Perak Malay

Perak Malay (Standard Malay: Bahasa Melayu Perak; Jawi script: بهاس ملايو ڤيراق) is one of the Malay dialects spoken within the state of Perak, Malaysia. Although it is neither the official language nor the standard dialect in the whole state of Perak, its existence which co-exists with other major dialects in the state of Perak still plays an important role in maintaining the identity of Perak. In spite of the fact that there are five main dialects traditionally spoken in Perak, only one of which is intended by the name "Perak Malay".[2][3] There are subtle phonetic, syntactic and lexical distinctions from other major Malay dialects. Perak Malay can be divided into two sub-dialects, Kuala Kangsar and Perak Tengah, named after the daerah (districts) where they are predominantly spoken.[3]

Perak Malay
بهاس ملايو ڤيراق
Bahasa Melayu Perak
Native toMalaysia
RegionPerak
EthnicityPerakian Malays
Native speakers
1.4 million (2010 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Kuala Kangsar
  • Perak Tengah
Latin (Malay alphabet)
Arabic (Jawi)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
mly-per
GlottologNone

Classification

Linguistically, the Malay dialects spoken in the state of Perak are diverse. In fact, there is still no definite classification of the type of Malay dialects used in Perak. Ismail Hussein (1973) classified the Malay dialects in Perak into five types segregated into five different areas. While Harun Mat Piah (1983) categorized them into six. Although Asmah Haji Omar (1985) divided the Malay dialects in Perak into five types, the specifications of the division did not coincide with that of Ismail's.[4]

Distribution
Daerah (districts) in Perak

Perak Malay is spoken throughout the whole state except in the northwestern parts of Perak (Kerian, Larut, Matang and Selama), and a few parts of Manjung district including Pangkor Island where the northern dialect is predominantly spoken.

In the northeastern part of Perak (Hulu Perak) and some parts of Selama and Kerian, the Malay people natively speak a distinct variant of Malay language which is most closely related to Kelantan-Pattani Malay and the Malay dialects of southern Thailand due to geographical borders and historical assimilation. This variant is occasionally classified as a sub-dialect of Yawi. The district of Hulu Perak once was ruled by the Kingdom of Reman. Reman was historically a part of Greater Pattani (which is now a province of Thailand) before gaining independence in 1810 from the Pattani Kingdom via a rebellion by the Royal Family.

In the southern parts of Perak (Hilir Perak and Batang Padang) and also in the districts of Kampar and Kinta and several parts of Manjung, the dialect is heavily influenced by southern Malay dialects of the peninsula such as Selangor, Malacca and Johore-Riau Malay and various languages of Indonesian archipelago namely Javanese, Banjar, Rawa, Mandailing and Buginese as a result of historical immigration, civil war such as Klang War and other inevitable factors.

Whilst there are many Malay dialects significantly found in Perak, all Malay dialectologists basically agreed that Perak Malay is spoken by the native Malay people who traditionally have long been subsisting along the riverine system of Perak which comprises Perak River valley and its vicinity except those at the upper stream.[5][4] Historically, it was a tradition for the Malay peasants in Perak to settle along the Perak River.[6] Royal residences also were built at various sites along the river basin, and there was never any attempt to move to another tributary.[7]

Characteristics

Phonology

Open final syllables

It has been said that in general, the Malay people in Malaya distinguish the dialect of Perak by the final /-a/ vowel in Standard Malay substituted into strong 'e': [-ɛ], in contrast to [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in the other Malay dialects, similar to inland Terengganu dialect.[5] So as for the word mata (eye) which is shown by the phonemes /mata/ in Standard Malay, is pronounced as [matɛ] in Perak Malay notably in central Perak region. It appears that Perak Malay has a vowel raising rule which changes word final /-a/ vowel of Standard Malay to [-ɛ].[5][8]

Word Standard Malay Perak Malay Meaning
Perak TengahKuala Kangsar
Bota
بوتا		/bota/[botɛ][botə]Bota (a town in Perak)
mata
مات		/mata/[matɛ][matə]eye
kita
كيت		/kita/[kitɛ][kitə]we, us, our (inclusive)
rupa
روڤـا		/rupa/[ʁopɛ][ʁopə]look (noun)
kena
كنا		/kəna/[kənɛ][kənə]to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with
kereta
كريتا		/kəreta/[kəʁetɛ][kəʁetə]car, cart

Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Malay dialects in the peninsula.

WordStandard MalayPerak MalayMeaning
Kinta
كينتا		/kinta/[kinta]Kinta (a district in Perak)
merdeka
مرديـک		/mərdeka/[məɾdeka]independent
bola
بولا		/bola/[bola]ball
beca
بيچـا		/betʃa/[betʃa]trishaw
lawa
لاوا		/lawa/[lawɐ~o]pretty, good
maha
مها		/maha/[maha]very (adj.), the most (superlative)

As the prevalence of Perak Malay, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -ai and -au are often articulated as varied forms of monophthongs. Still and all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /-i/ and /-u/ are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [-iy] and [-uw] respectively. The monophthongization patterns phonetically vary by the sub-dialects.

Word Standard Malay Perak Malay Meaning
Perak TengahKuala Kangsar
gulai
ڬـولاي		/gulai̯/[gulaː][gulɛj]gulai (a traditional Malay cuisine)
kedai
كداي		/kədai̯/[kədaː][kədɛj]shop, store (noun)
sampai
سمـڤـاي		/sampai̯/[sampaː][sampɛj]to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb)
risau
ريساو		/risau̯/[ʁisaː][ʁisɔː]to be worried
bangau
باڠـاو		/baŋau̯/[baŋaː][baŋɔː]stork
limau
ليماو		/limau̯/[limaː][limɔː]lime

The pattern /-ai̯/ transformed to [-aː] is particularly restricted to some areas within the district of Perak Tengah. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota, this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Kuala Kangsar sub-dialect.

Closed final syllables

There is a phonological rule in Perak Malay that neutralizes the final nasals to alveolar nasal.[5] The final nasals /-m/ and /-ŋ/ phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to [-n]. This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by /i/ or /e/.[8] In addition, the [e] and [o] are allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in general Malaysian phonology.

WordStandard MalayPerak MalayMeaning
Taiping
تايـڤـيـڠ		/taipiŋ/[tɛpen]Taiping (a sub-district in Perak)
kering
كريـڠ		/kəriŋ/[kəʁen]dry
bengkeng
بيـڠـكيـڠ		/beŋkeŋ/[bɛŋken]fierce, livery, pugnacious
kirim
كيريم		/kirim/[keʁen]to send, to post
musim
موسيم		/musim/[musen]season
alim
عاليم		/alim/[alen]pious

Rhoticity

Most of Malay dialects particularly in Malaysia are non-rhotic. Perak Malay is one of non-rhotic variants of Malay language and the 'r' is guttural. In Perak Malay, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting the open vowel preceding it.

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Perak Malay differs lexically from Standard Malay for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Malay.

Perak Malay Personal Pronouns
Type of pronoun Perak Malay Meaning
First person Singular teman (general),
awok (intimate),
keme (familiar),
aye (very polite),
aku (informal)		 I, me
Plural keme (general),
kume*,
temanme (rare)		 we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
kite we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
Second person Singular mike (general),
kamu (familiar),
kome (intimate)		 you, thou, thee
Plural kome (general),
mikeme,
mengkeme*,
mengkome*		 you, y'all
Third person Singular die/diye,
deme (familiar)		 he, she, him, her
Plural deme (general),
depe**		 they, them

Notes:
* Kuala Kangsar variant
** Influence of the northern dialect

Intensifiers

Instead of using 'bebeno' or 'sangat' as intensifier for an adjective, Perak Malay speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.

Standard Malay Perak Malay Meaning
sangat putihputeh melepokvery white
sangat hitamitam bere/legamvery dark/black
sangat merahmeghåh menyalevery red
sangat busukbusuk bango/melantongvery smelly
sangat manismaneh meletenvery sweet
sangat tawartawo lesyo/besyovery tasteless
sangat masammasam meghutukvery sour
sangat hangushangit pengitvery scorched
sangat terikpanah/paneh jantanvery hot (Sun)
sangat panashangat pijovery hot
sangat sejuksejuk bedivery cold
sangat kuruskuruih merehekvery thin (body)

Animals

Perak Malay also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Malay for some animals.

Standard Malay Perak Malay Meaning
anjinganjendog
buayaboyecrocodile
burungboghongbird
cacingcacenworm
cencurutcencoghotMalayan shrew
harimaughima/ghimotiger
ikan haruan/gabusanåk maråk/meghåh,
ikan bocat/bujuk,
ikan bado		snakehead murrel
ikan temelian/tembelianikan temolehProbarbus jullieni
ikan tongkolikan kayuEuthynnus affinis
kala jengkingkale lipitscorpion
kambingkambengoat
kelekatumengkiokwinged caste of termite
kerbaukoba/keghobobuffalo
kerenggakongge/koghonggeweaver ant
kucingkucencat
labi-labijelebosoftshell tortoise
pepatung/sesiburcakcibo/cikcibodragonfly
pianggangcenanga/cenangoLeptocoriza varicornis
semut apisemut gata/gateyfire ant
ularulosnake

Fruits and plants

Perak Malay has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Malay.

Standard Malay Perak Malay Meaning
cilicaba/cabeychili
cili padi/apicaba/cabey boghongBird's eye chili
duriandoyan/deghoyandurian
durian belandadoyan/deghoyan mekåh/meghokahsoursop
kabungkantosugar palm
kedondongamraSpondias dulcis
kelapanyiococonut
kerdasgeduåk/genuåkArchidendron bubalinum
kuinikuinenfragrant mango
limau balilima/limo tambunpomelo
manggapelam/mempelammango
manggismanggehmangosteen
mencupu/cerapuceghopuGarcinia prainiana
petaipeta/peteyParkia speciosa
rambutanmbutan/ghombutanrambutan
tampoilaghåhBaccaurea macrocarpa
gollark: So they can't credibly threaten anyone.
gollark: I don't think they actually have any way to find out whoever it was, except possibly hoping someone was in the room and noticed?
gollark: Who's Mr Fern? There is no such person. There has never been such a person.
gollark: Oh. Meh.
gollark: What did the ""hello" person" do exactly?

References
  1. "Total population by ethnic group, mukim and state, Malaysia, 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  2. Ismail Harun 1973
  3. Asmah 1985
  4. Ajid Che Kob 1997, p. 39
  5. Zaharani 1991
  6. McNair 1972
  7. Andaya 1979
  8. Ajid Che Kob 1997

Bibliography
  • Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010), Total population by ethnic group, mukim and state, Malaysia, 2010 - Perak (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-14
  • Asmah Omar (2008), Susur Galur Bahasa Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-9836-298-26-3
  • S. Nathesan (2001), Makna dalam Bahasa Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 983-62-6889-8
  • Cecilia Odé & Wim Stokhof (1997), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta, ISBN 90-420-0253-0
  • Asmah Haji Omar (1991), Bahasa Melayu abad ke 16 : satu analisis berdasarkan teks Melayu `Aqa'id al-Nasafi, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
  • Zaharani Ahmad (1991), The Phonology and Morphology of the Perak Dialect, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
  • Raja Mukhtaruddin bin Raja Mohd. Dain (1986), Dialek Perak, Yayasan Perak, Ipoh
  • James T. Collins (1986), Antologi Kajian Dialek Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
  • Barbara Watson Andaya (1979), Perak, the Abode of Grace. A Study of an Eighteenth Century of Malay State, Oxford in Asia: Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-0-19-580385-3
  • Asmah Hj. Omar (1977), Kepelbagaian Fonologi Dialek-Dialek Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
  • Charles Cuthbert Brown (1941), Perak Malay, The Federated Malay States Government Press, Kuala Lumpur
  • John Frederick Adolphus McNair (1878), Perak and the Malays, Cornell University Library, New York, ISBN 978-1-4297-4312-9
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