Batangas City

Batangas City, officially the City of Batangas (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Batangas), is a 1st class city in the province of Batangas, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 329,874 people.[3]

This article is about the city. For the province, see Batangas.

Batangas City
Component city
City of Batangas
Seal
Nicknames: 
  • Industrial Port of Calabarzon
  • Eco Tourist City of the Past, Present and Future
  • Green City Batangas
Motto(s): 
All here So near
Eto Batangueño Disiplinado
Anthem: Batangas, Lungsod Kong Mahal (Batangas, My Beloved City)
Map of Batangas with Batangas City highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Batangas City
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 13°45′N 121°03′E
Country Philippines
RegionCalabarzon (Region IV-A)
ProvinceBatangas
DistrictLone District of Batangas City
FoundedMarch 10, 1917
CityhoodJuly 23, 1969
Barangays105 (see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorBeverley Rose A. Dimacuha
 • Vice MayorEmilio Francisco A. Berberabe Jr.
 • CongressmanMario Vittorio A. Mariño
 • Electorate223,258 voters (2019)
Area
 [2]
 • Total282.96 km2 (109.25 sq mi)
Population
 (2015 census)[3]
 • Total329,874
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
 • Households
75,485
DemonymsBatangueño (male)
Batangueña (female)
Batanguenean
Economy
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence4.63% (2015)[4]
 • Revenue (₱)1,885,828,096.54 (2016)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
4200
PSGC
041005000
IDD : area code +63 (0)43
Climate typetropical monsoon climate
Native languagesTagalog
Numbered highways
Feast dateJanuary 16
Websitewww.batangascity.gov.ph

Batangas City is classified as one of the fastest urbanizing cities of the Philippines, and is known as the "Industrial Port City of Calabarzon". It is home to the Batangas International Port, one of the busiest passenger and container terminals in the Philippines. It also hosts one of the largest oil refineries in the country, three natural gas power plants, and several other major industries. In addition, the city also serves as the educational, industrial and the transportation center of the province.

History

Foreign rule

The first Spanish missionaries arrived in Batangas City in 1572 due to group migration. Finally, in 1581, Spanish authorities governing the Philippines created a pueblo in the area which included the hill (now Hilltop) where the present Provincial Capitol of Batangas stands after the formal end of the Coumintang Kingdom. The town was named "Batangan" because huge logs, locally called "batang", abounded in the place. The Spanish government appointed Don Agustin Casilao as Batangan's first gobernadorcillo. Said title of "little governor" as head of the pueblo or municipio was replaced in 1894 by "capital municipal". It is not clear who succeeded Casilao nor is it known whether there were subsequent appointments of capital municipal. Don Agustin Casilao is sometimes referred to as Agustino or Augustino in some sources. By 1870, its barangays were Balagtas, Bilogo, Bolbok, Bukal, Catandala, Konde, De La Paz, Kumintang Ibaba, Matuko, Mapagong, Paharang Kanluran, Pairang, Pinamucan, Patulo, Sampaga, San Agapito, San Isidro and Talahib.[5][6]

At the coming of the Americans in the early 1900s, local civil government of Batangas was set up. It took effect on July 4, 1901 with Jose Villanueva elected as "Municipal President." His term expired in 1903.[5]

Subsequent elections installed the following as municipal presidents: Juan Palacios, 1904–1905; Jose Arguelles, 1906; Marcelo Llana, 1907; Sisenando Ferriols, 1908–1909; Ventura Tolentino, 1910–1914; Julian Rosales, 1915; Juan Gutierrez, 1916–1919; Julian Rosales, 1920–1922; Juan Buenafe, 1923–1930; Perfecto Condez, 1931–1937; Juan Buenafe, 1938–1940. In 1941 the title "Municipal President" was changed to "Municipal Mayor." Pedro Berberabe was elected first municipal mayor.[5]

Batangas City was severely damaged due to the Japanese A6M Zero bombardment and on December 12, 1941, the Batangas Airport which is located in Barangay Alangilan is totally destroyed. On October 14, 1943, municipal councilor Roman L. Perez was appointed Mayor by the Japanese after the inauguration of the Second Republic of the Philippines. Liberation begun when 158th Regimental Combat Team (or 158th RCT) under the command of the US 6th Army reached Poblacion, Batangas City by March 11 during the Philippines Liberation Campaign of 1944–45. By the end of April the same that year, some elements of the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment of the 11th Airborne Division was left to clear the barangays east and mountains south of the city as the main Allied Force continued their drive towards the Quezon Province. Some of hundreds thousands local Filipino soldiers and officers of the 4th and 42nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and 4th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was entering and re-invaded in Batangas City. Throughout the battle, recognized Filipino Guerrilla fighters played an important key role in the advancement of the combined American and Philippine Commonwealth troops, providing key roads and information for the Japanese location of defenses and movements. Hostilities ended as the war came closer to the end.[7][8][8]

Independence and onwards

After the Liberation, Pres. Manuel Roxas issued his reappointment. Mayor Perez ran and won in 1944, the first post-War elections in the country. In November 1949 he was killed by an unknown assassin. Vice Mayor Atilano Magadia succeeded then Mayor Perez. He served until 1951. Mayor Macario Chavez was elected in 1951. His four-year term ended in 1955.[5]

People voted Pedro S. Tolentino overwhelmingly as mayor in 1956. He was reelected three times.[5]

Cityhood

In 1965, Republic Act 4586 was signed by President Diosdado Macapagal, converting Batangas into a city. If is successful, it will be renamed as Laurel, after former president Jose P. Laurel, a native of Tanauan. However, the voters rejected the cityhood and renaming of Batangas in a plebiscite.

On July 23, 1969, Batangas became a city successfully by the virtue of Republic Act 5495. Unlike in 1965, the city used its same name. Pedro S. Tolentino became its first city mayor.

Contemporary history

The succeeding city mayors followed are Mayor Macario M. Mendoza, 1974–1979; Alfredo M. Borbon, 1979–1980, Conrado C. Berberabe, 1980–1986; Jose M. Atienza, 1986–1987; Mario M. Perez, 1987, Eduardo B. Dimacuha, 1988–1998, Angelito D. Dimacuha, 1998–2001 and again Eduardo B. Dimacuha, 2001–2010, Vilma A. Dimacuha, 2010–2013 and again Eduardo B. Dimacuha, 2013–2016, Beverley Rose A. Dimacuha, 2016–present.[9]

Meanwhile, on January 19, 2008, Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo opened Phase II project of the Batangas City International Container Port (with turn-over to the Philippine Ports Authority). She also inspected a major road project in Southern Tagalog. She then inspected the P1.5-billion Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR), Stage II-Phase 1 connecting Lipa (19.74 kilometers and Batangas and the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) road widening, expansion and the STAR toll way development projects in Batangas.[10]

Geography

Batangas City lies in the southernmost part of Batangas, facing Batangas Bay. It is bordered by San Jose to the north, Verde Island Passage to the south, Ibaan, Taysan, and Lobo to the east, and San Pascual to the west. The Calumpang River crosses the city from northeast to southwest. The area west of Calumpang River is generally plains while the eastern area is mostly foothills and mountains.

Barangays

Batangas City is politically subdivided into 105 barangays.[11] Pagkilatan was formerly a sitio of Matoco.[12] Malalim was formerly the "southern portion of the barrio of Sirang Lupa, the northern portion of the barrio Mahabang Dahilig, and the eastern portion of San Isidro" "together with the sitio of Malalim"; this territory became a barrio (barangay) in 1954.[13] In the same year, sitio Malitam, formerly part of barrio Libjo, was elevated as a barrio.[14] San Antonio was constituted from the sitios of Ilaya, Labac, Matalisay, Pajo and Cacawan, from the barrio of San Agapito.[15] In 1957, the barrio of Talumpok was divided into two. Sitios Romano, Poyesan, Bondeo and Latag were constituted into Talumpok Silangan, while sitios Ginto, Duhatan, Kulingkang, Piit and Cuaba were constituted into Talumpok Kanluran.[16]

Balagtas was formerly known as Patay, Kumintang Ilaya as Sambat Ilaya, and Kumintang Ibaba as Sambat Ibaba.[17]

  • Barangay 1 (Pob.)
  • Barangay 2 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 3 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 4 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 5 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 6 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 7 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 8 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 9 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 10 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 11 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 12 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 13 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 14 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 15 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 16 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 17 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 18 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 19 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 20 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 21 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 22 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 23 (Poblacion)
  • Barangay 24 (Poblacion)
  • Alangilan
  • Balagtas
  • Balete
  • Banaba Center
  • Banaba Kanluran
  • Banaba Silangan
  • Banaba Ibaba
  • Bilogo
  • Bolbok
  • Bukal
  • Calicanto
  • Catandala
  • Concepcion
  • Conde Itaas
  • Conde Labak
  • Cuta
  • Dalig
  • Dela Paz
  • Dela Paz Pulot Aplaya
  • Dela Paz Pulot Itaas
  • Domoclay
  • Dumantay
  • Gulod Itaas
  • Gulod Labak
  • Haligue Kanluran
  • Haligue Silangan
  • Ilijan
  • Kumba
  • Kumintang Ibaba
  • Kumintang Ilaya
  • Libjo
  • Liponpon, Verde Island
  • Maapas
  • Mahabang Dahilig
  • Mahabang Parang
  • Mahacot Kanluran
  • Mahacot Silangan
  • Malalim
  • Malibayo
  • Malitam
  • Maruclap
  • Mabacong (Matoco)
  • Pagkilatan
  • Paharang Kanluran
  • Paharang Silangan
  • Pallocan Kanluran
  • Pallocan Silangan
  • Pinamucan
  • Pinamucan Ibaba
  • Pinamucan Silangan
  • Sampaga
  • San Agapito, Verde Island
  • San Agustin Kanluran, Verde Island
  • San Agustin Silangan, Verde Island
  • San Andres, Verde Island
  • San Antonio, Verde Island
  • San Isidro
  • San Jose Sico
  • San Miguel
  • San Pedro
  • Santa Clara
  • Santa Rita Aplaya
  • Santa Rita Karsada
  • Santo Domingo
  • Santo Niño
  • Simlong
  • Sirang Lupa
  • Sorosoro Ibaba
  • Sorosoro Ilaya
  • Sorosoro Karsada
  • Tabangao Aplaya (Tabango Proper)
  • Tabangao Ambulong
  • Tabangao Dao
  • Talahib Pandayan
  • Talahib Payapa
  • Talumpok Kanluran
  • Talumpok Silangan
  • Tinga Itaas
  • Tinga Labak
  • Tulo
  • Wawa

Climate

Batangas City has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification system type Aw/As), straddling on a bordering tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification system type Am) to the east. The city is dry from January to April, with temperatures reaching up to 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in April, and rainy for the rest of the year, with July being the rainiest month, with up to 288 millimetres (11.3 in) of rainfall. Humidity levels are high for most of the year

Climate data for Batangas City (Ambulong Weather Station, normals 1981–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 30.4
(86.7)		 31.6
(88.9)		 33.2
(91.8)		 34.5
(94.1)		 33.9
(93.0)		 32.5
(90.5)		 31.4
(88.5)		 31
(88)		 31.4
(88.5)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.4
(88.5)		 30.2
(86.4)		 31.9
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.3
(79.3)		 26.9
(80.4)		 28.1
(82.6)		 29.2
(84.6)		 29.2
(84.6)		 28.9
(84.0)		 27.8
(82.0)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.8
(82.0)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.5
(81.5)		 26.5
(79.7)		 27.8
(82.0)
Average low °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0)		 22.1
(71.8)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.9
(75.0)		 24.6
(76.3)		 24.6
(76.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 24.3
(75.7)		 24.1
(75.4)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.6
(74.5)		 22.8
(73.0)		 23.6
(74.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.7
(0.89)		 16
(0.6)		 21.5
(0.85)		 35
(1.4)		 116.6
(4.59)		 228.7
(9.00)		 329.6
(12.98)		 286.9
(11.30)		 255
(10.0)		 218.4
(8.60)		 144.7
(5.70)		 92
(3.6)		 1,767.1
(69.51)
Average rainy days 5 3 3 4 10 16 19 18 17 15 13 9 132
Average relative humidity (%) 77 79 74 73 76 80 83 84 84 83 81 80 80
Source: PAGASA[18]

Demographics
Population census of Batangas City
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 33,131—    
1918 41,089+1.45%
1939 49,164+0.86%
1948 59,582+2.16%
1960 82,627+2.76%
1970 108,868+2.79%
1975 125,363+2.87%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1980 143,570+2.75%
1990 184,970+2.57%
1995 211,879+2.58%
2000 247,588+3.40%
2007 295,231+2.46%
2010 305,607+1.26%
2015 329,874+1.47%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3][19][20][21]

In the 2015 census, the population of Batangas City was 329,874 people,[3] with a density of 1,200 inhabitants per square kilometre or 3,100 inhabitants per square mile.

Economy
SM City Batangas

With the expansion of Batangas Port, the operation of different heavy industries and the construction of Phase II of the STAR Tollway project and diversion roads, Batangas City has seen a gradual shift from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy.

The northwest of the city hosts different commercial establishments while the lowland areas surrounding Batangas Bay hosts the heavy industries of the city. However, despite its gradual shift in becoming a major commercial/industrial hub for CALABARZON, it still shares rural landscapes that is still preserved in the north part of the city. The Poblacion area is the major retail and commercial center of the city. It is filled with banks, restaurants, and local businesses.

Being a major port city, Batangas has seen an increase in migrants from nearby provinces, islands, and even nation states such as China, India, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Agriculture

Agriculture remains an important source of food and income for residents of rural barangays. Residents in rural areas practice subsidence farming, with some of their harvest sold to the lowland public wet markets. Major crops include coconut, corn, vegetables, and mangoes.

Industries

Industries in Batangas City are concentrated around Batangas Port, Tabangao and Pinamucan areas, and Sorosoro Karsada. Shell, through its Philippine subsidiary, Pilipinas Shell, owns large refineries in Tabangao, and provides most of the fuel supply sold in Shell gas stations in southern Luzon and Metro Manila. JG Summit Holdings operates a petrochemical facility in Pinamucan Ibaba, with expansions to accommodate a coal power plant, which raised controversy to locals and environmentalists. Other companies also set up refineries for distribution to the province and nearby areas.

Commerce

Batangas City hosts shopping malls such as SM City Batangas, operated by SM Supermalls, and Bay City Mall and Nuciti Central, owned by local retail companies. There is a sizeable number of supermarkets in the urbanized areas, some being part of malls while others being stand-alone neighborhood markets, fiercely competing with local public markets.

The Poblacion area hosts numerous shops, restaurants, banks, pawnshops, and other establishments. Two major public markets in the city proper serves produce from the rural barangays of the city as well as nearby municipalities.

The Diversion Road, constructed to divert traffic going to Batangas Port and Bauan from the city proper, is seeing a rise in retail stores in addition to industrial space. Numerous car dealerships are being constructed along the length of the road in barangays Alangilan and Balagtas. Fast food restaurants, like McDonald's and Shakey's Pizza are also rising near the Batangas Central Terminal.

Real estate

In response to population and economic growth, local or national real estate companies are developing subdivisions to accommodate the increasing populations. Large-scale developments are present, mostly of local developers, but major developers like Ayala Land and Vista Land (through Camella) also have presence in the city.

Culture

Cuisine

The city is famous for its nilupak. The art of making the dish is indigenous to the area and has been cited as having a great potential for inclusion in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

Festivals

Batangas City host three major religious festivals, such as the Feast of the Santo Niño at every third Sunday of January, as well as religious processions during Good Friday and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. The Sublian Festival, held every July 23, revives the old Batangueño tradition of subli. The Batangas City Founding Day celebrations are done alongside the Sublian Festival on the same day.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Batangas City's public transportation mainly include jeepneys and tricycles. Also, the city has transportation between barangays and other cities and municipalities. The city's central transportation is the Batangas Grand Terminal, found beside the Diversion Road in Alangilan.

Roads

Batangas City serves as a terminus for major highways like the Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR Tollway), Jose P. Laurel Highway (N4) and Batangas-Quezon Road (N435), and Bauan-Batangas Road (N436). In the early 2000s, a diversion road is built to provide travellers a bypass to the existing highway through the urban centers. Despite the construction of the diversion, traffic bottlenecks remained inside the city. The city government is constructing a bypass road in the east to provide better access to the fast-growing industrial areas in the south of the city.

The poblacion of the city features a road network based on a rough grid, typical of Spanish-era cities and towns. Streets in the area are mostly named from historical figures, such as Diego Silang, the Gomburza (Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora) and the ilustrados (José Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano López Jaena).

Railways

Batangas City, then a town, was served by a branch line of the Philippine National Railways until its closure.

As part of Rodrigo Duterte's infrastructure development program, DuterteNomics or "Build-Build-Build", a railway line from Calamba will be constructed to connect with the city. The railway line, the Calamba-Batangas Line, a part of the longer Manila-Matnog Railway, is approved by the National Economic Development Authority on September 12, 2017, and funding will be provided by the Chinese government. Start of construction of the railway, as part of the Manila-Matnog Railway, is not yet set.[22]

Utilities

Electricity services in Batangas City is provided by Meralco for most of its barangays. Some barangays in the eastern rural area near the boundary with Taysan are served by the Batangas II Electric Cooperative (BATELEC-II) . Power in off-grid Verde Island is provided by diesel generators and solar panels.

The water services in the urbanized areas are provided by the Batangas City Water District (BCWD). Rural areas are localized, and provided by the Rural Waterworks and Sewage Authority.

The city is also locations of two major power plants that supply power to the Luzon grid:

  • Ilijan Power Plant – a natural gas power plant owned and operated by the Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO)
  • San Lorenzo – Santa Rita Power Plant – a combined cycle natural gas power plant owned and operated by Firstgen

Education

Among the higher education institutions in the city is the Batangas State University, Lyceum of the Philippines University–Batangas, University of Batangas, St. Bridget College,

The Department of Education also maintains a division in Batangas City.[23] For of the academic year of 2013–2014, there are 82 public elementary schools [24] and 18 public high schools.[25] For the academic year of 2016–2017, 50 private schools offering various levels of education from pre-school to college level have legal permit to operate in the city.[26]

Media

ABS-CBN (through regional channel, ABS-CBN Southern Tagalog) and GMA Network serves Batangas City through local channels. ABS-CBN Southern Tagalog (DZAD-TV, channel 10) have hosted its studios in Batangas City until they moved to Lipa in 2015. GMA serves Batangas City through channels 12 (DWCW-TV) and GMA News TV via channel 26 (DWGS-TV). Cable television is provided by Batangas MyCATV (formerly Batangas CATV).

Batangas City has local newspapers like the English-language Sun.Star People's Courier and the Tagalog-language Balikas. Newspapers marketed in Metro Manila, such as the major broadsheets Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and Manila Bulletin, and tabloids like Abante, Balita, People's Journal, Pilipino Mirror, and Pilipino Star Ngayon, are also sold in the city through local distributors.

The city is the center of the radio listening market in Batangas, and is served by local radio stations, as well as some radio stations from Lipa and other parts of the Mega Manila area. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa, through the Radyo Bayanihan System, hosts two local radio stations: ALFM 95.9 Radyo Totoo (DWAL), a religion, news, talk, and music-oriented station, and 99.1 Spirit FM (DWAM), a religion and music-oriented station. Other radio stations include 91.9 Air1 Radio Southern Tagalog (DWCH), an adult contemporary-oriented station, 99.9 GV FM (DZGV), a contemporary hit radio station, and 104.7 Brigada News FM (DWEY), a FM news radio station. Batangas State University hosts a college radio station, 107.3 BatStateU FM (DWPB-FM). Signals from other stations in Metro Manila are not clearly received because of the local topography.

Panorama of Batangas City and Mount Pinamucan
Panorama of Batangas Provincial Capitol
  • Basilica Immaculate Conception Parish
  • Santissima Trinidad Parish Batangas City
  • P. Burgos Street, looking north
  • Batangas City Roundabout
  • Statue of Montemaria
  • Inside the Batangas City coliseum
  • Jesus of Nazareth Hospital
  • Port of Batangas
  • Mount Banoy
  • Batangas City Hall

Footnotes
  1. "City". Quezon City, Philippines: Department of the Interior and Local Government. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  2. "Province: Batangas". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  3. Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  4. "PSA releases the 2015 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Quezon City, Philippines. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  5. Local Government of Batangas City 1999, pp. 8
  6. City Investment & Tourism Office 2006
  7. "Official Website: Historical Background". Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  8. "Ibiblio.org: Triumph in the Philippines, Chapter XXIII Securing the Visayan Passages, Southern Luzon". Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  9. Local Government of Batangas City 1999, pp. 7, 8
  10. "President Arroyo inaugurates Batangas Port project". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  11. Local Government of Batangas City 1999, pp. 13, 14
  12. "An Act Creating the Barrio of Pagkilatan in the Municipality of Batangas, Province of Batangas". LawPH.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  13. "An Act to Convert the Sitio of Malalim in the Barrio of Mahabang Dahilig, Municipality of Batangas, Province of Batangas, into a Barrio". LawPH.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  14. "An Act to Convert the Sitio of Malitam, in the Barrio of Libjo, Municipality of Batangas, Province of Batangas, into a Barrio". LawPH.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  15. "An Act to Convert the Sitios of Ilaya Labac, Matalisay, Pajo and Cacawan in Isla Verde, in the Municipality of Batangas, Province of Batangas, to a Barrio to Be Known As Barrio San Antonio of the Same Municipality". LawPH.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  16. "An Act Dividing the Barrio of Talumpoc, Municipality of Batangas, Province of Batangas, into Two Barrios to Be Known As the Barrios of Talumpok Silangan and Talumpok Kanluran of Said Municipality". LawPH.com. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
  17. "An Act Changing the Names of Certain Barrios in the Municipality of Batangas, Province of Batangas". LawPH.com. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
  18. "Ambulong, Batangas Climatological Normal Values". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  19. Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. NSO. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  20. Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. NSO.
  21. "Province of Batangas". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  22. "NEDA Board approves Manila subway, PNR South Rail projects". GMA News. September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  23. Bueno, Donato. "Message". Division of Batangas City (Department of Education). Archived from the original on November 19, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  24. "Masterlist of Schools Based on School Year in Public Elementary Schools – Batangas City" (PDF). Department of Education – Calarbarzon. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  25. "Masterlist of Schools Based on School Year in Public Secondary Schools – Batangas City" (PDF). Department of Education – Calarbarzon. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  26. "LIST OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS OPERATING WITH PERMIT/RECOGNITION REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON BATANGAS CITY" (PDF). Department of Education – Calarbarzon. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
gollark: Assuming by "higher low frequencies" you mean "more intensity at the lower frequencies".
gollark: Yes.
gollark: That seems about right.
gollark: Lower frequencies become *less* dominant?
gollark: Just put in the temperature of the sun and a red dwarf, and see which one has the most area under the line around the infrared bits.

References
  • City Investment & Tourism Office (2006), Parine na't Magsaya sa Lungsod ng Batangas (pamphlet), Batangas City, Philippines
  • Local Government of Batangas City (July 23, 1999), Batangas City Profile, 1, Batangas City, Philippines, pp. 7, 8, 13, 14
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