Manggarai language

Manggarai
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Flores
Ethnicity	Manggarai
Native speakers	(undated figure of 900,000)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern MP Sumba–Flores Ende–Manggarai Manggarai; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mqy
Glottolog	mang1405 Manggarai[2]

The Manggarai language (Manggarai: tombo Manggarai, Indonesian: bahasa Manggarai) is the language of the Manggarai people from the western parts of the island of Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. There are also some pockets of Manggarai speakers in the village of Manggarai in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. It is the native language of more than 730,000 people, based on statistical data reported by Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) in 2009 for the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The data include statistics for the population of the Regency of “Greater Manggarai” on Flores island, which consists of three districts: Manggarai district, West Manggarai district, and East Manggarai district.

Map location of the Regency of Greater Manggarai, which consists of three districts: Manggarai district, West Manggarai district and East Manggarai district, on Flores island, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Outside Flores island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, there are some Manggarai-speaking people in the village of Manggarai in the eastern part of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Formerly a concentration of workers from “Greater Manggarai”, the population is now just a few of the original people, because the majority in the village has now become the Betawi.

The Manggarai language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Most speakers of Manggarai also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to communicate with non-Manggarai Indonesians. Riung is often considered a dialect of Maranggai or a separate language.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ
	prenasal vl.	ᵐp	ⁿt	ⁿtʃ	ᵑk
	prenasal vd.	ᵐb	ⁿd	ⁿdʒ	ᵑɡ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative		v	s			h
Lateral			l
Trill			r
Approximant				j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

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References

Manggarai at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Manggarai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

Verheijen, J.A.J.; Grimes, C.E. (1995). "Manggarai". In Tryon, D.T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austroneasian Studies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 585–592.
Burger, P. Adolf (1946). "Voorlopige Manggaraise Spraakkunst". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 103 (1/2): 15–265. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001214. JSTOR 20770777.
Semiun, Agustinus (2019). "A Study on the Address and Kinship Terms in Kempo Speech of Manggarai Language in West Flores Indonesia". 4: 108–117. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Verheijen, J.A.J. (1982). Dictionary of Manggarai Plant Names. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-d43. hdl:1885/144388. ISBN 978-0-85883-273-2.

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[e17-1] Manggarai at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Manggarai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.