Sena language

Sena is a Bantu language spoken in the four provinces of central Mozambique (Zambezi valley): Tete, Sofala, Zambezia and Manica. There were an estimated 900,000 native Sena speakers in Mozambique in 1997, with at least 1.5 million if including those who speak it as second language. It is one of the Nyasa languages.

Sena
Native to	Mozambique, Malawi
Ethnicity	Sena
Native speakers	1.6 million (2001–2006)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Southern Bantoid Bantu Nyasa Sena (N40) ? Sena
Dialects	Rue (Barwe) Podzo
Official status
Official language in	Zimbabwe (as 'Chibarwe')
Recognised minority language in	Malawi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: seh – Mozambiquean Sena swk – Malawian Sena bwg – Barwe
Glottolog	nucl1396  Nuclear Sena[2] mala1475  Malawi Sena[3] barw1243  Barwe[4]
Guthrie code	N.44,441 (N.45,46)[5]
Linguasphere	99-AUS-xi incl. varieties 99-AUS-xia...-xic; also 99-AUS-xj (chi-Rue) & 99-AUS-xm (chi-Podzo)

Sena is spoken in several dialects, of which Rue (also called Barwe or Cibalke) and Podzo are divergent. The Sena of Malawi may be a distinct language. Barwe (Chibarwe) has official recognition in Zimbabwe.

Some remarks on Sena tenses can be found in Funnell (2004),[6] Barnes & Funnell (2005)[7] and in Kiso (2012).[8]

References

1. Mozambiquean Sena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Malawian Sena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Barwe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sena". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Malawi Sena". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
4. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Barwe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
5. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
6. Funnell, Barry J. (2004)."A Contrastive Analysis of Two Varieties of Sena". MA dissertation, University of South Africa; (Introduction)
7. Barnes, Lawrie; Funnell, Barry (2005) "Exploring the cross-border standardisation of Chisena". Language Matters: Studies in the Languages of Africa. Vol. 36.
8. Kiso, Andrea (2012), "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.