Timeline of historic inventions

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and the people who created the inventions.

See also: Timeline of scientific discoveries

Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Sometimes inventions are invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

History of technology

A proportion of all discoveries within the United States made during the 20th[1] (after 1943[2]) and 21st centuries were made within skunk work enterprises.[1]

Paleolithic
Further information: Outline of prehistoric technology

The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by archaeologists (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. Older examples of any given technology are found often. The locations listed are for the site where the earliest solid evidence has been found, but especially for the earlier inventions, there is little certainty how close that may be to where the invention took place.

Lower Paleolithic

The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, and corresponds to the human species prior to the emergence of Homo sapiens. The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (Mya), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being the Australopithecus anamensis. This time period is characterized as an ice age with regular periodic warmer periods – interglacial episodes.

Middle Paleolithic

The dawn of homo sapiens around 300 kya coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. Towards the middle of this 250,000-year period, humans begin to migrate out of Africa, and the later part of the period shows the beginning of long-distance trade, religious rites and other behavior associated with Behavioral modernity.

  • c. 320 kya: The trade and long-distance transportation of resources (e.g. obsidian), use of pigments, and possible making of projectile points in Kenya[20][21][22]
  • 279 kya: Early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia[23]
  • c. 200 kya: Glue in Central Italy by neanderthals.[24] More complicated compound adhesives developed by homo sapiens have been found from c. 70 ka Sibudu, South Africa[25] and have been regarded as a sign of cognitive advancement.[26]
  • 170-83 kya: Clothing (among anatomically modern humans in Africa).[27] Some other evidence suggests that humans may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.[28]
  • 164-47 kya: Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.[29]
  • 135-100 kya: Beads in Israel and Algeria[30]
  • 100 kya: Compound paints made in South Africa[31][32][33]
  • 100 kya: Funerals (in the form of burial) in Israel[34]
  • 90 kya: Harpoons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[35]
  • 77 kya: Beds in South Africa[36]
  • 70-60 kya: Oldest arrows (and evidence of bow-and-arrow technology), and oldest needle, at Sibudu, South Africa[37][38][39][40][41]

Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic

50 ka has been regarded by some as the beginning of Behavioral modernity, defining the Upper Paleolithic period, which lasted nearly 40,000 years (though some research dates the beginning of behavioral modernity earlier to the Middle Paleolithic). This is characterized by the widespread observation of religious rites, artistic expression and the appearance of tools made for purely intellectual or artistic pursuits.

Agricultural and Proto-Agricultural Eras

The end of the Last Glacial Period ("ice age") and the beginning of the Holocene around 11.7 ka coincide with the Agricultural Revolution, marking the beginning of the agricultural era, which persisted until the industrial revolution.

Neolithic and Late Mesolithic

During the Neolithic period, lasting 8400 years, stone remained the predominant material for toolmaking, although copper and arsenic bronze were developed towards the end of this period.

Bronze Age
The Nippur cubit-rod, c.2650 BCE, in the Archeological Museum of Istanbul, Turkey

The beginning of bronze-smelting coincides with the emergence of the first cities and of writing in the Ancient Near East and the Indus Valley. The Bronze Age is taken as a 2000-year long period starting in 3300 BC and ending in 1300 BC.

Iron Age

The Late Bronze Age collapse occurs around 1300-1175 BC, extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-year period.

It's worth noting the uncertainty in dating several Indian developments between 600 BC and 300 AD, due to the tradition that existed of editing existing documents (such as the Sushruta Samhita and Arthashastra) without specifically documenting the edit. Most such documents were canonized at the start of the Gupta empire (mid-3rd century AD).

With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.[177]

Classical antiquity and medieval era

5th century BC

4th century BC
Egyptian reed pens inside ivory and wooden palettes, the Louvre[203]

3rd century BC
An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China.
  • By 3rd century BC: Automatons in either the Hellenistic world or India. Kautilya's Arthashastra describes the use of calayantras (dynamic devices) such as automatic doors in Indian warfare. Later commentaries and texts describe a theoretic foundation for the engineering of basic automatons, describing them as compositions of simple machines operating through pressure, rotation and weight.[215] However robots remained foreign to India at the time, with a Hindu-Buddhist tale attributing their invention to the Hellenistic world.[216]
  • 3rd century BC: Analog computers in the Hellenistic world (see e.g. the Antikythera mechanism), possibly in Rhodes.[217]
  • By at least the 3rd century BC: Archimedes screw in Ancient Greece[218]
  • Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[219][220][221]
  • 3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata.[222]
  • By the 3rd century BC: Water wheel. The origin is unclear: Indian Pali texts dating to the 4th century BCE refer to the cakkavattaka, which later commentaries describe as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached). Helaine Selin suggests that the device existed in Persia before 350 BC.[223] The clearest description of the water wheel and Liquid-driven escapement is provided by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC) in the Hellenistic kingdoms.[224]
  • 3rd century BC: Gimbal described Philo of Byzantium[225]
  • Late 3rd century BC: Dry dock under Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[226]
  • 3rd–2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.[197][227]
The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[228] Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).

2nd century BC
  • 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50–121 AD) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[229]
  • Early 2nd century BC: Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga.

1st century BC

1st century

2nd century

3rd century
Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.[253][254][255]


4th century

5th century
  • By the 5th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[272] In India, practical calculations are carried out using zero, which is treated like any other number by at least the time of Aryabhata[273][274][275], even in case of division.[272][276]
  • 400 AD: The construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi in Mathura by the Gupta Empire shows the development of rust-resistant ferrous metallurgy in Ancient India[277][278], although original texts do not survive to detail the specific processes invented in this period.
  • 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD.[279] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.[280]
  • 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire[281][282]
A Nepali Charkha in action

6th century

7th century
  • 650 AD Windmill in Persia[289]
  • 672 AD: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes.[290] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[291] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[292]
  • 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[293][294][295]
  • 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[296]

8th century

9th century
A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

10th century
  • 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.[303] Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons.[304][305]
  • 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.[306]

11th century

12th century
  • 12th century: Bond trading in France.[313]

13th century
  • 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China.[314]
  • 13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe.[315]
  • 13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening or closing clothes appear first in Germany.[316]
  • 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[317]
  • 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[318]
  • 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[319] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs",[320] coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.[321]
  • 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used.[322]
  • 13th or 14th century: worm gear cotton gin in Peninsular India (i.e. probably under the Yadava dynasty although may also be the Vijayanagara Empire or Bahmani Sultanate).[323]

14th century
The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg.[326]

15th century

16th century

Modern era

17th century
A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)[335][336]

18th century

1700s

1710s

1730s

1740s

1750s

1760s

1770s

1780s

1790s

19th century

1800s

1810s

1820s

1830s

1840s

1850s

1860s

1870s

1880s

1890s

20th century

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s
  • 1960: The first functioning laser is invented by Theodore Maiman.
  • 1961: The first crewed spaceflight is achieved by Vostok 1.
  • 1963: The first electronic cigarette is created by Herbert A. Gilbert. Hon Lik is often credited with its invention as he developed the modern electronic cigarette and was the first to commercialize it.
  • 1965: Kevlar is invented by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont.
  • 1969: ARPANET first deployed via UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and The University of Utah.

1970s

1980s

1990s

21st century

2000s

2010s
gollark: You have to go into quintuply nested menus to assign IP addresses.
gollark: Oracle's control panel is *impressively* unfathomable.
gollark: This is the majority of my development strategy, as nobody actually needs defensive programming or strict error checking.
gollark: Modern FPGAs benefit from hardware advancements too.
gollark: Other people being better off frequently helps you. For instance, if I help several trillion people learn to program there will eventually be better libraries.

See also

Footnotes
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