Open-mid front unrounded vowel

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA Number303
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɛ
Unicode (hex)U+025B
X-SAMPAE
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

Features
  • Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabic See Imāla
ArmenianEastern[2]էջ/ēǰ[ɛd͡ʒ]'page'
BavarianAmstetten dialect[3]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.[3]
Bengali[4]এক/ek[ɛk]'one'See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[5]пет/pet[pɛt̪]'five'See Bulgarian phonology
Burmese[6]မေ/me[mɛ]'mother'
Catalan[7]mel[mɛɫ]'honey'See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[8] 天 / tiān [tʰi̯ɛn˥] 'sky' Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech[9][10]led[lɛt]'ice'In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[9] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[11][12]frisk[ˈfʁɛsk]'fresh'Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[13]bed[bɛt] 'bed'See Dutch phonology
The Hague[14]jij[jɛ̞ː] 'you'Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
EnglishGeneral American[15]bed[bɛd] 'bed'
Northern England[16]May be somewhat lowered.[16]
Received Pronunciation[17][18]Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Scottish[19]
Cockney[20]fat[fɛt]'fat'
Singaporean[21]
New Zealand[22]See New Zealand English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[23]		Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
Belfast[24]days[dɛːz]'days'Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[25]mate[mɛt]'mate'Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Faroese[26]frekt[fɹɛʰkt]'greedy'See Faroese phonology
French[27][28]bête[bɛt̪] 'beast'See French phonology
Galicianferro[ˈfɛro̝]'iron'See Galician phonology
Georgian[29]გედი[ɡɛdi]'swan'
GermanStandard[30][31]Bett[b̥ɛt] 'bed'Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[32] See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent[33]oder[ˈoːdɛ]'or'Used instead of [ɐ].[33] See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[33]
Swabian accent[34]fett[fɛt]'fat'Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[34] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35]See[z̥ɛː]'lake'Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[36] See Standard German phonology
Italian[37]bene[ˈbɛːne] 'good'See Italian phonology
Kaingang[38]mbre[ˈᵐbɾɛ]'with'
Korean매미 / maemi[mɛːmi]'cicada'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) hevde [hɛvdɛ] 'seventeen' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) هه‌ڤده/hevda [hɛvdæ]
Palewani (Southern) [hɛvda]
Limburgish[39][40][41]crème[kʀ̝ɛːm]'cream'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[42]serp[s̪ɛrp]'sickle'
Luxembourgish[43]Stär[ʃtɛːɐ̯]'star'Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[43] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian[44][45]Standardмед/med[ˈmɛd̪]'honey'See Macedonian language § Vowels
NorwegianSognamål[46]pest[pʰɛst]'plagueSee Norwegian phonology
Polish[47]ten[t̪ɛn̪] 'this one' (nom. m.)See Polish phonology
PortugueseMost dialects[48][49]pé[ˈpɛ]'foot'Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[50]tempo[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]'time'Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
RomanianTransylvanian dialects[51]vede[ˈvɛɟe]'(he) sees'Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[52]это/eto[ˈɛt̪ə] 'this'See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[53]Allophone of /a/.
Slovenemet[mɛ́t]'throw' (n.)See Slovene phonology
SpanishEastern Andalusian[54]las madres[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]'the mothers'Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[54]
Swahili shule [ʃulɛ] 'school'
SwedishCentral Standard[55]ät[ɛ̠ːt̪]'eat' (imp.)Somewhat retracted.[55] See Swedish phonology
Thaiแตร / trae[trɛː˧]'horn (instrument)'
Turkish[56][57]ülke[y̠l̠ˈcɛ]'country'Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[56] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[57] See Turkish phonology
Twi ɛyɛ 'it is good/fine' See Twi phonology
Ukrainian[58]день/den'[dɛnʲ]'day'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[42][59]čelo[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]'calf'See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian[60]beppe[ˈbɛpə]'grandma'See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[61]ẹsẹ̀[ɛ̄sɛ]'leg'
gollark: Differential equations are equations involving derivatives.
gollark: Well, Casio ones are better in this respect.
gollark: Also Desmos.
gollark: That isn't a significant timesink. Maybe you type slowly.
gollark: The UK system does not work that way.

See also

Notes
  1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. Khan (2010), p. 222.
  5. Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  6. Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  7. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  8. Lin (2007), p. 65.
  9. Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  12. Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  13. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  14. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  15. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  16. Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  17. Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  18. "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  19. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  20. Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  21. Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  22. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  23. Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  24. "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  25. "Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  26. Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  27. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  28. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  29. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  30. Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  31. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  32. Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  33. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  34. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  35. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  36. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  37. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  38. Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  39. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  40. Peters (2006), p. 119.
  41. Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  42. Stone (2002), p. 600.
  43. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  44. Friedman (2001:10)
  45. Lunt (1952:10–11)
  46. Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  47. Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  48. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  49. Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  50. Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  51. Pop (1938), p. 29.
  52. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  53. Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  54. Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  55. Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  56. Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  57. Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  58. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  59. Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  60. Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  61. Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

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