,93473.08%6,751
Crook3,39486.38%2275.78%2706.87%180.46% 200.51%00.00%3,16780.60%3,929
Fremont11,54666.16%3,51620.15%2,18712.53%1480.85%510.29%30.02%8,03046.01%17,451
Goshen4,47274.45%86714.43%61410.22%360.60%180.30%00.00%3,60560.02%6,007
Hot Springs2,09578.41%31111.64%2449.13%140.52%80.30%00.00%1,78466.77%2,672
Johnson3,85784.07%3196.95%3768.20%230.50%130.28%00.00%3,53877.12%4,588
Laramie25,32560.35%9,72823.18%6,42115.30%3470.83%990.24%450.11%15,59737.17%41,965
Lincoln6,95776.01%8749.55%1,21713.30%750.82%270.29%30.03%6,08366.46%9,153
Natrona22,80067.23%5,63016.60%4,97314.66%3631.07%1450.43%00.00%17,17050.63%33,911
Niobrara1,19988.81%735.41%715.26%40.30%30.22%00.00%1,12683.40%1,350
Park12,13377.82%1,4959.59%1,80811.60%1090.70%460.03%10.01%10,63868.23%15,592
Platte3,38472.62%70715.17%49210.56%450.97%320.69%00.00%2,67757.45%4,660
Sheridan10,59370.76%2,30015.36%1,89112.63%1250.83%270.18%350.23%8,29355.40%14,971
Sublette3,71782.25%3938.70%3818.43%240.53%60.13%10.02%3,32473.55%4,519
Sweetwater9,80456.22%4,89428.06%2,48514.25%1981.14%560.32%20.01%4,91028.16%17,439
Teton5,10238.90%4,84136.91%3,04823.24%1110.85%110.08%40.03%2611.99%13,117
Uinta6,27371.94%1,26414.50%1,05012.04%830.95%400.46%100.11%5,00957.44%8,720
Washakie3,15879.47%43510.95%3428.61%270.68%120.30%00.00%2,72368.52%3,974
Weston3,01583.06%2687.38%3138.62%210.58%120.33%10.03%2,83775.68%3,630
State Total176,35567.18%47,10817.94%35,74513.62%2,3860.91%7930.30%1370.05%129,24749.24%262,524

Culture

Languages

In 2010, 93.39% (474,343) of Wyomingites over the age of 5 spoke English as their primary language. 4.47% (22,722) spoke Spanish, 0.35% (1,771) spoke German, and 0.28% (1,434) spoke French. Other common non-English languages included Algonquian (0.18%), Russian (0.10%), Tagalog, and Greek (both 0.09%).[53]

In 2007, the American Community Survey reported 6.2% (30,419) of Wyoming's population over five spoke a language other than English at home. Of those, 68.1% were able to speak English very well, 16.0% spoke English well, 10.9% did not speak English well, and 5.0% did not speak English at all.[54]

Religion in Wyoming (2014)[55]
Religion Percent
Protestant
 
 43%
Unaffiliated
 
 26%
Catholic
 
 14%
Mormon
 
 9%
Jehovah's Witness
 
 3%
Other Christian
 
 1%
Buddhist
 
 1%
Other
 
 3%

Religion

According to a 2013 Gallup Poll, the religious affiliations of the people of Wyoming were: 49% Protestants, 18% Catholics, 9% Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and less than 1% Jewish.[56]

A 2010 ARDA report recognized as the largest denominations in Wyoming the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) with 62,804 (11%), the Catholic Church with 61,222 (10.8%) and the Southern Baptist Convention with 15,812 adherents (2.8%). The same report counted 59,247 Evangelical Protestants (10.5%), 36,539 Mainline Protestants (6.5%), 785 Eastern Orthodox Christians; 281 Black Protestants, as well as 65,000 adhering to other traditions and 340,552 not claiming any tradition.[57]

Sports

Due to its sparse population, Wyoming lacks any major professional sports teams. However, the Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls—particularly the football and basketball teams—are quite popular. Their stadiums in Laramie are about 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level, the highest in NCAA Division I. The Wyoming High School Activities Association also sponsors twelve sports.

Casper has hosted the College National Finals Rodeo since 2001.

State symbols
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Wyoming state symbols.
State flower of Wyoming: Indian paintbrush

List of all Wyoming state symbols:[1]

Economy and infrastructure
Wind farm in Uinta County

According to the 2012 United States Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wyoming's gross state product was $38.4 billion.[58] As of 2014 the population was growing slightly with the most growth in tourist-oriented areas such as Teton County. Boom conditions in neighboring states such as North Dakota were drawing energy workers away. About half of Wyoming's counties showed population losses.[59] The state makes active efforts through Wyoming Grown, an internet-based recruitment program, to find jobs for young people educated in Wyoming who have emigrated but may wish to return.[60]

As of November 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 4.0%.[61] The composition of Wyoming's economy differs significantly from that of other states with most activity in tourism, agriculture, and energy extraction; and little in anything else.[60]

The mineral extraction industry and travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyoming's economy. The federal government owns about 50% of its landmass, while 6% is controlled by the state. Total taxable values of mining production in Wyoming for 2001 was over $6.7 billion. The tourism industry accounts for over $2 billion in revenue for the state.

In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.

Historically, agriculture has been an important component of Wyoming's economy. Its overall importance to the performance of Wyoming's economy has waned. However, agriculture is still an essential part of Wyoming's culture and lifestyle. The main agricultural commodities produced in Wyoming include livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. More than 91% of land in Wyoming is classified as rural.

Wyoming is the home of only a handful of companies with a regional or national presence. Taco John's and Sierra Trading Post, both in Cheyenne, are privately held. Cloud Peak Energy in Gillette and U.S. Energy Corp. (NASDAQ: USEG) in Riverton are Wyoming's only publicly traded companies.

Mineral and energy production
North Antelope Rochelle Mine, the largest estimated coal mine reserve in the world, as of 2013[62]
A natural gas rig west of the Wind River Range

Wyoming's mineral commodities include coal, natural gas, coalbed methane, crude oil, uranium, and trona.

  • Coal: Wyoming produced 395.5 million short tons (358.8 million metric tons) of coal in 2004, greater than any other state.[63] Wyoming possesses a reserve of 68.7 billion tons (62.3 billion metric tons) of coal. Major coal areas include the Powder River Basin and the Green River Basin
  • Coalbed methane (CBM): The boom for CBM began in the mid-1990s. CBM is characterized as methane gas that is extracted from Wyoming's coal bed seams. It is another means of natural gas production. There has been substantial CBM production in the Powder River Basin. In 2002, the CBM production yield was 327.5 billion cubic feet (9.3 km3).
  • Crude oil: Wyoming produced 53.4 million barrels (8.49×10^6 m3) of crude oil in 2007. The state ranked fifth nationwide in oil production in 2007.[64] Petroleum is most often used as a motor fuel, but it is also utilized in the manufacture of plastics, paints, and synthetic rubber.
  • Diamonds: The Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine, located in Colorado less than 1,000 feet (300 m) from the Wyoming border, produced gem quality diamonds for several years. The Wyoming craton, which hosts the kimberlite volcanic pipes that were mined, underlies most of Wyoming.
  • Natural gas: Wyoming produced 1.77 trillion cubic feet (50.0 billion m3) of natural gas in 2016. The state ranked 6th nationwide for natural gas production in 2016.[65] The major markets for natural gas include industrial, commercial, and domestic heating.
  • Trona: Wyoming possesses the world's largest known reserve of trona,[66] a mineral used for manufacturing glass, paper, soaps, baking soda, water softeners, and pharmaceuticals. In 2008, Wyoming produced 46 million short tons (41.7 million metric tons) of trona, 25% of the world's production.[66]
  • Wind power: Because of Wyoming's geography and high-altitude, the potential for wind power in Wyoming is one of the highest of any state in the US. The Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project is the largest commercial wind generation facility under development in North America.[67] Carbon County is home to the largest proposed wind farm in the US. However, construction plans have been halted because of proposed new taxes on wind power energy production.[68]
  • Uranium: Although uranium mining in Wyoming is much less active than it was in previous decades, recent increases in the price of uranium have generated new interest in uranium prospecting and mining.

Taxes

Unlike most other states, Wyoming does not levy an individual or corporate income tax. In addition, Wyoming does not assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Wyoming has a state sales tax of 4%. Counties have the option of collecting an additional 1% tax for general revenue and a 1% tax for specific purposes, if approved by voters. Food for human consumption is not subject to sales tax.[69] There also is a county lodging tax that varies from 2% to 5%. The state collects a use tax of 5% on items purchased elsewhere and brought into Wyoming. All property tax is based on the assessed value of the property and Wyoming's Department of Revenue's Ad Valorem Tax Division supports, trains, and guides local government agencies in the uniform assessment, valuation and taxation of locally assessed property. "Assessed value" means taxable value; "taxable value" means a percent of the fair market value of property in a particular class. Statutes limit property tax increases. For county revenue, the property tax rate cannot exceed 12 mills (or 1.2%) of assessed value. For cities and towns, the rate is limited to eight mills (0.8%). With very few exceptions, state law limits the property tax rate for all governmental purposes.

Personal property held for personal use is tax-exempt. Inventory if held for resale, pollution control equipment, cash, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds are also exempt. Other exemptions include property used for religious, educational, charitable, fraternal, benevolent and government purposes and improvements for handicapped access. Mine lands, underground mining equipment, and oil and gas extraction equipment are exempt from property tax but companies must pay a gross products tax on minerals and a severance tax on mineral production.[70][71]

Wyoming does not collect inheritance taxes. There is limited estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.

In 2008, the Tax Foundation ranked Wyoming as having the single most "business friendly" tax climate of all 50 states.[72] Wyoming state and local governments in fiscal year 2007 collected $2.242 billion in taxes, levies, and royalties from the oil and gas industry. The state's mineral industry, including oil, gas, trona, and coal provided $1.3 billion in property taxes from 2006 mineral production.[64] Wyoming receives more federal tax dollars per capita in aid than any other state except Alaska. The federal aid per capita in Wyoming is more than double the United States average.[73]

As of 2016, Wyoming does not require the beneficial owners of LLCs to be disclosed in the filing, which creates an opportunity for a tax haven, according to Clark Stith of Clark Stith & Associates in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a former Republican candidate for Wyoming secretary of state.[74]

Transportation
Further information: List of Wyoming railroads, List of airports in Wyoming, and State highways in Wyoming
Major highways of Wyoming

The largest airport in Wyoming is Jackson Hole Airport, with more than 500 employees.[75] Three interstate highways and thirteen United States highways pass through Wyoming. In addition, the state is served by the Wyoming state highway system.

Interstate 25 enters the state south of Cheyenne and runs north, intersecting Interstate 80 immediately west of Cheyenne. It passes through Casper and ends at Interstate 90 near Buffalo. Interstate 80 crosses the Utah border west of Evanston and runs east through the southern third of the state, passing through Cheyenne before entering Nebraska near Pine Bluffs. Interstate 90 comes into Wyoming near Parkman and cuts through the northeastern part of the state. It serves Gillette and enters South Dakota east of Sundance.

U.S. Routes 14, 16, and the eastern section of U.S. 20 all have their western terminus at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park and pass through Cody. U.S. 14 travels eastward before joining I-90 at Gillette. U.S. 14 then follows I-90 to the South Dakota border. U.S. 16 and 20 split off of U.S. 14 at Greybull and U.S. 16 turns east at Worland while U.S. 20 continues south Shoshoni. U.S. Route 287 carries traffic from Fort Collins, Colorado into Laramie, Wyoming through a pass between the Laramie Mountains and the Medicine Bow Mountains, merges with US 30 and I-80 until it reaches Rawlins, where it continues north, passing Lander. Outside of Moran, U.S. 287 is part of a large interchange with U.S. Highways 26, 191, and 89, before continuing north to the southern entrance of Yellowstone. U.S. 287 continues north of Yellowstone, but the two sections are separated by the national park.

Other U.S. highways that pass through the state are 18, 26, 30, 85, 87, 89, 189, 191, 212, and 287.

Wyoming is one of only two states (South Dakota) in the 48 contiguous states not served by Amtrak.[76] It was once served by Amtrak's San Francisco Zephyr and Pioneer lines.

Education
For a more comprehensive list, see List of high schools in Wyoming.
The Rocky Mountain Herbarium at the University of Wyoming

Public education is directed by the state superintendent of public instruction, an elected state official. Educational policies are set by the State Board of Education, a nine-member board appointed by the governor. The constitution prohibits the state from establishing curriculum and textbook selections; these are the prerogatives of local school boards. The Wyoming School for the Deaf was the only in-state school dedicated to supporting deaf students in Wyoming before its closure in the summer of 2000.[77]

Higher education
For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in Wyoming.

Wyoming has one public four-year institution, the University of Wyoming in Laramie and one private four-year college, Wyoming Catholic College, in Lander, Wyoming. In addition, there are seven two-year community colleges spread throughout the state.

Before the passing of a new law in 2006, Wyoming had hosted unaccredited institutions, many of them suspected diploma mills.[78] The 2006 law is forcing unaccredited institutions to make one of three choices: move out of Wyoming, close down, or apply for accreditation. The Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization predicted in 2007 that in a few years the problem of diploma mills in Wyoming might be resolved.[79]

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See also

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Preceded by
Idaho		 List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on July 10, 1890 (44th)		 Succeeded by
Utah
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