Muna–Buton languages

The Muna–Buton languages are a group of languages spoken on the islands of Muna and Buton off the coast of South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia. They belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family.[2]

Muna–Buton
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Muna-Buton
Subdivisions
  • Nuclear Muna–Buton
  • Tukang Besi–Bonerate
Glottologmuna1246[1]

Internal classification

The Ethnologue classifies the Muna–Buton languages as follows, based on van den Berg (2003) and Donohue (2004):[3][4]

In earlier classifications, Wolio, spoken in the city of Baubau (seat of the court of the former Sultanate of Buton) and its immediate surroundings, and Laiyolo, spoken in the southern part of Selayar Island, were also included in the Muna–Buton group,[5][6] but Donohue (2004) has shown that they form a distrinct subgroup of their own, viz. Wotu–Wolio, which also includes Wotu, spoken at the northern shore of the Bone Gulf.[4]

Reconstruction
Proto-Muna–Buton
Reconstruction ofMuna–Buton languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Muna–Buton (PMB) has been reconstructed by van den Berg (2003).[3]

Phonology
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close *i *u
Mid *e *o
Open *a
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive voiceless plain *p *t *k *q
prenasalized *mp *nt *ŋk
voiced plain/implosive *ɓ *ɗ *g
prenasalized *mb *nd *ŋg
Fricative voiceless plain *s *h
prenasalized *ns
voiced *R
Nasal *m *n *ŋ
Trill *r
Lateral *l
Approximant *w *y

Vocabulary

Van den Berg proposes around 30 lexical innovations for Proto-Muna–Buton, e.g. *ɓeka 'cat', *kaɓi 'throw away', *kenta 'fish', *kompa 'eel', *potu 'head', *weŋke 'split open (fruit)', *woru 'under'.[3]

gollark: Apo11o has evidently internalized this fact.
gollark: There is NO ESCAPE.
gollark: English contains ALL LANGUAGES.
gollark: There is another term which can be used. Unfortunately, I forgot it.
gollark: It's a generalization of multidimensional arrays.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Muna–Buton". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Mead, David. (2003). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup." In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology, pp. 115-141. Canberra: Australian National University. (Pacific Linguistics 550)
  3. van den Berg, René (2003). "The place of Tukang Besi and the Muna-Buton languages". In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 87–114. doi:10.15144/PL-550.87.
  4. Mark Donohue. (2004). "The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group". In John Bowden and Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.), Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology, 21-35. Canberra: Australian National University.
  5. Esser, S.J. (1938). "Talen". Atlas van Tropisch Nederland. Blad 9a. Batavia: Topografische Dienst.
  6. Noorduyn, J. (1991). "The Languages of Sulawesi". In H. Steinhauer (ed.). Papers in Austronesian linguistics. Pacific Linguistics A-81. Canberra: Australian National University.
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