Vigan
Vigan, officially the City of Vigan (Ilocano: Siudad ti Vigan; Tagalog: Lungsod ng Vigan; Spanish: Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan), is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 53,879 people.[3]
Vigan | |
|---|---|
| City of Vigan | |
.jpg) Calle Crisólogo | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname(s): Heritage City | |
| Motto(s): Viva Vigan! | |
 Map of Ilocos Sur with Vigan highlighted | |
OpenStreetMap 
| |
.svg.png)  Vigan Location within the Philippines | |
| Coordinates: 17°34′29″N 120°23′13″E | |
| Country |  |
| Region | Ilocos Region (Region I) |
| Province | Ilocos Sur |
| District | 1st District |
| Founded | 1572 |
| Cityhood | January 22, 2001 |
| Barangays | 39 (see Barangays) |
| Government | |
| • Type | Sangguniang Panlungsod |
| • Mayor | Juan Carlo S. Medina |
| • Vice Mayor | Lourdes D. Baquiran |
| • Congressman | Deogracias Victor B. Savellano |
| • SP Board member | Edwin Quebral Alconcel |
| • Electorate | 31,817 voters (2019) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 25.12 km2 (9.70 sq mi) |
| Population (2015 census)[3] | |
| • Total | 53,879 |
| • Density | 2,100/km2 (5,600/sq mi) |
| • Households | 11,106 |
| Economy | |
| • Income class | 4th city income class |
| • Poverty incidence | 8.73% (2015)[4] |
| • Revenue (₱) | 389,645,888.59 (2016) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PST) |
| ZIP code | 2700 |
| PSGC | |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)77 |
| Climate type | tropical monsoon climate |
| Native languages | Ilocano Tagalog |
| Website | www |
| Official name | Historic City of Vigan |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii), (iv) |
| Reference | 502rev |
| Inscription | 1999 (23rd session) |
Located on the western coast of the large island of Luzon, facing the South China Sea, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it is one of the few Spanish colonial towns left in the Philippines whose old structures have mostly remained intact, and it is well known for its sett pavements and a unique architecture of the Spanish Philippines colonial era which fuses Native Philippine and Oriental building designs and construction, with colonial Spanish architecture that is still abundant in the area, mainly the Bahay na Bato houses and an Earthquake Baroque church. Former Philippine president Elpidio Quirino, the sixth President of the Philippines, was born in Vigan, at the former location of the Provincial Jail (his father was a warden); he resided in the Syquia Mansion. The entire city of Vigan was later inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage City after being declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC).
In May 2015, Vigan City was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Beirut, Doha, Durban, Havana, Kuala Lumpur and La Paz.[5] New7Wonders Foundation president and founding member Bernard Weber led a ceremony held at St. Paul Cathedral where he handed a bronze plaque to Vigan Mayor Eva Grace Singson-Medina, signifying the heritage city's election as one of the world's wonder cities.[6]
Etymology
The area of Vigan was originally a settlement of traders coming from the Fujian Province, China. At the time of Spanish colonisation, the Chinese settlers, whose language was Southern Min (Min Nan, often referred to as "Hokkien" by most Filipinos), referred to the area as Bee Gan (Chinese: 美岸; pinyin: měi'àn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-gān), which means "Beautiful Shore." Since the Spanish conquistadors interchanged V and the B to refer to the /b/ sound, they spelled the Hokkien Chinese name "Bee Gan" as Vigan, which is the name used to this day.
Vigan's Chinese heritage is still evident from the numerous elite Chinese creole families who come from the area, many of whom adopted Hispanic family names. Others, such as the Syquia family, have retained Chinese-derived surnames, though most, if not all, of the Christian Chinese creole families fully Hispanicised themselves culturally.
The most commonly known source of the city's name is from the Biga'a plant, which once grew abundantly along the banks of the Mestizo River, from which captain Juan de Salcedo derived the city's name (after a misunderstanding with the locals, thinking he was asking the name of the plants).
Other names
The city's full name at the time of its Spanish foundation was Villa Fernandina, or "Town of Ferdinand", in honor of Prince Ferdinand, the firstborn son of King Philip II of Spain. As the city grew, and the seat of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia transferred to Vigan, it was later renamed Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan ("Ferdinand's City of Vigan/Fernandine City of Vigan").
History
Due to silting of the Mestizo River, Vigan City is no longer separated from the mainland, therefore no longer an island. The city is unique in the Philippines because it is one of many extensive surviving Philippine historic cities, dating back to the 16th century.
Vigan was a coastal trading post long before the Spaniards arrived; Chinese traders sailing from the West Philippine Sea came to Isla de Vigan (Island of Vigan) via the Mestizo River that surrounded it. On board their ships were seafaring merchants who came to trade goods from other Asian kingdoms in exchange for gold, beeswax, and other mountain products brought by the indigenous peoples from the Cordillera region.
In the book The Philippine Island (Vol. III, p. 276, Blair and Robertson) two letters from Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris to King Philip II of Spain mention: "It seemed best to send Captain Juan de Salcedo with 70 or 80 soldiers to explore the coast of Los Ilocanos on the shores of the river called Bigan." The Spaniards led by Salcedo marched north from Manila on May 20, 1572. They arrived in Vigan on June 13, 1572.[7]
Thus, after the successful expedition and the exploration of the North, Juan de Salcedo founded "Villa Fernandina de Vigan" in honor of King Philip II's son, Prince Ferdinand, who died at the age of four. From Vigan, Salcedo rounded the tip of Luzón and proceeded to pacify Camarines, Albay, and Catanduanes. As a reward for his services to the King of Spain, Salcedo was awarded the old province of Ilocos, which consisted of the modern provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union and part of Mountain Province as his hacienda (estate), and was accorded the title of Justicia Mayor de esta Provincia de Ylocos (Province Mayor of Ilocos).
In 1574, Salcedo returned to the capital of his encomienda (trusteeship), Vigan, bringing with him his soldiers and some Augustinian missionaries to pioneer the evangelization of the Ilocos region. He established a Spanish city for the purpose of controlling the neighboring country.
Governor General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, in his account of encomienda dated in Manila on May 31, 1591, states: "The town of Vigan called Villa Fernandina consisted of Spanish settlers; a priest; a Justice Alcalde Mayor (Governor); and a Deputy. The King collects 800 tributes (equivalent to 3,200 subjects)." During this period, Vigan was composed of 19 barrios (districts).
Between 1645 and 1660, Vigan was divided into 21 Cabezas de Barrio (Town Mayors) as mentioned in the Libro de Casamiento (Book of Marriage); from the records of the parish house of Vigan found in its archives. Separated from the indigenous population, the Chinese migrants were residents in a neighbourhood called El Pariancillo, los Sangleyes del parian (The Sangleyes of the Parian); and the Spanish settlers were residents in a town called Los Españoles de la Villa (The Town Spaniards).
During the Philippine Revolution, revolutionary forces under Manuel Tinio, supported by the Ilocano rebels, attacked and defeated the Spanish colonial forces and captured the city in the Siege of Vigan. During the Philippine-American War, American forces led by Commander McCracken and Lt. Col. James Parker occupied the town in Nov. 1899.
At the start of World War II, Vigan was one of the first places in the Philippines invaded by Japan on 10 December 1941. In 1945, combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops, aided by Ilocano resistance fighters, defeated the Japanese Imperial forces and liberated Vigan.
In 1999, Vigan was listed by UNESCO as the best preserved example of Spanish colonial towns in Asia. Its architecture is the conglomeration of cultural elements from the Philippines, China, and Spain, making it unique in the world.
Republic Act No. 8988 of December 27, 2000 "revalidated and recognized" Vigan's city status granted by royal decree in the mid 18th century. This legislation serves as Vigan's present city charter.
On December 7, 2014, Vigan was named as one of the New7Wonders Cities.
Geography
Vigan can be found 120 23’ 15’’ east longitude and 17 34’ 30’’ north latitude. It is situated in the northern part of Luzon, the Philippines’ largest island. It serves as the capital of Ilocos Sur and has been a major political and trading center since before the Spanish colonizers arrived in the Philippines.
Its favorable geographical features and location continues to make it a very accessible center. It is 407 kilometres (253 mi) away from Manila, 82 kilometres (51 mi) away from Laoag City, and 138 kilometres (86 mi) away from San Fernando, La Union, the regional capital of Ilocos Region.
Topography
Its 2,511 hectares of land consists mostly of plains with gentle hills. Its boundaries on the north, east, south, and west are the municipalities of Bantay, Santa, Caoayan, and Santa Catalina, respectively. The South China Sea is on its southwest portion.
Majority of its land, 60 percent of it, is used for agriculture. Around 32 percent is made up of residential area, nearly three percent are for commercial and industrial use, and around one percent is for institutional purposes. There are also forest reserves and fishponds included in Vigan's land area.
Vigan is made up of 39 barangays. Thirty of them are classified as rural, but they occupy only 2,366 hectares. The remaining nine are classified as poblacion barangays and are together 144.75 hectares big.
The barangays of Pagburnayan, Paoa, and Tamag are on the area of rolling plains. On the other hand, portions of Barangays Tamag and the barangays of Bulala and Salindeg are found on the city's hilly parts.
Its most dominant hill feature is the Vigan Gap Hill in the eastern part, just 10 kilometers away from the city. Vigan used to be separated from the rest of the mainland by the rivers of Abra, Mestizo and Govantes, making it an island during that time. The Govantes River cuts the current Vigan plain from North to South.
The large Abra and Mestizo rivers, together with the rivers of Bantay, Bantaoay, Nauman and Santo Tomas serve as part of a network that drain the Vigan plains. These rivers are not only important in safekeeping the city from floods, they also served as important ways of transport for trade-related activities from the 15th century to the 19th century, that helped make Vigan a thriving center. The most vital of these rivers is said to be the Mestizo River which was used by the small vessels to transport goods and people.
There is a faulting trend in the Vigan plain that ends in Santa Catalina.
Soil type
The land area of Vigan is generally flat. Slopes of 20 are found at Barangay V, Tamag, and Paoa. There are no forest reserves in the city in terms of potential and raw materials. Bamboo is the only forest product in Vigan.
There are five soil types in the city. First, the Bantay Loam, located at the southern portion of Raois, has a land area of 36.67 hectares, and is good as pastureland. The second, Umingan sandy, with a land area of 1191.57 hectares, is good for upland rice and vegetables. The third, San Manuel clay loam, which is best for bananas, cotton and vegetables, has an area of 1244.57 hectares. The fourth, Bantog clay—considered as the most significant type for soil, and the best clay material for making pots, jars and all earthenware, has a land area of 31.65 hectares. The fifth, beach sand, with a land area of 7.28 hectares, is generally found on the shores of all the beaches of Vigan, and is best for coconut plantation.
Barangays
Vigan City is subdivided into 39 barrios or barangays. [2]
- Ayusan Norte
- Ayusan Sur
- Barangay I (Poblacion)
- Barangay II (Poblacion)
- Barangay III (Poblacion)
- Barangay IV (Poblacion)
- Barangay V (Poblacion)
- Barangay VI (Poblacion)
- Barangay VII (Poblacion)
- Barangay VIII (Poblacion)
- Barangay IX (Poblacion)
- Barraca
- Beddeng Daya
- Beddeng Laud
- Bongtolan
- Bulala
- Cabalangegan
- Cabaroan Daya
- Cabaroan Laud
- Camangaan
- Capangpangan
- Mindoro
- Nagsangalan
- Pantay Daya
- Pantay Fatima
- Pantay Laud
- Paoa
- Paratong
- Pong-ol
- Purok-a-bassit
- Purok-a-dackel
- Raois
- Rugsuanan
- Salindeg
- San Jose
- San Julian Norte
- San Julian Sur
- San Pedro
- Tamag
Urban structures
When Juan de Salcedo founded Vigan in 1572, he decided to pattern its urban plan with that of Intramuros, the walled city in Manila.
The urban planners of the Spanish government also followed a basic pattern that can be observed in most old towns in the country, whose establishment dates back to the Spanish colonial period. This pattern is detailed in the Ley de las Indias, the Law of the Indies, and was put into force in the 18th century. Under the Law of the Indies streets were to follow a grid pattern, the center of which being a plaza or central park.
In Vigan, the central park is the Plaza Salcedo. Next to it are the administrative buildings—the Casa Real or provincial administrative office, and the municipio (municipal hall). A stone's throw away are the religious buildings—the seminary of the archdiocese, the Arzobispado (Archbishop's Palace), and the St. Paul's Cathedral. Beside these religious structures is the church-run school, the Saint Paul College, known in its early days as the Colegio de Niñas. After the full transfer of the said school to the neighboring towns of Bantay and San Vicente, the building was handed over to the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia and is currently being occupied by a retail store chain, with only a commemorative plaque at the building's entrance and the old "ROSARY COLLEGE" concrete sign at its rear reminding visitors of its past (the school's old logo, once found at the building's facade, has been removed sometime later).
A unique thing is the existence of another plaza, the Plaza Burgos, which is immediately beside the St. Paul's Cathedral. After the first tier emanating from Plaza Salcedo are the houses of prominent residents that now make up the preserved heritage houses of Vigan. This urban plan remained relatively intact despite wars and natural calamities that have been endured by Vigan since its foundation.
The major changes to the original urban landscape were caused by fires. The Casa Real was replaced with a provincial capitol building during the American period when the original structure burned down. The archdiocese seminary was also destroyed by fire in 1968, and it lay in ruins until the late 1990s, when part of a shopping mall was built on the site.
The residential areas were not spared. Some of the houses on Crisologo Street were casualties of fire during the Japanese period; several houses on Quezon Avenue were destroyed by fire as well in 1952; while in 1971, some houses near Plaza Burgos burned down as well. The houses along Crisologo Street that were burned were later reconstructed faithfully following the architecture of the former structures.
Presently, there are other major areas of activities other than the two plazas, though these are still where most recreation and shopping are done. One may also go to the southern part of the city to reach the commercial area and public market. The current Public Market is a new one, as the old one (formerly the Imelda Socio-Commercial Complex), on the same site, was (also) destroyed by fire. A new mall (opened in December 2017) has risen from the site of the city's first Public Market, found in the center of the business district, after being the site of some business establishments and a tricycle-for-hire terminal.
Geologic base and mineral resources
The sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that are present in the city are alluvium, fluviatile, lacuatine, pludal and beach deposits such as coral, stools, and beach rock. These are predominantly found along the coastal areas of Vigan. An important non-metallic mineral resource found in Vigan is the kind of clay that is used in making earthen jars locally called burnay. Earthenware of different uses and sizes are made of this kind of clay. Known as Bantog clay, the mineral is the basic material in making bricks. These bricks are the original materials in building the Hispanic houses of Vigan.
Physiography
Vigan is situated in a Quaternary Age sedimentary plain called the Vigan-Bantay Plain which is part of the Ilocos coastal plain. The Vigan-Bantay Plain is bounded on the east by a moderately rugged Miocene sediments consisting of interbedded sandstones and shale to very rugged Meta-volcanics and Meta sediment topography; on the south is the Municipality of Santa where the north–south trending fault terminates; to the west is the South China Sea; while the northern boundary opens to the northern extension of the Ilocos coastal plain.
The central part of the plain is characterized by a dissected ridge of Plio-Pleistocene age that trends in a northeast–southwest direction. The ridge divides the Vigan-Bantay Plain into northern and southern plains.
The northern part of the plain is drained by minor rivers namely: Bantaoay, Santo Tomas, and Nauman rivers, while the Abra River is the main drainage network of the southern portion of the plain. The Abra River meanders into the hinterland but exhibits a braided pattern across the plain.
The drainage network of the eastern margin of Vigan-Bantay plain consist of deeply cut valleys whose pattern is strongly controlled by main faulting trends, particularly those in the northerly and easterly directions.
Vigan is being drained by the Vigan River and Bantay River, respectively, on the north and on the south by Mestizo River whose water discharge comes from the Bantaoay head waters.
The relief of the Vigan-Bantay plain is actively level to undulating with a slope ranging from 0% to 8%. Vigan in particular is generally in level with several hills in Barangays Tamag, Bulala, and Salindeg, sometimes reaching about 50 meters in elevation and has a slope ranging from 3% to 8%.
The eastern margin of the plain characterized by a steep to very steep slope, about 40% to 60%, the relief often reaches an elevation of more that 600 meters especially the northerly and easterly portion.
The dominant topographic feature in the eastern margin of the town is the Vigan Gap Hill where the continuously shifting Vigan River cuts its way. The Gap Hill is located approximately 10 kilometers east of Vigan.
Weather and climate
The city of Vigan falls under (tropical savanna), which is characterized by two pronounced seasons – the dry season which starts from the month of November and ends in April; and the wet season which spans the months of May to October. The average annual rainfall is 2,506 millimetres (98.66 in) and the heaviest registered rainfall is 6,933 millimetres (272.95 in).
The average temperature is 26 °C. The average warmest temperature is 30.9 °C and the average coldest temperature is 21.1 °C. An average of 7-10 typhoons visit Vigan annually. The average relative humidity is 81%.
| Climate data for Vigan (1981–2010, extremes 1903–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.6 (96.1) |
35.3 (95.5) |
36.9 (98.4) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
35.4 (95.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
35.1 (95.2) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.5 (95.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.4 (86.7) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.8 (78.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.5 (56.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 3.5 (0.14) |
3.9 (0.15) |
5.4 (0.21) |
16.1 (0.63) |
194.5 (7.66) |
321.8 (12.67) |
536.3 (21.11) |
630.3 (24.81) |
382.6 (15.06) |
143.8 (5.66) |
36.3 (1.43) |
2.9 (0.11) |
2,277.4 (89.66) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 16 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 100 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 77 | 81 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 80 | 77 | 72 | 78 |
| Source: PAGASA[8][9] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
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| Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3][10][11][12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the 2015 census, the population of Vigan was 53,879 people,[3] with a density of 2,100 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,400/sq mi).
Transportation
Metro transport
Modes of transport within the city are purely land-based. Vehicles for public use include jeepneys, tricycles, vans-for-hire (or PUVs/public utility vehicles) and calesas (horse-drawn vehicles). Buses, mini-buses and jeepneys provide transportation to and from Vigan. The metro Vigan transport system is mostly served by tricycles, which are color- and number-coded to identify their municipality of origin.
Land transportation
Vigan City is well-served by a network of roads and a major highway that connects to Manila North Road, the highway leading to Manila and the rest of the country. Major bus companies such as Dominion Bus Lines, Viron Transit, Partas, and Aniceto/St. Joseph operate terminals in Vigan. GMW Florida Transport operates a terminal in Bantay, just outside Vigan. Bus companies such as Maria de Leon and Fariñas pass by Vigan on their way to Laoag. They operate direct and/or indirect bus services from Vigan City to points in Luzon, mostly to Manila, Baguio, and Laoag and vice versa. There are also independent bus operators plying the Laoag-Vigan-Carmen and Vigan-Abra routes, and have a joint terminal found at the New Vigan Public Market Annex.
Air transportation
A secondary airport called Mindoro Airport (also known as Vigan Airport) is located at Barangay Mindoro. It has one asphalted runway, 900 meters long and 30 meters wide. The airport was once a dormant asset of the city for it does not generate revenue, with only chartered and private planes using it; it is currently being upgraded and is on its way toward commercialization.
Tourism
Popular sites include Calle Crisologo,[13] Syquia Mansion Museum,[14] Plaza Salcedo's Dancing Fountain,[15] Padre Burgos House,[16] and the National Museum of the Philippines.[17] Nearby is the Bantay Church Bell Tower. Of special note is the Hotel Luna, which houses an extensive collection of art, including La Mandolinera by Jose Luna.[18]
Education
- University of Northern Philippines — in Barangay Tamag, is the oldest state university in Northern Luzon. It was founded by virtue of Republic Act 4449, authored by Congressman Floro Crisologo.
- Divine Word College of Vigan (formerly known as the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción) — the second oldest privately funded school in Ilocos Sur, founded by priests belonging to the Society of the Divine Word (SVD).
- Macro Colleges Inc. — the first computer college in the province, having evolved from being the first shop in Ilocos Sur to offer computer-based services. The school is now K-to-12 College, located at Quezon Avenue. Currently operated by the Nueva Segovia Consortium of Cooperatives.
- Ilocos Sur National High School (ISNHS) — the major national high school in the province.
- Lyceum de Ylocos — is a new school offering Technical-Vocational courses and is a registered Senior High School offering various Tracks that include ABM, GAS, HUMSS and TLE-Technical-Vocational Courses. Situated at the heart of the Heritage City, 3F Vigan Landmark Building, Barangay VIII.
- Data Center Colleges Philippines Vigan Branch - Data Center Philippines (DCPI) first came to Ilocos Sur through a partnership with the University of Northern Philippines for its computerization efforts in the late 80s. It later evolved independently as a college offering computer- and non-computer-related courses. Formerly operating where Lyceum de Ylocos is operating today, they are currently located in a building just outside UNP's Vigan Campus.
Sister cities
| Local | International |
|---|---|
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References
- "City". Quezon City, Philippines: Department of the Interior and Local Government. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- "Province: Ilocos Sur". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- Census of Population (2015). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- "PSA releases the 2015 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Quezon City, Philippines. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- Tejada, Ariel Paolo (9 May 2015). "Vigan declared 'Wonder City'". The Philippine Star. Manila. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- Vigan named as one of the New7Wonders
- De la Torre, Visitacion (2006). The Ilocos Heritage. Makati City: Tower Book House. p. 2. ISBN 978-971-91030-9-7.
- "Vigan City, Ilocos Sur Climatological Normal Values". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- "Vigan City, Ilocos Sur Climatological Extremes". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. NSO. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. NSO.
- "Province of Ilocos Sur". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- "Calle Crisologo- Mena Crisologo Street". Vigan.ph. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- "Syquia Mansion of President Elpidio Quirino". Vigan.ph. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- "Vigan Travel: Historical Plaza Salcedo Turns into a Spectacle of Lights at Night". Philippine Primer. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- "Padre Burgos House". National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- Cimatu, Frank. "Old Ilocos Sur jail nowan art center". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- "Why revitalizing hotels with art is a good strategy". F&B Report. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- "A RESOLUTION EXTENDING AN INVITATION TO THE CITY OF TAGUIG TO BECOME A SISTER CITY OF VIGAN, ILOCOS SUR" (PDF). City of Vigan. February 18, 2008.
- Lester V. Ledesma. "Sister Cities (Vigan and Melaka living parallel lives)". Cebu Smile. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vigan City. |
 |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vigan. |
- Vigan.ph
- Vigan Profile at PhilAtlas.com
- Official website
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code
- Philippine Census Information
- Local Governance Performance Management System
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