Sangiric languages

The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[2]

Sangiric
Geographic
distribution		northern Sulawesi
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
  • North
  • South
Glottologsang1335[1]

Classification

The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).[3]

The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.

Reconstruction
Proto-Sangiric
Reconstruction ofSangiric languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).[3]

Phonology
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close *i *u
Mid *e *ə *o
Open *a
Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless *p *t *k *ʔ
voiced *b *d *g
Fricative *s
Nasal *m *n *ŋ
Lateral *l
Approximant *w *y *R

The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r], Sangir, Ratahan [h], Talaud [ʒ ~ k:], Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r].

Vocabulary

The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984:61–114) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.

Comparison table
Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn)
Talaud Sangir Sangil Bantik Ratahan PSan PAn Meaning
biβikkabiβihəʔbiβirəʔbíbihiʔβiβi*bibiR*bibiR'lip'
tallutəlutawtulutulú*təlu*təlu'three'
anummaənuŋnuŋnuŋnum*ənum*ənəm'six'
manuʔamanuʔmanuʔmanuʔmanuk*manuk*manuk'fowl'
duʒiduhiduriduhirui*duRi*duRi'bone'
paɭ̆addapaɭ̆edəʔpaɭ̆edəʔpáledeʔpaler*paled*palaj'palm, sole'
daɭ̆annadaɭ̆eŋdaɭ̆eŋdaleŋralen*dalen*zalan'road'
Sangiric innovations
Talaud Sangir Sangil Bantik Ratahan PSan PAn Meaning
inassakinaʔkinaʔkínasaʔkinas*kinas(*Sikan)'fish'
denodenoʔdenoʔdenoreno*deno(*diRus)'bathe'
ʒodohorororohodowʰorow*Rodaw(*Cazəm)'sharp'
gollark: They'll just mess up the cooling to make it more shiny and aluminium.
gollark: Yes, they have become Apple in all their badness.
gollark: Laptops have bigger batteries and fans and less of an expectation of battery life/portability so they aren't constrained as much. Desktops can just draw stupid amounts of power and have giant fans and nobody minds much so they can use waaaay more.
gollark: Better, but it also is designed to run off battery for a while.
gollark: The thing to remember is that laptops have things like "fans" and "actual competent cooling".

See also

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sangiric". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Adelaar, K. Alexander & Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
  3. Sneddon, James N. (1984). Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
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