Uma language

Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Uma
Pipikoro
Native toIndonesia
RegionSulawesi
Native speakers
(20,000 cited 1990)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ppk
Glottologumaa1242[2]

Phonology

Consonants
Consonant inventory
  Bilabial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar		 Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive pb td          kg ʔ 
Prenasalized ᵐp  ⁿt  ⁿtʃ        ᵑk    
Affricate       dʒ             
Fricative  β s              h 
Nasal  m  n        ɲ  ŋ   
Trill        r            
Approximant        l  (ɭ)  j      

Notes:

  • /h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
  • /l/ is realized as retroflex [ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
  • /ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.[3]
  • In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
  • The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
  • The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

  • /β/ is 'w'
  • /ɲ/ is 'ny'
  • /ŋ/ is 'ng'
  • /j/ is 'y'
  • /dʒ/ is 'j'
  • /tʃ/ is 'c'
  • /ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Vowels
Vowel inventory
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-Mid e o
Open a

Pronouns
Pronominals
  Free ABS ERG GEN
1P (SG) akuʔ  -a  ku-  -ku 
1P (PL.ex) kaiʔ  -kai  ki-  -kai 
1P (PL.in) kitaʔ  -ta  ta-  -ta 
2P (SG) iko  -ko  nu-  -nu 
2P (PL) koiʔ  -koi  ni-  -ni 
3P (SG) hiʔa  -i  na-  -na 
3P (PL) hiraʔ  -ra  ra-  -ra 

Notes:[3]

  • ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
  • 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
  • (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
  • [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
  • [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
  • In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
  • In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.

Numerals

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

  1. isaʔ
  2. dua
  3. tolu
  4. opoʔ
  5. lima
  6. ono
  7. pitu
  8. walu
  9. sio
  10. hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

  • Bana
  • Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
  • Kantewu (= Central Uma)
  • Aria (= Southern Uma)
  • Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
  • Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
  • Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,[4] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

  • Kantewu (= Central)
  • Southern
  • Tolee'
  • Tobaku
  • Winatu
  • Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.

Bibliography
  • Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A - No. 79. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. pp. 167–237. hdl:1885/145108.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some notes on the inelegant glottal: a problem in Uma phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A - No. 79. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. pp. 279–281. hdl:1885/145108.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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gollark: Are you quoting from something?
gollark: They are in containment.
gollark: Those have never* gone wrong!
gollark: Well, you would have to implement that on top of another voting system anyway.

References
  1. Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Uma". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Martens 1988a, p. 168
  4. Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma dialect word lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2
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