Gaddang language

The Gaddang language (also Gaddang or Cagayan) is spoken by up to 30,000 speakers (the Gaddang people) in the Philippines, particularly along the Magat and upper Cagayan rivers in the Region II [3] provinces of Nueva Vizcaya[4] and Isabela and by overseas migrants to countries in Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the United States. Most Gaddang speakers also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of Northern Luzon, as well as Tagalog and English. Gaddang is associated with the "Christianized Gaddang" people,[5] and is closely related to the highland (non-Christian in local literature) tongues of Ga'dang with 6,000 speakers, Cagayan Agta with less than 1,000 and Atta with 2,000 (although the Negrito Aeta and Atta are genetically unrelated to the Austronesian Gaddang), and more distantly to Ibanag, Itawis, Yogad, Isneg and Malaweg.

Not to be confused with Ga'dang language.
Gaddang
Native toPhilippines
RegionLuzon
EthnicityGaddang people
Native speakers
(30,000 cited 1984)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3gad
Glottologgadd1244[2]
Areas where Gaddang language is spoken according to Ethnologue maps

The Gaddang tongue has been vanishing from daily and public life over the past half-century. Public and church-sponsored education was historically conducted in Spanish or English, and now in Filipino/Tagalog. Once significantly-Gaddang communities grew exponentially after WWII due to in-migration of Ilokano, Tagalog, Igorot, and other ethnicities; Gaddang is now a minority language. In the 2000 Census, Gaddang was not even an identity option for residents of Nueva Vizcaya.[6] Vocablulary and structural features of Gaddang among native Gaddang speakers have suffered as well, as usages from Ilokano and other languages affect their parole. Finally, many ethnic Gaddang have migrated to other countries, and their children are not learning the ancestral tongue.

Geographic Distribution

The Gaddang people were identified as I-gaddang (likely meaning 'brown-colored people') by the Spanish in the early 1600s, and differentiated from the Igorots of the highlands by physique, skin color, homelands, and lifestyle. Mary Christine Abriza [7] tells us "The Gaddang are found in northern Nueva Vizcaya, especially Bayombong, Solano, and Bagabag on the western bank of the Magat River, and Santiago, Angadanan, Cauayan, and Reina Mercedes on the Cagayan River for Christianed groups; and western Isabela, along the edges of Kalinga and Bontoc, in the towns of Antatet, Dalig, and the barrios of Gamu and Tumauini for the non-Christian communities. The 1960 census reports that there were 25,000 Gaddang, and that 10% or about 2,500 of these were non-Christian."

Distinct versions of Gaddang may be heard as you travel down the valleys of the Magat and Cagayan on the Asian Highway 26 (the Pan-Philippine Highway) through Nueva Vizcaya into Isabela after leaving Santa Fe, where its use is infrequent, and successively through Aritao, Bambang, Bayombong, Solano,(including Quezon & Bintawan), and Bagabag. By the time you arrive in Santiago City, in-migration due to the economic development of the lower Cagayan Valley over the last century means you now must search diligently to hear Gaddang spoken at all.

  • Santa Fe, near Dalton Pass, and San Roque (now Mabasa barangay of Dupax del Norte) are reputed originally to have been settled by immigrants from Ilocos and Pangasinan in the latter part of the 19th century. Neither has a large community of Gaddang-speakers.
  • Aritao was originally Isinai (with Ibaloi and Aeta minorities), Kayapa is inhabited by Ibaloi farmers and Kankanaey-speaking merchants, while Bambang and Dupax were Ilongot (also locally called Bugkalot); the Gaddang as spoken in these areas incorporates vocabulary and grammar borrowed from these unrelated languages.
  • The provincial capital and university town of Bayombong also has an Ilokano-speaking majority (as well as a significant Ifugao minority), however Bayombong has a long history of recognizing the municipality's Gaddang-speaking roots. Despite growing disuse of Gaddang as a language of public and general daily life, Gaddang is often heard at social gatherings in traditional harana, such as "Ope Manke Wayi". Many participants are not, in fact, native speakers; they are often ethnic Ilokanos, Tagalogs, and even non-Filipinos.
  • In urban Solano, Gaddang is now rarely used outside the households of native speakers, and the many regional variants are unreconciled. Nueva Vizcaya's largest commercial center in 2013, Solano is effectively an Ilokano-speaking municipality.
  • The Bagabag variant of Gaddang is frequently described by residents of the province as the "deepest" version. Some related families in Diadi and the adjoining Ifugao Province municipality of Lamut also continue to speak Gaddang.
  • Gaddang-speakers and the linguistically-related Ibanag-speaking peoples were historically the original occupants of what is now the Cagayan Valley province of Isabela, most of which was carved-out from Nueva Vizcaya in 1856. Rapid agricultural development of the new province spurred a wave of Ilokano immigration, and after 1945 the cities of Santiago City, Cauayan and Ilagan City (originally the Gaddang town of Bolo) became major commercial and population centers. Presently, nearly 70% of the 1.5 million residents of Isabela identify themselves as Ilokano, and another 10% as Tagalog. 15% call themselves Ibanag, while the remaining 5% are Gaddang- or Yogad-speakers.

Sounds

The Gaddang language is related to Ibanag, Itawis, Malaueg and others. It is distinct in that it features phonemes not present in many neighboring Philippine languages. As an example the "f","v","z" and "j" sounds appear in Gaddang. There are notable differences from other languages in the distinction between "r" and "l", and the "f" sound is a voiceless bilabial fricative somewhat distinct from the fortified "p" sound common in many Philippine languages (but not much closer to the English voiceless labiodental fricative). Finally, the (Spanish) minimally-voiced "J" sound has evolved to a plosive (so the name "Joseph" sounds to the American ear as "Kosip").

Vowels

Most Gaddang speakers use six vowel sounds: /a/, /i/, /u/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɯ/

Consonants

Gaddang features doubled consonants, so the language may sound guttural to Tagalog, Ilokano, and even Pangasinan speakers. The uniqueness of this circumstance is often expressed by saying Gaddang speakers have "a hard tongue"

For example: tudda (tood-duh) which means rice.

Gaddang is also one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone.

Phonology

Gaddang is also one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophony.

Grammar

Nouns
English Gaddang Tagalog
housebalaibahay
girlbafaybabae
boylalakilalaki
snakeiraoahas
persontolaytao
waterdanumtubig
plateduyugplato; pinggan
lightsiruatilaw
namenganpangalan
birdpappitutibon
dogatuaso
catkusapusa
pigbafuybaboy
carabaodaffugkalabaw
keyalladdususi
roaddalandaan
stomachkuyungtiyan
slippersinyelattsinelas
foodmaac-canpagkain
rice cakedekatkakanin
motherinaina
fatheramaama
brotherwayi, manung (pollito)kapatid, kuya (pollito)
sisterwayi a bafay, manang (pollito)kapatid, ate (pollito)
siblingwayikapatid

Personal Pronouns
  • I - Iccanak
  • You - Icca
  • He, She, It - Baggina
  • We (exclusive) - Iccami
  • We (inclusive) - Iccanetam
  • You (plural/polite) - Iccayu/
  • They - Ira
  • sibling - wayi/anak/kolak

Demonstrative Pronouns
  • Yao - This
  • Yan - That
  • Sitao - Here
  • Sitan - There
  • Sinay - Over there

Enclitic Particles

Existential

Interrogative Words
  • what, who - nenay. (nenay ka? who are you? nenay yan? what is that?)
  • why - saay/ma/?
  • where - sintaw/sintaw pe?
  • where is - ope
  • how - manantaw/insanna?
  • how much - pigya

Numbers
  • 0- awan
  • 1- tata
  • 2- addua
  • 3- tallu
  • 4- appat
  • 5- lima
  • 6- annam
  • 7- pitu
  • 8- walu
  • 9- siyam
  • 10- tafulu
  • 11- tafulu tata
  • 12- tafulu addua
  • 13- tafulu tallu
  • 14- tafulu appat
  • 15-tafulu lima
  • 20- duafulu
  • 21- duafulu tata
  • 22- duafulu dua
  • 100- tahatut
  • 200- duatut
  • 500- limatut
  • 1000- tarifu
  • 2000- duarifu

Structure

Like most languages of the Philippines, Gaddang is declensionally, conjugationally and morphologically agglutinative.

Also like them, it is characterized by a dearth of positional/directional adpositional adjunct words. Temporal references are usually accomplished using agglutinated nouns or verbs.

The following describes similar adpositional structure in Tagalog: "The (locative) marker sa, which leads indirect objects in Filipino, corresponds to English prepositions...we can make other prepositional phrases with sa + other particular conjugations."[8] Gaddang uses si in the same manner as the Tagalog sa, as an all-purpose indication that a spatial or temporal relationship exists.

Examples

Simple greetings/questions/phrases
  • Good morning. – Macasta a daddaramat/nalawad agigibbat.
  • Good afternoon. – Macasta a fuwab/nalawad a fuwab.
  • Good evening/night. – Macasta a gaffi/nalawad a gafi.
  • How are you? – Manantaw ka?
  • I'm good and you? – Mappia ac pay, icca ay?
  • I'm just fine, thank God. – Mappia ak pay, mabbalat si dios ay.
  • Thank you. – Mabbalat sicuam.
  • Where are you going? – Sintaw yo angan nu?
  • I'm going to... – Umang ngac ci......
  • What are you doing? – Hanna angwa-angwan nu?
  • Oh, nothing in particular. – E awan lamang.
  • Please come in. – Makigumallak ac, umunag ca.
  • Happy birthday. – Maka yoan ka??
  • We visit our grandfather. – Binisitan mi e lolo. Or bisitan mi e lolo.
  • Are we good, grandfather? – Husta eta lolo? Or mapia eta lolo ?
  • Who are you? – Cinno ka?
  • Dodge that ball! – Aroyuan nu yo bolla!
  • Why are you crying? – Saay a mattangit ca?
  • Are there lots of people here? – Addu (yao) tolay sitao?
  • Are you sleepy? – Sikkaturug kan?
  • I don't want to sleep yet. – Ammec kepay gustu (a) makkaturug.

Sentences
GaddangTagalogEnglish
Nenay inaccannu singcabbulan? Ano ang kinain mo kanina?What did you eat a while ago?
Nenay inaccan diaw sin kabbulan? Ano ang kinain ninyo kanina ?What did you,(all) eat?
Nenay inaccan nu? Ano ang kinain mo?What did you eat?
Nenay a "rainbow" ci gaddang? Ano ang salitang "rainbow" sa gaddang?What is the word "rainbow" in Gaddang?
Paddatang na manggan kamin. Pagdating niya, kumakain kami.We were eating when he came.
Nu dimatang baggina, de nanggan kamin. Kung dumating sana siya, nakakain sana kami.I (We) hope that by the time he would have arrived, we would have eaten.
Mem manggan.Huwag kang kumain.Don't eat.
Mangngan ka.Kumain ka na!Eat!
Inquac yan! / Accuac yan!Akin yan!That's mine!
Kanggaman cu icca. / Anggamman ta ka.Mahal kita.I love you.

Below are examples of Gaddang proverbs and riddles. Note the Ilokano and even Spanish loan-words.

Inaccan na lammag ca. (Translated: "eaten by alligator" ha,ha!)

Nu boliarancu ay mabbebed - abanacio. (If I open it, it gossips - a fan.)

Si liek a mangngan, mabattuac; ackabalin cu mangngan, mabisinnac - caldero. (Before a meal, I'm full; afterward I'm hungry - a pot.)

gollark: ```luapython```
gollark: 0.00001.
gollark: There are still some there.
gollark: ...
gollark: But take out the > and <...

References
  1. Gaddang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gaddang". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. About Region II Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Welcome to Nueva Vizcaya
  5. "Dioscese of Bayombong". Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  6. Philippine Census
  7. "Philippine Peoples: Gaddang". Archived from the original on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  8. Kodachi
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