Rade language

Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê), is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[4]

Rade
klei Êđê
Native toVietnam
EthnicityRade
Native speakers
180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
rad – Rade
ibh – Bih
Glottolograde1240  Rade[2]
biha1246  Bih[3]

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[5] lists 9 dialects of Ede. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[6][7] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[8]

A patrilineal Ede subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[9]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[5] provides the following classification for the Ede dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the 9 Ede dialects.

  • Area 1
    • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
    • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
    • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
  • Area 2
    • Mdhur
    • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[5] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Ede Kpă and the other 8 dialects of Ede, with Bih as the most divergent Ede dialect.

  • Kpă - Krung: 85.5%
  • Kpă - Adham: 82%
  • Kpă - Ktul: 82%
  • Kpă - Mdhur: 80%
  • Kpă - Blô: 82%
  • Kpă - Êpan: 85%
  • Kpă - Drao: 81%
  • Kpă - Bih: 73%

Vocabulary
  • Khoa sang - the most senior in age and authority
  • Dega - Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
  • Ih - you
  • Ung - husband
  • Ñu - her/him
  • Diñu - they
  • Drei - we
  • khăp - love
  • bi êmut - hate
  • ama - father, dad daddy
  • jhat - ugly, bad
  • siam - pretty
  • siam mniê - beautiful girl
  • jāk- good
  • khăp - love
  • brei - give
  • djō - true
  • nao - go
  • kâo - I/me
  • anăn - name
  • c̆ar - country
  • c̆iăng - want/like
  • Aê Diê - God
  • blŭ - speak
  • klei blŭ - language
  • bur - rice porridge
  • êmong - fat
  • êwang - skinny
  • jŭ - black
  • hruê/hrê - to be from
  • mơ̆ng - from
  • sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  • năm, kjuh,sa-băn, dua-băn, pluh: 6,7,8,9,10
  • c̆ar my/c̆ar amêrik - America
  • c̆ar krŭr - Cambodia
  • anak - person
  • hriăm - learn
  • roă/ruă - sound of displeasure/pain
  • Buôn Ama Y'Thuôt - Buôn Ma Thuôt
  • c̆ih - type/write
  • klei my - English
  • klei êdê - Rade/Ede

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels
Front Central Back
shortlong shortlong shortlong
High ĭ /i/i /iː/ ư̆ /ɨ/ư /ɨː/ ŭ /u/u /uː/
Mid ê̆ /e/ê /eː/ ơ̆ /ə/ơ /əː/ ô̆ /o/ô /oː/
Low ĕ /ɛ/e /ɛː/ ă /a/a /aː/ ŏ /ɔ/o /ɔː/

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ č /c/ k /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ čh /cʰ/ kh /kʰ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
implosive ƀ /ɓ/ đ /ɗ/ dj /ʄ/
Fricative s /s/ h /h/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ y /j/
Rhotic r /r/
gollark: .......?
gollark: <@240517342189191168>
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gollark: Nothing, nothing...
gollark: Drat, over 2000 chars...

References
  1. Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Rade". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bih". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
  5. Đoàn Văn Phúc. 1998. Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê. Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội.; École française d'Extrême-Orient.
  6. "Documentation and description of endangered languages". www.hrelp.org. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  7. Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
  8. Tam Nguyen. 2015. Language endangerment factors: A case study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
  9. Phâm Côn Sơn. 2005. Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ. Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
  • Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk - Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam. 2012. Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
  • Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk - Sở giáo dục - Đào tạo - Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam. 1993. Từ điển Việt - Êđê. Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
  • Linh Nga Niê Kdam. 2013. Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3
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