Bikol languages

The Bikol languages or Bicolano languages are a group of Central Philippine languages spoken mostly in the Bicol Peninsula in the island of Luzon, the neighboring island province of Catanduanes and the island of Burias in Masbate. There is a dialect continuum between the Visayan languages and the Bikol languages; the two together are called the Bisakol languages.

This article is about the various dialects of the Bicol Region. For the standardized dialect of Bikol based on the Canaman variant which is often simply known as "Bicolano", see Central Bikol language.
Bikol
Geographic
distribution		Bicol Region
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5bik
Glottologbiko1240[1]
Geographic extent of Bikol languages according to Ethnologue
  Bikol proper
  Bisayan languages in the Bikol region
Geographic distribution of major Bikol languages and dialects across Bicol region; classification based on Lobel (2013)

Internal classification

Ethnologue
A poem written in a Bikol dialect.

The languages of Bikol grouped according to Ethnologue are:

McFarland (1974)

Curtis McFarland gives the following classification for the Bikol languages.[2]

Bikol 
 North Catanduanes 
 

Pandan (North Catanduanes)

 
 
 Inland Bikol 
 

Iriga (Rinconada)

 
 Albay 
 

Buhi (Buhi'non)

 
 
 

Libon

 
 
 

Oas (West Miraya)

 
 

Daraga (East Miraya)

 
 
 
 
 
 Coastal Bikol 
 

Naga (Standard Bikol), Legazpi, and Partido

 
 

Virac (South Catanduanes)

 
 

San Pascual (Northern Burias Island)

 
 
 

Lobel (2000)
Clockwise from top-left: A signage barring people from hanging around the area; A signage barring vendors inside the churchyard; A signage reminding people of proper waste disposal; and a signage barring swimmers in Lake Bato. All were written in Coastal Bikol language (Naga–Legazpi variant).

While McFarland (1974) splits Bikol into 11 dialects, Lobel (2000) splits Bikol into 12 different dialects (including Partido Bikol, which McFarland does not differentiate) and 4 main branches.[3]

  • Northern Coastal Bikol
  1. Central Standard – Spoken primarily in Tabaco City, Legazpi City, and Naga City. Also recognized (and sometimes understood) in Daet, Camarines Norte and many other areas of Camarines Sur; San Pascual, Masbate on Burias Island; First District of Albay and other municipalities along the eastern coast of Albay, southwestern coast of Catanduanes, and northeastern Sorsogon.
    1. Daet area variant
    2. Naga City area variant
    3. Catanduanes southern and northern town of San Andres and Caramoran and North Sorsogon
  2. Partido – Spoken in the Camarines Sur municipalities of Ocampo, Goa, Tigaon, Lagonoy, Sagñay, and San Jose. This dialect has a mellow intonation and is heavily influenced by Rinconada Bikol/Riŋkonāda.
  3. South Catanduanes – Spoken in the southern half of Catanduanes.
    1. Virac area variant
    2. Bato area variant
    3. Baras area variant
    4. San Miguel variant (transitional to North Catanduanes)
  • Southern Coastal and Inland Bikol
  1. Rinconada Bikol – Spoken primarily in Iriga City, Baao; Bula; Balatan; Baao; and Nabua, Camarines Sur. Also in Ocampo, Buhi and Pili in Camarines Sur and in parts of Polangui, Albay.
    1. Lakeside Rinconada dialect (lacks /ə/ vowel)
    2. Highland Rinconada dialect (with /ə/ vowel)
  2. Buhinon – Spoken in Buhi, Camarines Sur. Contains features from both Bikol of Polangui and Iriga variant of Rinconada Bikol.
  3. Libon – Spoken in Libon, Albay.
  4. West Miraya – Spoken in Ligao City, Polangui, Oas, and Pio Duran, Albay.
  5. East Miraya – Spoken in Guinobatan; Camalig; Daraga; Jovellar, Albay; Donsol and Pilar, Sorsogon.
    1. Central (Guinobatan)
    2. Far East (Camalig, Daraga)
    3. Southeast (Jovellar, Albay, Donsol, Pilar)
  • Northern Catanduanes
  1. Pandan Bikol – Spoken by about 80,000 people or the northern half of Catanduanes.
    1. Bagamanoc area variant
    2. Caramoran area variant (transitional to South Catanduanes)
    3. Gigmoto area variant (transitional to South Catanduanes)
    4. Pandan area variant
    5. Panganiban area variant
    6. Viga area variant
  1. Central Sorsogon – Spoken in Sorsogon City; Castilla; Casiguran; and Juban, Sorsogon.
    1. Castilla Sorsogon (mixed with Legazpi Bikol)
    2. Casiguran-Juban variant
  2. Southern Sorsogon also known as Gubat language – Spoken in Gubat; Barcelona; Bulusan; Santa Magdalena; Matnog; Irosin; and Bulan, Sorsogon.
  3. Masbateño – Spoken in Masbate City; Mobo; Uson; Dimasalang; Palanas; Masbate; Aroroy on the island of Masbate, all of Ticao Island, and Claveria on the southern half of Burias Island.
    1. Standard Masbateño
    2. Ticao Island variant

Some dialects of Southern Bikol have the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *e. However, Proto-Austronesian *e is realized as /o/ in Libon. Two Bikol dialects have unique additional consonants, namely Southern Catanduanes, which has an interdental lateral consonant /l̟/ (also transcribed as l̪͆ ),[4][5] and Buhi-non, which has the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/.[6]

gollark: So that means `go` has a value of whatever `turtle.forward` returns. Which is not `turtle.forward`. So even if you called that it wouldn't work.
gollark: It returns a value, though, and when you do `x = turtle.forward()`, `x` is set to that value.
gollark: When you call it, with the brackets at the end, it runs it.
gollark: `turtle.forward` is a function like the functions you defined.
gollark: So readLength instead if you want to remain consistent with that.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bikol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. McFarland, Curtis D. The Dialects of the Bikol Area. Ph.D. dissertation. New Haven: Dept. of Linguistics, Yale University, 1974.
  3. Lobel, Jason William, Tria, Wilmer Joseph S., and Carpio, Jose Maria Z. 2000. An satuyang tataramon / A Study of the Bikol Language. Naga City, Philippines: Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary.
  4. "Language Documentation & Conservation, 2(1), June 2008: Olson, Machlan, and Amangao's notes from the field: Minangali (Kalinga) Digital Wordlist". scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu.
  5. "Interdental Lateral". March 17, 2012. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  6. Lobel, Jason. 2009. "Bikol". In Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, 158-161. Oxford: Elsevier.

Sources
  • Lobel, Jason William; Tria, Wilmer Joseph S. and Carpio, Jose Maria Z. 2000. An satuyang tataramon / A Study of the Bikol Language. Naga City, Philippines: Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary.
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