Bungku–Tolaki languages

The Bungku–Tolaki languages (also known as Bungku–Mori in older literature[2]) are a group of languages spoken primarily in South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and in neighboring parts of Central and South Sulawesi provinces.

Bungku–Tolaki
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Bungku-Tolaki
Subdivisions
  • Eastern
  • Western
Glottologbung1268[1]

Languages

Mead (1998:117) presents the following tree-model classification for Bungku–Tolaki. This classification is based on the historical-comparative method in linguistics.[3]

This classification supersedes Mead (1999), an earlier classification proposed by Mead in 1994.[4] Based on a lexicostatistical comparison, his earlier classification proposed 'Bungku,' 'Mori,' and 'Tolaki' as primary subdivisions under Bungku–Tolaki. In view of more recent evidence from shared sound change and innovations in pronoun sets, the unity of the proposed Mori group (comprising Bahonsuai, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe and Tomadino) could not be maintained. Additional information can be found at Mori language.

Phonology

The sound system of all Bungku–Tolaki is characterized by a simple five-vowel system and the complete lack of final consonants.[3][5]

Reconstruction
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
Reconstruction ofBungku-Tolaki languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Bungku–Tolaki has been reconstructed by Mead (1998).[3]

gollark: I have a solution for this which is still work in progress.
gollark: Possibly?
gollark: Wrong.
gollark: Okay, polynomial arithmetic is proving nontrivial, but we're still on track for delivery by 2026.
gollark: Turkey economic beeoids.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bungku–Tolaki". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Noorduyn J. (1991). A Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Sulawesi. Leiden: KITLV Press.
  3. Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax . PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. hdl:1911/19290
  4. Mead, David. 1999. The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146198 doi:10.15144/PL-D91
  5. Mead, David (1996). "The Evidence for Final Consonants in Proto-Bungku-Tolaki". Oceanic Linguistics. 35 (2): 180–194. doi:10.2307/3623172.
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