Apayao

Apayao (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Apayao) is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital town is Kabugao.

This article is about the Philippine province. For other uses, see Apayao (disambiguation).
Apayao
Province
Province of Apayao
Flag
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Coordinates: 17°45′N 121°15′E
CountryPhilippines
RegionCordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
FoundedMay 8, 1995
CapitalKabugao*
Government
 • TypeSangguniang Panlalawigan
 • GovernorEleonor B. Begtang (PDP-Laban)
 • Vice GovernorRemy N. Albano (Liberal Party)
 • CongressmanElias C. Bulut, Jr. (Nationalist People's Coalition)
Area
 • Total4,413.35 km2 (1,704.00 sq mi)
Area rank27th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Lambayo)
1,386 m (4,547 ft)
Population
 (2015 census)[2]
 • Total119,184
 • Rank78th out of 81
 • Density27/km2 (70/sq mi)
 • Density rank81st out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities0
 • Municipalities
 • Barangays133
 • DistrictsLone district of Apayao
Time zoneUTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code
3807–3814
IDD : area code +63 (0)74
ISO 3166 codePH-APA
Spoken languages
Websitewww.apayao.gov.ph
* Kabugao is the officially recognized capital and seat of government, although the province carries out many of its operations in a new government center established in Luna.

The province borders Cagayan to the north and east, Abra and Ilocos Norte to the west, and Kalinga to the south. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao comprised a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, which was partitioned to better service the needs of individual ethnic groups.

With a population of 119,184 (as of the 2015 census)[2] covering an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi),[1] Apayao is the least densely-populated province in the Philippines.

History

Spanish period

Although Apayao which was then part of Cagayan,[3] was among the earliest areas penetrated by the Spaniards in the Cordilleras, the region, inhabited by the Isneg tribe, remained largely outside Spanish control until late in the 19th century. As early as 1610, the Dominican friars established a mission in what is now the town of Pudtol. In 1684, the friars again made attempts to convert the people and established a church in what is now Kabugao.

Ruins of Pudtol Church, built in 1684 by the Dominicans and abandoned in 1815

The Spanish authorities were then able to establish in Cagayan the comandancias of Apayao and Cabugaoan in 1891,[3][4][5] which covered the western and eastern portions of what is now Apayao. The comandancias, however, failed to bring total control and the Spanish government only maintained a loose hold over the area.

American period

The Americans established the Mountain Province on August 13, 1908, with the enactment of Act No. 1876. Apayao, along with Amburayan, Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Lepanto, became sub-provinces of this new province.[4][5][6]

World War II

In 1942, Japanese Imperial forces entered Apayao, starting a three-year occupation of the province during the Second World War. Local Filipino troops of the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, and 16th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the military forces of the USAFIP-NL 11th and 66th Infantry Regiment, supported by the Cordilleran guerrillas, drove out the Japanese in 1945.

Kalinga-Apayao creation and splitting
Main article: Kalinga-Apayao

On June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with the enactment of Republic Act No. 4695. The four provinces were Benguet, Bontoc (renamed "Mountain Province"), Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.[5][7] Kalinga-Apayao, along with Ifugao, became one of the provinces of the Cagayan Valley region in 1972.[7]

On July 15, 1987, the Cordillera Administrative Region was established and Kalinga-Apayao was made one of its provinces.[5][7][8][9]

Finally, on February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao was split into two independent provinces with the passage of Republic Act No. 7878.[5][7][10]

Biodiversity and biosphere reserve
A Philippine eagle nestling

Apayao is biologically diverse. The province is sanctuary to 139 bird species, 61 of which are endemic and 4 threatened.[11] It also has 43 species of wild food plants eaten by the indigenous people and 50 species of medicinal plants.[12] The province is home to critically endangered rufous hornbills, lawaan or dipterocarp trees, Raflesia flowers, and the white-winged flying fox.[11]

The Philippine Eagle Foundation began its search of eagles in Apayao in 2011 after reports of huge eagles were roaming the area for centuries.[13] On March 22, 2013, scientists discovered the stronghold of critically endangered Philippine eagles, the country's national bird, in Luzon island within the vicinity of the Calanasan Lowland Forest.[14] In January 2015, the town of Calanasan initiated a program which protected 3,000 hectares of forests under its jurisdiction.[15] Additionally, the province of Apayao is one of the very few in the country that has an approved forest land use plan (FLUP).[16] The first active Philippine eagle nest in Apayao was discovered in July 2015.[13]

On 9 July 2018,[16] the provincial government of Apayao announced their intent for the province to be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The province, which possesses more than 286,000 hectares of virgin forests, also noted that they have sent four of their personnel to train in the United States under the US Foreign Service to hasten the declaration of the site.[17] On January 16, 2019, the provincial government announced that they were doing "legwork for the inscription."[18]

Geography
Dibagat River in Kabugao

Apayao is basically situated within the Cordillera Central mountains, traversed by many rivers. The province covers an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi)[19] forming the northern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region, and is bounded on the north and east by Cagayan, west by Ilocos Norte, southwest by Abra and south by Kalinga.

Plains and valleys are used for farming. Apayao is basically composed of farmlands.

Climate

The prevailing climate in the province falls under Corona's Type III Classification. It is characterized by relatively dry and wet seasons, from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain during December to February while the month of May is the warmest.

Administrative divisions

Apayao comprises 7 municipalities, all encompassed by a lone legislative district.[19]

Political divisions

Barangays

The 7 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 133 barangays, with Barangay Malama in Conner as the most populous in 2015, and Eleazar in Calanasan as the least.[20][19]

Further information: List of barangays in Apayao

Demographics

The population of Apayao in the 2015 census was 119,184 people,[20] with a density of 27 inhabitants per square kilometre or 70 inhabitants per square mile.

Population census
of Apayao
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990 74,720—    
1995 83,660+2.14%
2000 97,129+3.25%
2007 103,633+0.90%
2010 112,636+3.08%
2015 119,184+1.08%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[2][22]
Population by ethnicity (2000)[23]
Ethnicity Number
Ilocano
 
 49,328 (50.82%)
Isnag
 
 29,071 (29.95%)
Malaueg
 
 3,580 (3.69%)
Isneg
 
 3,380 (3.48%)
Kalinga
 
 2,992 (3.08%)
Kankanaey
 
 1,208 (1.24%)
Bontoc
 
 1,014 (1.04%)
Ibaloi
 
 979 (1.01%)
Others
 
 4,931 (5.08%)
Not Reported
 
 575 (0.59%)
Native Dibagat homes
The Isnag people were the first inhabitants of Apayao. Their numbers were eventually overtaken by the Ilokano people who migrated under the orders of then president Marcos, making the Isnag a minority in their ancestral lands.

Based on the 2000 census survey, Ilocanos comprised 49,328 (50.82%) of the total provincial population of 97,058, while almost 1/3 of the population were Isnag at 29,071 (29.95%). Other ethnic groups in the province were the Malaueg at 3,580 (3.69%), Isneg at 3,380 (3.48%), Kalinga at 2,992 (3.08%), Kankanaey at 1,208 (1.24%), Bontoc at 1,014 (1.04%), and Ibaloi at 979 (1.01%).[23]

Two major sub-groups among the Isnag people are known: the Ymandaya, mostly concentrated in the municipality of Calanasan; and the Imallod, with populations distributed among the other towns of the province. Some Isnag populations can also be found in the eastern part of the adjacent Provinces of Ilocos Norte and Cagayan, due to previous displacements from Ilokano migrations.

Isnag, also called Isneg, kinship is bilateral, meaning children are equally related to both the mother and the father. Households consist of interrelated families living close to each other, and extended families of three generations living together in their balay. The family is the key element in society, the larger the better, headed by the husband. No other society structure exists, though brave men, mengals, lead in hunting and fishing. The bravest, Kamenglan, is the overall leader. A young man entered their ranks after the first headhunting expedition during the old days. A mengal carries a red kerchief on the head and has tattoos on his arms and shoulders. They are animistic and practice polygamy.[24] However, an influx of Christian religions have destroyed many of Isnag culture. Approximately 9% of Isnag people were converted to Christianity, usually by forced assimilation, during the colonial era up to the present era.

Economy

Apayao is devoted to agricultural production, particularly food and industrial crops such as palay,[25] corn,[26] coffee, root crops and vegetables. Fruits produced include lanzones, citrus, bananas and pineapples, durian, santol, rambutan, coconut and mangosteen.[27] Rice production totaled 98,489 metric tons in 2011.[25] Parts of Apayao are home to rice terraces.[28]

Economic activity is also based on livestock and poultry breeding such as swine, carabao, cattle, goat and sheep. Other additional investment includes manufacturing, food processing, furniture, crafts and house wares making.[29]

Updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture, garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares, and agricultural support.

The people of Apayao also have a rich tradition of basket, handicraft, and textile weaving.[30]

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References
  1. "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  2. Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. PSA. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  3. "History". Province of Cagayan (Official Website of the Provincial Government of Cagayan). Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  4. "Benguet History". Province of Benguet (official website). Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  5. "Historical Background". Provincial Government of Apayao (official website). Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  6. Ingles, Raul Rafael (2008). 1908 :The Way it Really was : Historical Journal for the UP Centennial, 1908-2008. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. p. 330. ISBN 9715425801. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  7. Lancion, Jr., Conrado M.; de Guzman, Rey (cartography) (1995). "The Provinces". Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila: Tahanan Books. pp. 76, 86, 108. ISBN 971-630-037-9. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  8. "Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". CountrySTAT Philippines. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  9. "The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  10. "Republic Act No. 7878 - An Act Converting the Sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao into Regular Provinces to be Known as the Province of Kalinga and the Province of Apayao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 4695". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  11. Ranada, Pia (July 23, 2015). "Apayao: Where ethnic tradition is saving the Philippine Eagle". Rappler. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  12. Angagan, J. (2009). "Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity conservation practices in Apayao rice terraces [Philippines]: a gender lens perspective". Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences] (Philippines).
  13. Ranada, Pia (July 14, 2015). "First active Philippine eagle nest in Luzon found in Apayao". Rappler. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  14. "Eagle Sightings in Apayao". philippineeaglefoundation.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  15. http://bayanihan.org/2015/01/06/apayao-folk-help-protect-3000-hectares-wildlife-sanctuary/
  16. Dumlao, Artemio (July 9, 2018). "Apayao eagle habitat eyed as Unesco protected area". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  17. http://northluzon.politics.com.ph/gov-bulut-wants-calanasan-philippine-eagle-sanctuary-declared-as-protected-area/
  18. Geminiano, Pamela Mariz (January 16, 2019). "Apayao eyes UNESCO biosphere reserve title to save PH eagles". Philippines News Agency. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  19. "Province: Apayao". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  20. Census of Population (2015). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  21. Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. NSO. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  22. Census of Population and Housing (2010). Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  23. "Apayao: Three Out of Five Academic Degree Holders Were Females; Table 4. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Apayao, 2000". Philippine Statistics Authority. 12 July 2002. Archived from the original on 9 June 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  24. Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "5 The Isnegs". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 94, 106–107. ISBN 9789711011093.
  25. "DA allots P278M for irrigation, agri projects in Apayao". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Last year, Apayao produced a total of 98,489 metric tons of palay (paddy rice), according to the DA’s Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. The volume is equivalent to 64,017 MT of rice at 65 percent milling recovery.
  26. Vanzi, Sol Jose (28 April 1998). "Apayao Secret: Drought-Resistant Corn". Newsflash.Org. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  27. Galvez, James Konstantin (14 January 2014). "Government agri program to promote Apayao's wild fruits". The Manila Times. Retrieved 23 April 2016. The province of Apayao is host to some of the country’s indigenous crops including: lubeg, bignay, bignay kalabaw, calumpit, saging matsing, other than the fruit-bearing trees like durian, marang, lanzones, rambutan, pineapple, mangosteen, coconut, santol, among others.
  28. Malingan, Jamie Joie. "Survival and Identity: The Cordillera Rice Terraces in the 21st century". pia.gov.ph. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  29. "Apayao producers open new markets in cities". Philippine Information Agency. 5 December 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  30. Ocampo, R. O. (2009). "Tapping the potentials of the weaving industry in Apayao [Philippines]". Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences] (Philippines).
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