Mori Bawah language

Mori Bawah
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(28,000 with Mori Atas cited 1988)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Bungku–Tolaki Mori Bawah; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xmz
Glottolog	mori1268[2]

Mori Bawah, also known as Lower Mori or East Mori, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. It is one of the principal languages of the Morowali Regency in Central Sulawesi.

Classification

Mori Bawah is classified as a member of the Bungku-Tolaki group of languages, and shares its closest affinities with Bungku and other languages of the eastern seaboard of Sulawesi, such as Wawonii and Kulisusu.[3] Together, Mori Bawah and the Mori Atas language are sometimes referred to collectively by the cover term ‘Mori’.

Dialects

Mori Bawah comprises several dialects. Following Esser, five dialects can be regarded as principal.[4]

Tinompo
Tiu
Moiki
Watu
Karunsi’e

The Tinompo dialect is highest in prestige. Tinompo was the dialect spoken by the indigenous royal class, and in the first half of the twentieth century it was further promoted by colonial authorities as a standard throughout the Mori area, including for Mori Atas and Padoe.

Phonology

Mori Bawah has the following sound inventory:[5]^:684

Consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b	d	g
Prenasalized plosive	voiceless	ᵐp	ⁿt	ᵑk
Prenasalized plosive	voiced	ᵐb	ⁿd	ᵑg
Fricative		β	s		h
Prenasalized fricative			ⁿs
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Trill			r
Lateral			l

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-Mid	e		o
Open		a

Only open syllables of the shape V, CV are allowed. Consequently, Mori Bawah is a strictly vowel final-language.

Grammar

Pronouns

Mori Bawah has seven sets of bound and free pronouns:[5]^:686;704

	nominative		absolutive		possessive	independent	additive
	non-future	future	direct	applicative	possessive	independent	additive
1.sg.	ku	aku	aku	akune	ku	ongkue	ngkuda('a)
2.sg.	u	(i)ko	ko	akomu	mu	omue	muda('a)
3.sg.	i	ta	o	akono	no	onoe	nada('a)
1.pl.in.	to	kita	kita	akita	to	otae	ntada('a)
1.pl.ex.	ki	kami	kami	akami	mami	omami	mamida('a)
2.pl.	i	(i)komiu	komiu	akomiu	miu	omiu	mida('a)
3.pl.	do	ira	ira	ako'ira	do	ondae	ndada('a)

Agreement

Core arguments (A: subject of transitive verbs; O: object of transitive verbs, S: subject of intransitive verbs) are not marked for case, but are obligatorily indexed by a pronominal agreement marker on the verb.[5]^:689–691

With transitive verbs, A is always indexed by a nominative pronoun, and O by an absolutive pronoun.

I_A-pe'ata-'ira_O-mo

3.SG.NOM-enslave-3.PL.ABS-PRV

[i

PN

Ana

Child

Wulaa]_A

Gold

[mia

person

atuu-do]_O

DIST-3.PL.POSS

'Gold child took those people as slaves.'

The indexing of the single argument of intransitive verbs shows split-ergative alignment: S is always indexed by a nominative pronoun in future clauses, and also in imperative, negative and certain other dependent types of non-future clauses. In all other cases, S is indexed by an absolutive pronoun.

Voice

Mori Bawah has two valency-reducing voice types, passive voice and antipassive voice.[5]^:698

If a transitive verb is marked for passive voice with the infix <in>, it becomes formally intransitive, and O (the "object") becomes the S-argument. The original A-argument cannot be mentioned at all.

Ta

3.SG.FUT

p<in>epate

PASS:kill

'He will be killed.'

In antipassive voice, the verb takes the prefix poN-. The object can be omitted, or overtly expressed if indefinite; it is however not indexed by a person-indexing pronoun. The orignal subject of the transitive verb becomes the S-argument in a formally intransitive antipassive clause.

ka-i

ka-3.SG.NOM

pom-pepate

AP-kill

singa

lion

'...and he killed a lion.'

gollark: Also, I know basically nothing about OpenCL or anything, just that it can theoretically be done probably.

gollark: I don't actually have one. You just could possibly.

gollark: But for personal details with a narrower possibility space, I don't think you can really do it securely without taking unreasonably large amounts of time for everyone involved.

gollark: argon2 is the trendy recent one, as I said.

gollark: I wouldn't verify personal detail disclosure like this without using a really slow hash anyway.

References

Mori Bawah at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mori Bawah". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Mead, David. 1998. Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. (PhD dissertation, Rice University, 1998), p. 117.
Esser, S. J. Phonology and Morphology of Mori, translated from the Dutch version of 1927-1933 (Dallas: SIL, 2011), pp. 2 ff.
Mead, David (2005). "Mori Bawah". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 683–708.

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[e18-1] Mori Bawah at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mori Bawah". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Mead, David. 1998. Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. (PhD dissertation, Rice University, 1998), p. 117.

[4] Esser, S. J. Phonology and Morphology of Mori, translated from the Dutch version of 1927-1933 (Dallas: SIL, 2011), pp. 2 ff.

[Mead2005-5] Mead, David (2005). "Mori Bawah". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 683–708.