Jawi alphabet

Jawi (Jawi: جاوي‎; Kelantan-Pattani: Yawi; Acèh: Jawoë) is a writing system used for writing the Malay language and several other languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Kerinci, Minangkabau and Tausūg. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting the original 28 Arabic letters, and 6 additional letters constructed to fit the phonemes native to Malay but not found in Classical Arabic, which are (چ /t͡ʃ/, ڠ /ŋ/, ڤ /p/, ݢ /g/, ۏ /v/, and ڽ /ɲ/).

"Jawi script" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese script.

Jawi alphabet
Type	Abjad
Languages	Malay Acehnese Banjarese Kerinci Minangkabau Tausūg several other languages in Southeast Asia
Time period	c. 1300 CE to the present
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Nabataean Arabic Jawi alphabet

Jawi was developed from the advent of Islam in the Malay world, supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone, recorded in Classical Malay language that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origin of Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that the system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script, while scholars like R.O Windstedt suggest that it was developed through the influence of Perso-Arabic alphabet.[1]

The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century, had brought Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until 20th century, Jawi remained as the standard script of the Malay language. The use of Jawi heralded the birth of traditional Malay literature, when it was featured prominently in the royal correspondences, religious texts and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to scripts for religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting the Latin alphabet called Rumi in general usage.

Today, Jawi is one of the two official scripts in Brunei. In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 152 of the Federal Constitution and under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/1967 as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural administration. In some states, most notably Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang, Jawi attained the co-official script status, where businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signages and billboards. Jawi is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand.[2].

Until the early 20th century, there were no uniform spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform to develop a standard spelling was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba published in 1949. The final major reform was in 1986 under the name 'Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling' which made Za'aba Spelling as its basis. Jawi can be typed using Jawi keyboard

Etymology

According to Kamus Dewan, "Jawi" (جاوي) is a term synonymous to 'Malay'.[3] The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi (Kelantan-Pattani Malay, a Malay dialect used in Southern Thailand), Masuk Jawi[4] (literally "to become Malay", referring to the practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age), and Jawi pekan or Jawi Peranakan (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry).[5] With verb-building circumfixes men-...-kan, menjawikan (literally 'to make something Malay'), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The word Tulisan Jawi that means "Jawi script" is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'.[3]

Early history

Prior to the onset of Islamisation, the Pallava script, Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay, notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription. The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar, Kedah; a tombstone found in Pekan, Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE); a tombstone discovered in Phan Rang, Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik, East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE).[6][7] Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among the earliest examples.

At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat. It is not too far-fetched to say that the Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and they didn't take long to modify the script and adapt it to suit the spoken Classical Malay – it is written from right to left and has 6 sounds not found in Arabic: ca pa ga nga va and nya. Many Arabic characters are never used as they are not pronounced in Malay language, and some letters are never joined and some joined obligatorily so.[8][9] This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey, Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims.[10]

The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone, dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole.[6]

The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century.[10] Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet of Javanese language in Java and the Serang alphabet of Bugis language in South Sulawesi. Both writing systems applied extensively the Arabic diacritics and added several letters other than Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advance developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi script.[11]

The spread and extent of Jawi script

A copy of Undang-Undang Melaka ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like Johor, Perak, Brunei, Pattani and Aceh.[12][13]

The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam.[14] It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor, Sultanate of Brunei, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Pattani, the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script.[15]

Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521), the letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719).[15] Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals, as listed by UNESCO under Memories of the World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates.

Jawi today

All street name signs in Shah Alam, Malaysia include both Jawi and Rumi script.

A supermarket in Brunei with Jawi and Latin script.

Street name signs in Pekanbaru, Riau used both Jawi and Rumi script.

Today, Jawi is an official script of Brunei.[14] In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in the states of Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, Penang, Pahang and Johor. Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi scripts are also seen at the rear of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. The Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons.

In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce the teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system.[16][17][18] The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence, the Malaysian Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds that it would trigger ethnic tensions.[19][20]

Kuantan, the state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi in all signages across the city from 1 August 2019.[21] This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold the usage of the writing system.[22] The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage state-wide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed a few times.[23] Premises failed to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licenses if they still do not comply afterwards.[24] In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage.[25]

Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Indonesian language in general. Nonetheless, the Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas in Indonesia such as Riau, Riau archipelago, Jambi, Aceh, or Kalimantan (example the Banjar language).[26][27] This is partially due to the fact that regional/native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese region, Sundanese for Sundanese region, Madurese for Maduranese region, and jawi for Malay region).[26] Today Jawi script is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script. It is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java in a variant form known as Pegon script, but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script.

Letters

Jawi alphabet[28]

Character	Name	Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated	Sound represented	Rumi equivalent	Unicode
ا‎	alif	ـا‎			ا‎	/a/ or /ə/	a, e pepet (ĕ)	U+0627
ب‎	ba	ـب‎	ـبـ‎	بـ‎	ب‎	/b/	b	U+0628
ت‎	ta	ـت‎	ـتـ‎	تـ‎	ت‎	/t/	t	U+062A
ث‎	sa	ـث‎	ـثـ‎	ثـ‎	ث‎	/θ/ or /s/	s	U+062B
ج‎	jim	ـج‎	ـجـ‎	جـ‎	ج‎	/d͡ʒ/	j	U+062C
چ‎	ca	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎	چ‎	/t͡ʃ/	c	U+0686
ح‎	ha (kecil/pedas)	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎	ح‎	/ħ/ or /h/	h	U+062D
خ‎	kha	ـخ‎	ـخـ‎	خـ‎	خ‎	/x/	kh	U+062E
د‎	dal	ـد‎			د‎	/d/	d	U+062F
ذ‎	zal	ـذ‎			ذ‎	/ð/ or /z/	z	U+0630
ر‎	ra	ـر‎			ر‎	/r/	r	U+0631
ز‎	zai	ـز‎			ز‎	/z/	z	U+0632
س‎	sin	ـس‎	ـسـ‎	سـ‎	س‎	/s/	s	U+0633
ش‎	syin	ـش‎	ـشـ‎	شـ‎	ش‎	/ʃ/	sy	U+0634
ص‎	sad	ـص‎	ـصـ‎	صـ‎	ص‎	/s/	s	U+0635
ض‎	dad	ـض‎	ـضـ‎	ضـ‎	ض‎	/d/	d	U+0636
ط‎	to	ـط‎	ـطـ‎	طـ‎	ط‎	/t/	t	U+0637
ظ‎	zo	ـظ‎	ـظـ‎	ظـ‎	ظ‎	/z/	z	U+0638
ع‎	ain	ـع‎	ـعـ‎	عـ‎	ع‎	/ʔ/	a, i, u and -k	U+0639
غ‎	ghain	ـغ‎	ـغـ‎	غـ‎	غ‎	/ɣ/	gh	U+063A
ڠ‎	nga	ـڠ‎	ـڠـ‎	ڠـ‎	ڠ‎	/ŋ/	ng	U+06A0
ف‎	fa	ـف‎	ـفـ‎	فـ‎	ف‎	/f/	f	U+0641
ڤ‎	pa	ـڤ‎	ـڤـ‎	ڤـ‎	ڤ‎	/p/	p	U+06A4
ق‎	qaf	ـق‎	ـقـ‎	قـ‎	ق‎	/ʔ/ and /q/	q and -k	U+0642
ک‎	kaf	ـک‎	ـکـ‎	کـ‎	ک‎	/k/	k	U+06A9
ݢ‎	ga	ـݢ‎	ـݢـ‎	ڬـ‎	ݢ‎	/ɡ/	g	U+0762
ل‎	lam	ـل‎	ـلـ‎	لـ‎	ل‎	/l/	l	U+0644
م‎	mim	ـم‎	ـمـ‎	مـ‎	م‎	/m/	m	U+0645
ن‎	nun	ـن‎	ـنـ‎	نـ‎	ن‎	/n/	n	U+0646
و‎	wau	ـو‎			و‎	/w/ and /u, o, ɔ/	w and u, o	U+0648
ۏ‎	va	ـۏ‎			ۏ‎	/v/	v	U+06CF
ه‎	ha (besar/simpul)	ـه‎	ـهـ‎	هـ‎	ه‎	/h/	h	U+0647
ة‎	ta marbutah	ـة‎			ة‎	/t/ or /h/	-t or -h	U+0629
ء‎	hamzah	ء‎			ء‎	/ʔ/	a	U+0621
ي‎	ya	ـي‎	ـيـ‎	يـ‎	ي‎	/j/ and /i, e, ɛ/	y and i, e taling (é)	U+064A
ڽ‎	nya	ـڽ‎	ـڽـ‎	ڽـ‎	ڽ‎	/ɲ/	ny	U+06BD
ى‎	ye / alif maqsurah	ـى‎			ى‎	/ə, a/	e pepet (ĕ), a	U+0649

• Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt the isolated form, because they cannot be joined with other letter (ا‎, د‎, ذ‎, ر‎, ز‎, و‎, ۏ‎, ء‎)
• The letter hamzah is only present in isolated form in the Malay language.

Spelling

Modern Jawi spelling is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words.[29] Nonetheless, even different modern sources[30] may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the mater lectionis (alif "ا", wau "و" and ya "ي") and the 3/4 hamzah "^ء", as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English. One source[31] tends to use the following conventions;[32] there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless.

• Loanwords may be spelled differently. Particularly, loanwords from Arabic often keep their original spellings.

The letters sa "ث", ha "ح", kha "خ", zal "ذ", sad "ص", dad "ض", ta "ط", za "ظ", ain "ع", ghain "غ", ta marbutah "ة" are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g. Selasa "ثلاث", huruf "حروف", khabar "خبر", beza "بيذا", fasal "فصل", darurat "ضرورة", talak "طلاق", zohor "ظهر", saat "ساعة", ghaib "غيب", sunat " سنة"7, khasiat " خصية". The letter va "ۏ" is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g. universiti"اونيۏرسيتي". The letters zai "ز", syin "ش", fa "ف", ye "ى" are mostly used to spell loanwords from English or Arabic e.g. zoo "زو", zapin "زاڤين", syif "شيف", syukur "شکور", filem "فيلم", fakir "فقير", nasionalisme "ناسيوناليسمى", takwa "تقوى".

Rumi x used to spell loanwords from English may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g. kaf-sin "کس" in x-ray "ايکس-راي", zai "ز" in xenon "زينون".

Native Malay root morphemes with Rumi k in the syllable coda are pronounced [ʔ] and are written with qaf "ق", e.g. tengok "تيڠوق", laksa, "لقسا", baiklah "باءيقله", kotakku "کوتقکو", kotakmu "کوتقمو". Loanwords from English with Rumi k are spelled with kaf "ک", e.g. klinik "کلينيک", teksi "تيکسي".

• Though there are exceptions,^[a] vowels and diphthongs tend to be spelled this way:

IPA		First letter of a root morpheme		Middle of a root morpheme, in an open syllable		Middle of a root morpheme, in a closed syllable		Last letter of a root morpheme
		Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi
/a/, [ə] in open final syllables of root morphemes, or in the penult if followed by /h/ e.g. in usaha	Spelling	a	ا^[b]	a	ـا^[b]	a	ـا or omitted^[b]^[c]	a	ـا or omitted^[b]^[c]
	Example	abu	ابو	cari	چاري	sampan, wang	سمڤن، واڠ	cuba, hanya	چوبا، هاڽ
/e/ mostly, /ɛ/ in some words, i.e. e-taling	Spelling	e (é)	ايـ^[b]	e (é)	ـيـ^[b]	e (é)	ـيـ^[b]	e (é)	ـي^[b]
	Example	ekor	ايکور	tengok	تيڠوق	rendang	ريندڠ	sate	ساتي
/ə/, i.e. e-pepet	Spelling	e (ĕ)	ا^[b]	e (ĕ)	(omitted)^[b]	e (ĕ)	(omitted)^[b]	e (ĕ)	ـى، ^[b]ـا^[d]
	Example	empat	امڤت	bersih	برسيه	sempit	سمڤيت	nasionalisme, memetabolismekan	ناسيوناليسمى، ممتابوليسماکن
/i/, [e] in closed final syllables of root morphemes	Spelling	i	ايـ^[b]	i	ـيـ^[b]	i	ـيـ^[b]	i	ـي
	Example	ibu	ايبو	tiga	تيݢ	hampir	همڤير	kiri	کيري
/o/ mostly, /ɔ/ in some words	Spelling	o	او^[b]	o	ـو^[b]	o	ـو^[b]	o	ـو^[b]
	Example	obor	اوبور	bola	بولا	esok	ايسوق	soto	سوتو
/u/, [o] in closed final syllables of root morphemes	Spelling	u	او^[b]	u	ـو^[b]	u	ـو^[b]	u	ـو^[b]
	Example	ubi	اوبي	rugi	روݢي	tun	تون	biru	بيرو
/ai̯/	Spelling	ai	اءيـ^[e]	ai	ـايـ	ai	ـا^ءيـ	ai	ـاي
	Example	aiskrim	ا^ءيسکريم	baiduri	بايدوري	sait	سا^ءيت	ramai	راماي
/au̯/	Spelling	au	اءو^[e]	au	ـاو	au	ـا^ءو	au	ـاو
	Example	aur	اءور	sauna	ساونا	taun	تا^ءون	pulau	ڤولاو
/oi̯/	Spelling	oi	اوويـ	oi	ـويـ	oi	ـو^ءيـ	oi	ـوي
	Example	oidium	اوويديوم	boikot	بويکوت	eksploit	ايکسڤلو^ءيت	sepoi	سڤوي

• ^a When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include ada "اد", di "د", dia "دي" dan "دان", ia "اي", jika "جک", juga "جوݢ", lima "ليم", ke "ک", kita "کيت", mereka "مريک", ini "اين", itu "ايت", pada "ڤد", suka "سوک" and tiga "تيݢ".
• ^b Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be homographs in Jawi, e.g. sembilan and sambilan are both "سمبيلن", markah and merekah are both "مرکه", sesi and sisi are both "سيسي", biro and biru are both "بيرو", borong and burung are both "بوروڠ", golong and gulung are both "ݢولوڠ".
• ^c Using or omitting alif "ا" when representing /a/ in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:

When representing /a/, alif "ا" is mostly omitted in CVC-syllables.

However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with wau "و", e.g. wau "واو", wap "واڤ", wang "واڠ".

It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains /e/ and which second syllable is closed and begins with /wa/, e.g. words with a /C​e.waC/ structure like lewah "ليواه", mewah "ميواه", dewan "ديوان", tewas " تيواس", rewang " ريواڠ", gewang "ݢواڠ", sewat "سيوات", kelewang "کليواڠ", kedewas "کديواس", dewangga "ديواڠݢ".

Final alif "ا" is generally kept to represent /a/ [ə] at the end of a word.

However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C*a/ [Ca.C*ə], where /C*/ is any of the following 12 consonants ba "ب", ta "ت", pa "ڤ", sin "س", ga "ݢ", nun "ن", nya "ڽ", ca "چ", kaf "ک", jim "ج", mim "م" (mnemonic: betapa segannya cik jam "بتاڤ سݢنڽ چيق جم"), final alif "ا" is not written, e.g. raba "راب", mata "مات", sapa "ساڤ", rasa "راس", raga "راݢ", mana "مان", hanya "هاڽ", baca "باچ", raya "راي", baka "باک", raja "راج", nama "نام", sama "سام".

Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with /a/ [ə], with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final alif "ا".

• ^d As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by ye "ى" in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by alif "ا" in Jawi instead, e.g. fatwa "فتوى" → memfatwakan "ممفتواکن", memetabolismekan "ممتابوليسماکن".
• ^e The hamzah (sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line "ء", or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in alif with hamzah above "أ", or even if it should be used at all in some words) may be used to spell some diphthongs at the start of words.

Furthermore, it may be used to represent a hiatus, or a glottal stop [ʔ], especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g. dato'​ "داتوء", baik "با^ءيق", mulai "مولا^ءي", bau "با^ءو", daun "دا^ءون", laut "لاءوت", peperiksaan "ڤڤريقسا^ءن", kemerdekaan "کمرديکا^ءن", diambil "دأمبيل", dielakkan "دأيلقکن", diertikan "دأرتيکن", diikuti "دأيکوتي", diolah "دأوله", diutamakan "دأوتاماکن", keadaan "کأدا^ءن", keempat "کأمڤت", keindahan "کأيندهن", keupayaan "کأوڤايا^ءن", seakan-akan "سأکن-اکن", seekor "سأيکور", seorang "سأورڠ".

• The letter fa ف was historically used to represent /p/ (Jawi: pa ڤ) and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because /f/ is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a /p/.

• Abjad numerals, Eastern Arabic numerals or Hindu–Arabic numerals may be used to number items in a list. Both Arabic numerals and Eastern Arabic numerals can be used in conjunction with written Jawi, but Arabic numerals are more preferred (except when indicating plural words, i.e. askar-askar = "عسکر٢").

Arabic numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Eastern Arabic numerals	٠	١	٢	٣	٤	٥	٦	٧	٨	٩

The symbols "٫", "٬", "٪", "؉" and "؊" may be used as the decimal mark, thousands separator, percent sign, per mille sign and per ten thousand sign respectively when writing with Eastern Arabic numerals, e.g. 3.14159265358 "٣٫١٤١٥٩٢٦٥٣٥٨", 1,000,000,000 "١٬٠٠٠٬٠٠٠٬٠٠٠", 100% "٪١٠٠". See also: Modern Arabic mathematical notation.

Full reduplication of base word is represented with the numeral "٢", e.g. anak-anak / anak2 "انق٢", berhati-hati / berhati2 "برهاتي٢" / "برهاتي-هاتي".

• Punctuation marks used in written Jawi are as follows:

Punctuation mark	Malay name		Rumi	Jawi
	Rumi	Jawi
Comma	Tanda koma	تندا کوما	,	⹁
Semicolon	Tanda koma bertitik	تندا کوما برتيتيق	;	⁏
Question mark	Tanda soal	تندا سوٴال	?	؟
Brackets	Tanda kurungan	تندا کوروڠن	( )	﴾ ﴿

Examples

Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left. Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Ghazal untuk Rabiah, غزال اونتوق ربيعة (English: A Ghazal for Rabiah).[33]

Jawi script	Rumi script	English translation
کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ٢ دلاڠيت تيڠڬي، دان چهاي مناري٢ دلاڠيت بيرو، تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراساءنکو، يڠ ريندوکن کحاضرن کاسيه. ڬمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو، دان ڽاڽين ڤاري٢ دري کايڠن، تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن سانوباري، يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو.‎	Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian pari-pari dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu.	The glimmering of gems waltzing across the aloft sky, And auroras ablaze a ballet upon the azure sky, None are able to soothe my heart, That pines for the presence of the beloved. The melodious rhythm of the yearning bamboos, And the ballad of nymphs from the eden, None are able to calm the soul, That craves for your word of honour.

References

1. Winstedt, Richard Olaf (1961), "Malay Chronicles from Sumatra and Malaya", Historians of South-East Asia of Historical Writing on the Peoples of Asia, 2: 24
2. Andrew Alexander Simpson (2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 356–60. ISBN 978-0-19-926748-4.
3. "Jawi". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
4. "Masuk Jawi". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
5. "Jawi Pekan". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
6. Shahrizal bin Mahpol (2002). "Penguasaan tulisan jawi di kalangan pelajar Melayu : suatu kajian khusus di UiTM cawangan Kelantan (Competency in Jawi among Malay students: A specific study in UiTM, Kelantan campus)". Digital Repository, Universiti Malaya. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
7. Abdul Rashid Melebek; Amat Juhari Moain (2006). Sejarah Bahasa Melayu (History of Bahasa Melayu). Utusan Publications. p. 52. ISBN 967-61-1809-5.
8. John U. Wolff, Indonesian Readings Edition: 3, SEAP Publications: 1988: ISBN 0-87727-517-3. 480 pages
9. Robert Leon Cooper Language spread: studies in diffusion and social change, Center for Applied Linguistics, Indiana University Press,: 1982 p. 40 ISBN 0-253-32000-3
10. Siti Hawa Haji Salleh (2010). Malay Literature of the 19th Century. Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. p. 8. ISBN 978-983-068-517-5.
11. Matlob (2007). Pandai Jawi. Cerdik Publications. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-983-70-1054-3.
12. Fauzia 2013, p. 81 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFauzia2013 (help)
13. Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 94 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbd._Jalil_Borham2002 (help)
14. "An overview of Jawi's origin in Brunei". Brunei Times. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
15. The Legacy of the Malay Letter, Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia, ISBN 978-0-7123-0376-7
16. Babulal, Veena (14 August 2019). "Teaching of Jawi in vernacular schools to proceed, subject to PTA consent". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
17. "Malaysia's educationists against teaching of jawi calligraphy in vernacular schools as controversy rages". Channel News Asia. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
18. Sukumaran, Tashny (24 December 2019). "Chinese dissent in Malaysia over Jawi script in schools raises alarm in Mahathir's government". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
19. "Court order obtained to stop anti-Jawi gathering in Malaysia". Channel News Asia. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
20. "The prawn behind the rock: Enthusiasm for an archaic script frightens Malaysia's minorities". The Economist (web article w/ free registration or with paid subscription) (11 January 2020): 32. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
21. Tajuddin, Siti Insyirah (18 April 2019). "Kuantan to introduce Jawi signages from Aug 1". New Straits Times. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
22. Lim, Ida (26 November 2018). "Kuantan to use Jawi in road signs from 2019". Malay Mail. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
23. "No extension for use of Jawi on signage in Pahang". The Star. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
24. "Pahang govt: Firm action to be taken against business premise owners who fail to use jawi signage". Malay Mail. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
25. Alagesh, T.N. (7 January 2020). "Jawi signage in Pahang: Stickers allowed, for now". New Straits Times. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
26. (in Indonesian) TULISAN ARAB MELAYU BAGIAN DARI KHAZANAH BUDAYA RIAU
27. Bagian Kesenian Bara Ai Kesusasteraan Indonesia Catatan-Catatan Tentang Amir Hamza:Bagian Kesenian Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: 1955
28. Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
29. Che Wan Shamsul Bahri bin Che Wan Ahmad, Khairuddin bin Omar, Mohammad Faidzul bin Nasrudin, Mohd Zamri bin Murah, Khirulnizam Abd Rahman. "Comparative Study Between Old and Modern Jawi Spelling: Case Study on Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin". Academia.edu. K. Abd Rahman. Retrieved 17 January 2016.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
30. such as "Portal Rasmi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia". Nota Klinik Jawi Peringkat Lanjutan 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
31. "Jawi @ Arabic Converter". Ejawi.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
32. "Klinik Jawi di Radio IKIM.fm - Tutorial". Ejawi.net. Archived from km?e=tutorial&a=kandungan&kategori&lihatID=48&show=1 the original Check |url= value (help) on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
33. Lirik - Ghazal untuk rabiah

Further reading

• Hudson, Herbert Henry The Malay orthography (1892) Singapore, Kelly & Walsh.
• H.S. Paterson (& C.O. Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Terengganu', Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S., II, 1924, pp. 258–263.
• R.O. Winstedt, A History of Malaya, revised ed. 1962, p. 40.
• J.G. de Casparis, Indonesian Paleography, 1975, p. 70-71.

External links

• Omniglot article about written Malay
• Software and articles related to Jawi
• Transliteration of Rumi to Jawi