Jiangsu

Jiangsu (江苏; formerly romanized Kiangsu) is an eastern-central coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, as well as tourism, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous and the most densely populated of the 23 provinces of the People's Republic of China. Jiangsu has the highest GDP per capita of Chinese provinces and second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong.[4] Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province.

Jiangsu Province

江苏省
Province
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese江苏省 (Jiāngsū Shěng)
 • AbbreviationJS / 苏 (pinyin: Sū)
 • WuKaonsu San
 • Jiang–HuaiJiang1 su1 Sen3
From top to bottom, left to right: Zifeng Tower in Nanjing, Zhouzhuang in Suzhou, Tiger Hill Pagoda, Xuzhou TV Tower, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Map showing the location of Jiangsu Province
Coordinates: 32°54′N 119°48′E
Named for江 Jiāng – Jiangning (now Nanjing)
苏 sū – Suzhou
Capital
(and largest city)		Nanjing
Divisions13 prefectures, 106 counties, 1488 townships
Government
 • SecretaryLou Qinjian
 • GovernorWu Zhenglong
Area
 • Total102,600 km2 (39,600 sq mi)
Area rank25th
Highest elevation
625 m (2,051 ft)
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total80,400,000
 • Rank5th
 • Density780/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
 • Density rank4th
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan – 99.6%
Hui – 0.2%(160,800)
 • Languages and dialectsMandarin (Official)
Jianghuai Mandarin, Wu, Zhongyuan Mandarin
ISO 3166 codeCN-JS
GDP (2018)CNY 9.3 trillion
USD 1.4 trillion
$2.849 trillion (PPP)[2] (2nd)
 • per capita¥115,768
$17,488 (4th)
$34,752 (PPP)
 • growth 6.7%
HDI (2018)0.802[3] (very high) (4th)
Websitewww.jiangsu.gov.cn
Jiangsu
"Jiangsu" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese江苏
Traditional Chinese江蘇
PostalKiangsu
Literal meaning"Jiang(ning) and Su(zhou)"

Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, Jiangsu has been a national economic and commercial center, partly due to the construction of the Grand Canal. Cities such as Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Shanghai (separated from Jiangsu in 1927) are all major Chinese economic hubs. Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1990, Jiangsu has become a focal point for economic development. It is widely regarded as China's most developed province, when measured by its Human Development Index (HDI).[5]

Jiangsu is home to many of the world's leading exporters of electronic equipment, chemicals and textiles.[6] It has also been China's largest recipient of foreign direct investment since 2006. Its 2018 nominal GDP was more than 1.39 trillion USD, which is the fifth-highest of all country subdivisions.

Name

Jiangsu's name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (Sū), the second character of its name.[7]

History

During the earliest Chinese dynasties, the area that is now Jiangsu was far away from the center of Chinese civilization, which was in the northwest Henan; it was home of the Huai Yi (淮夷), an ancient ethnic group. During the Zhou dynasty more contact was made, and eventually the state of Wu appeared in southern Jiangsu, one of the many hundreds of states that existed across northern and central China at that time. Near the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Wu became a great power under King Helu of Wu, and defeated in 484 BC the state of Qi, a major power in the north in modern-day Shandong province, and contest for the position of overlord over all states of China. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the state of Yue, another state that had emerged to the south in modern-day Zhejiang province. Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, and unified China in 221 BC.[8]

One of the tortoise stelae of Xiao Dan (478–522), a member of the Liang royal family. Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, near Nanjing

Under the reign of the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD), Jiangsu was removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain, and was administered under two zhou (provinces): Xu Province in the north, and Yang Province in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the Eastern Wu (222 to 280), whose capital, Jianye (later renamed to Jiankang), is modern Nanjing. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the imperial court of the Jin dynasty moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north. Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive Southern dynasties and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China.[9]

The Huqiu Tower of Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in 961.

After the Sui dynasty united the country in 581, the political center of the country shifted back to the north, but the Grand Canal was built through Jiangsu to link the Central Plain with the prosperous Yangtze Delta. The Tang dynasty (618–907) relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain. It was during the Song dynasty (960–1279), which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China, that Jiangnan (southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, and adjacent areas) emerged as a center of trade. From then onwards, major cities like Suzhou or Yangzhou, would be synonymous with opulence and luxury in China. Today the region remains one of the richest parts of China.

The Jurchen Jin dynasty gained control of North China in 1127 during the Jin-Song wars, and Huai River, which used to cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea, was the border between the north, under the Jin, and the south, under the Southern Song dynasty. The Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The Ming dynasty, which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols who had occupied China, initially put its capital in Nanjing. Regions surrounding Nanjing, corresponding to Jiangsu and Anhui today, were designated as the Nanzhili province (literally "southern directly governed"). Following a coup by Zhu Di (later, the Yongle Emperor), however, the capital was moved to Beijing, far to the north, although Nanjing kept its status as the southern capital. In late Ming, Jiangnan continued to be an important center of trade in China; some historians see in the flourishing textiles industry at the time incipient industrialization and capitalism, a trend that was however aborted.

The Beisi Pagoda of Suzhou, built between 1131 and 1162 during the Song dynasty, 76 m (249 ft) tall.

The Qing dynasty converted Nanzhili to "Jiangnan province"; in 1666 Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces. Jiangsu's borders have been for the most part stable since then.

With the start of the Western incursion into China in the 1840s, the rich and mercantile Yangtze river delta was increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shanghai, originally an unremarkable little town of Jiangsu, quickly developed into a metropolis of trade, banking, and cosmopolitanism, and was split out later as an independent municipality. Jiangnan also figures strongly in the Taiping Rebellion (1851 – 1864), a massive and deadly rebellion that attempted to set up a Christian theocracy in China; it started far to the south, in Guangdong province, swept through much of South China, and by 1853, had established Nanjing as its capital, renamed as Tianjing (天京 "Heavenly Capital").

The Republic of China was established in 1912,[10] and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times, but in April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek established a government at Nanking; he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This was however interrupted by the second Sino-Japanese War, which began full-scale in 1937; on December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next three months would come to be known as the Nanjing Massacre. Nanjing was the seat of the collaborationist government of East China under Wang Jingwei, and Jiangsu remained under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in 1945.

After the war, Nanking was once again the capital of the Republic of China, though now the Chinese Civil War had broken out between the Kuomintang government and Communist forces, based further north, mostly in Northeast China. The decisive Huaihai Campaign was fought in northern Jiangsu; it resulted in Kuomintang defeat, and the communists were soon able to cross the Yangtze River and take Nanking. The Kuomintang fled southward and eventually ended up in Taipei, from which the Republic of China government continues to administer Taiwan, Pescadores, and its neighboring islands, though it also continues to claim (technically, at least) Nanjing as its rightful de jure capital.

After communist takeover, Peking (formerly Peiping, later spelled as Beijing) was made capital of the People's Republic, and Nanjing was demoted to be the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping initially focused on the south coast of China, in Guangdong province, which soon left Jiangsu behind; starting from the 1990s they were applied more evenly to the rest of China. Suzhou and Wuxi, two southern cities of Jiangsu in close proximity to neighboring Shanghai, have since become particularly prosperous, being among the top 10 cities in China in terms of gross domestic product and outstripping the provincial capital of Nanjing. The income disparity between northern and southern Jiangsu however remains large.

Geography
Jiangsu in 1936
Tourists cross a bridge in Chengxu temple, a Taoist temple which was built in 1086-1093 during the Song Dynasty

Jiangsu is flat, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent). Most of the province stands not more than 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. Jiangsu also has a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of 水乡 (shuǐxiāng "land of water"). The southern city of Suzhou has so many canals that it has been dubbed "Venice of the East" or the "Venice of the Orient."[11][12] The Grand Canal of China cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, crossing all the east-west river systems. Jiangsu also borders the Yellow Sea. The Yangtze River, the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the East China Sea, which divides the region into two parts: more urban, prosperous south and more poorer, rural north, and these two parts has a tense division.[13] Mount Yuntai, near the city of Lianyungang, is the highest point in Jiangsu, at an altitude of 625 metres (2,051 ft) above sea level. Large lakes in Jiangsu include Lake Tai (the largest), Lake Hongze, Lake Gaoyou, Lake Luoma, and Lake Yangcheng.

Before 1194 A.D., the Huai River cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea. The Huai River is a major river in central China, and it was the traditional border between North China and South China. Since 1194 A.D., the Yellow River further to the north changed its course several times, running into the Huai River in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into Bohai Bay. The silting caused by the Yellow River was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huai River ended in 1855: the Huai River was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging Lake Hongze and Lake Gaoyou), and flowed southwards through the Grand Canal into the Yangtze. The old path of the Huai River is now marked by a series of irrigation channels, the most significant of which is the North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal (苏北灌溉总渠), which channels a small amount of the water of the Huai River alongside south of its old path into the sea.

Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing

Most of Jiangsu has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cwa in the Köppen climate classification), beginning to transition into a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) in the far north. Seasonal changes are clear-cut, with temperatures at an average of −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F) in January and 26 to 29 °C (79 to 84 °F) in July. Rain falls frequently between spring and summer (meiyu), typhoons with rainstorms occur in late summer and early autumn. As with the rest of the coast, tornados are possible. The annual average rainfall is 800 to 1,200 millimetres (31 to 47 in), concentrated mostly in summer during the southeast monsoon.

Major cities:[14]

Administrative divisions
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Jiangsu and List of township-level divisions of Jiangsu

Jiangsu is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city):

Administrative divisions of Jiangsu
Division code[15] Division Area in km2[16] Population 2010[17] Seat Divisions[18]
Districts Counties CL cities
320000Jiangsu Province 102600.0078,659,903Nanjing city551921
320100Nanjing city 6582.318,004,680Xuanwu District11
320200Wuxi city 4787.616,372,624Binhu District52
320300Xuzhou city 11764.888,580,500Yunlong District532
320400Changzhou city 4384.574,591,972Xinbei District51
320500Suzhou city 8488.4210,465,994Gusu District54
320600Nantong city 8001.007,282,835Chongchuan District313
320700Lianyungang city 7615.294,393,914Haizhou District33
320800Huai'an city 9949.974,799,889Qingjiangpu District43
320900Yancheng city 16972.427,260,240Tinghu District351
321000Yangzhou city 6591.214,459,760Hanjiang District312
321100Zhenjiang city 3840.323,113,384Jingkou District33
321200Taizhou city 5787.264,618,558Hailing District33
321300Suqian city 8555.004,715,553Sucheng District23
  Sub-provincial cities
Population distribution of Jiangsu in 2010

These prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 98 county-level divisions (55 districts, 21 county-level cities, and 20 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,488 township-level divisions (1,078 towns, 122 townships, one ethnic township, and 287 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 80.29 million.

Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#CityUrban area[19]District area[19]City proper[19]Census date
1Nanjing[lower-alpha 1]5,827,8887,165,2928,003,7442010-11-01
(1)Nanjing (new districts)[lower-alpha 1]410,298838,452see Nanjing2010-11-01
2Suzhou[lower-alpha 2] 3,302,1524,072,08110,459,8902010-11-01
(2)Suzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 2]781,7711,273,880see Suzhou2010-11-01
3Wuxi2,757,7363,543,7196,374,3992010-11-01
4Changzhou[lower-alpha 3]2,257,3763,290,9184,592,4312010-11-01
(4)Changzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 3]275,185551,991see Changzhou2010-11-01
5Xuzhou[lower-alpha 4]1,735,1661,967,2148,577,2252010-11-01
(5)Xuzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 4]479,6291,086,564see Xuzhou2010-11-01
6Nantong1,612,3852,274,1137,283,6222010-11-01
7Huai'an[lower-alpha 5]1,523,6552,635,4064,801,6622010-11-01
(7)Huai'an (new district)[lower-alpha 5]146,359326,459see Huai'an2010-11-01
8Yancheng[lower-alpha 6]1,136,8261,615,8367,262,2002010-11-01
(8)Yancheng (new district)[lower-alpha 6]347,389706,662see Yancheng2010-11-01
9Kunshan1,118,6171,644,860see Suzhou2010-11-01
10Yangzhou[lower-alpha 7]1,077,5311,392,5634,460,0662010-11-01
(10)Yangzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 7]506,7061,006,372see Yangzhou2010-11-01
11Jiangyin1,013,6701,595,138see Wuxi2010-11-01
12Zhenjiang950,5161,200,7603,114,1052010-11-01
13Changshu929,1241,510,453see Suzhou2010-11-01
14Lianyungang[lower-alpha 8]897,3931,050,5234,393,4822010-11-01
(14)Lianyungang (new district)[lower-alpha 8]413,809950,486see Lianyungang2010-11-01
15Suqian783,3761,437,6854,719,1782010-11-01
16Zhangjiagang762,6251,246,762see Suzhou2010-11-01
17Yixing710,4971,235,542see Wuxi2010-11-01
18Taizhou[lower-alpha 9]676,877878,4634,618,9372010-11-01
(18)Taizhou (new district)[lower-alpha 9]376,724728,645see Taizhou2010-11-01
19Pizhou631,5721,458,038see Xuzhou2010-11-01
20Rugao614,909,1267,066see Nantong2010-11-01
21Xinghua575,2881,253,548see Taizhou2010-11-01
22Taixing553,0791,073,921see Taizhou2010-11-01
23Danyang500,572960,662see Zhenjiang2010-11-01
24Dongtai489,815990,306see Yancheng2010-11-01
25Qidong479,243972,525see Nantong2010-11-01
26Haimen453,781907,598see Nantong2010-11-01
27Taicang435,225711,854see Suzhou2010-11-01
(28)Hai'an[lower-alpha 10]424,900866,337see Nantong2010-11-01
29Xinyi402,169920,628see Xuzhou2010-11-01
30Jingjiang388,119684,360see Taizhou2010-11-01
31Liyang368,409749,522see Changzhou2010-11-01
32Gaoyou341,069744,685see Yangzhou2010-11-01
33Jurong299,033617,706see Zhenjiang2010-11-01
34Yizheng271,969564,021see Yangzhou2010-11-01
35Yangzhong179,771334,977see Zhenjiang2010-11-01
  1. New districts established after census: Lishui (Lishui County), Gaochun (Gaochun County). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. New district established after census: Wujiang (Wujiang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. New district established after census: Jintan (Jintan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. New district established after census: Tongshan (Tongshan County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. New district established after census: Hongze (Hongze County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. New district established after census: Dafeng (Dafeng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. New district established after census: Jiangdu (Jiangdu CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. New district established after census: Ganyu (Ganyu County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. New district established after census: Jiangyan (Jiangyan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  10. Hai'an County is currently known as Hai'an CLC after census.

Politics
Main articles: Politics of Jiangsu and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Jiangsu is structured in a one party (Communist) government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jiangsu is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangsu CPC Party Chief."

Economy
An industrial landscape in Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, Nanjing

As of 2018, Jiangsu had a gross domestic product(GDP) of US$1.377 trillion (CN￥9.2 trillion),[20] the second-highest in China, its GDP is greater than those of Mexico and Indonesia,[21] which are the world's 15th- and 16th-largest economies, respectively. Annual economic growth is around 8%. Jiangsu' economy is the 7th-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind California, England, Tokyo, Texas, New York and Guangdong. Its GDP per capita in 2017 was US$17,176, ranking 4th in Mainland China.

The province has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agriculture, which is based primarily on rice and wheat, followed by maize and sorghum. Main cash crops include cotton, soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, ambary hemp, and tea. Other products include peppermint, spearmint, bamboo, medicinal herbs, apples, pears, peaches, loquats, ginkgo. Silkworms form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the Lake Tai region to the south a major base of silk production in China. Jiangsu is an important producer of freshwater fish and other aquatic products.

Jiangsu has coal, petroleum, and natural gas deposits, but its most significant mineral products are non-metal minerals such as halite (rock salt), sulfur, phosphorus, and marble. The city of Xuzhou is a coal hub of China. The salt mines of Huaiyin have more than 0.4 trillion tonnes of deposits, one of the greatest collections of deposits in China.

Jiangsu is historically oriented toward light industries such as textiles and food industry. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy industries such as chemical industry and construction materials. Jiangsu's important industries include machinery, electronic, chemicals, and automobile.[22][23] The government has worked hard to promote the solar industry and hoped by 2012 the solar industry would be worth 100 billion RMB.[24] The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping have greatly benefited southern cities, especially Suzhou and Wuxi, which outstrip the provincial capital, Nanjing, in total output. In the eastern outskirts of Suzhou, Singapore has built the Suzhou Industrial Park, a flagship of Sino-Singaporean cooperation and the only industrial park in China that is in its entirety the investment of a single foreign country.

Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China, with the second highest total GDP, after Guangdong Province. Its GDP per capita was 44,232 yuan in 2009, but a wealth gap between the prosperous south and poorer north has led to unequal economic growth.[22] Cities like Nanjing, Suzhou, and Wuxi have GDPs per capita around twice the provincial average, making south Jiangsu one of the most prosperous regions in China.

Jiangsu contains over 100 different economic and technological development zones devoted to different types of investments.[25]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[26] 32,283,000—    
1928[27] 34,126,000+5.7%
1936–37[28] 36,469,000+6.9%
1947[29] 36,080,000−1.1%
1954[30] 41,252,192+14.3%
1964[31] 44,504,608+7.9%
1982[32] 60,521,114+36.0%
1990[33] 67,056,519+10.8%
2000[34] 73,043,577+8.9%
2010[35] 78,659,903+7.7%
Shanghai was part of Jiangsu Province until 1927.
Nanjing part of Jiangsu Province until 1927; dissolved in 1952 and incorporated into Jiangsu Province.

The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic Han Chinese. Other minorities include the Hui and the Manchus.

Demographic indicators in 2000

Population: 74.058 million (urban: 34.637 million; rural: 39.421 million) (2003)
Birth rate: 9.04 per 1000 (2003)
Death rate: 7.03 per 1000 (2003)
Sex ratio: 102.55 males per 100 females
Average family size: 3.25
Han Chinese proportion: 99.64%
Literacy rate: 97.88%

Religion

Religion in Jiangsu[36][note 1]

  Chinese ancestral religion (16.67%)
  Christianity (2.64%)
  Other religions or not religious people[note 2] (80.69%)

The predominant religions in Jiangsu are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 16.67% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.64% of the population identifies as Christian.[36] The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.69% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

Transportation

Jiangsu is home to one of the most extensive transportation networks in China.

Air

Nanjing Lukou International Airport (IATA: NKG) serves as the major airport in the province, with flights to Tokyo, Osaka, Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon, Frankfurt, Bangkok, Milan, Vancouver and Los Angeles. Other passenger airports include Changzhou Benniu Airport, Sunan Shuofang International Airport, Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport, and Nantong Xingdong Airport. Air traffic in the populated Suzhou area is often diverted to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, to which Suzhou is conveniently connected to via bus services and by expressway.

Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport, Yancheng Nanyang International Airport, and Lianyungang Baitabu Airport serve as hubs in northern Jiangsu.

Rail
Main article: Railways in Jiangsu

The southern part of the province, namely the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor, has very high-frequency rail services. Jiangsu is en route of the Jinghu railway from Beijing to Shanghai, as well as the high speed line between the two cities completed in 2011. Since the completion of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, travel time between Beijing and Nanjing has been reduced to approximately four hours (from eleven hours previously); travel time between Nanjing and Shanghai on the fastest high-speed trains takes just over an hour.

Between the major urban centres of Suzhou and Nanjing, it is possible to catch a high-speed train every five to ten minutes during the day. The conventional and high-speed trains pass through Kunshan, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Danyang, Zhenjiang, and Nanjing. Yangzhou has been connected by railway since 2004, and Yancheng since 2007. As of 2007, all major cities in Jiangsu except Suqian have been connected, though discussions are under way to connect Suqian with Xuzhou and Yancheng via intercity rail as of late 2014. The Xinchang Railway originates in Xinyi and heads south, passing through Huai'an, Yancheng, Taizhou, Hai'an, Jiangyin and Yixing.

Xuzhou, a city in northeast Jiangsu, is a very important railway junction in the province as well as the whole of China. Its prominence as a railway hub dates back to at least the Mao era. In 1975, then Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping targeted railway operations in Xuzhou as part of his overall economic reform efforts in the waning days of the Cultural Revolution. Xuzhou is the crossing point of Longhai railway and Jinghu railway, and its railway station is among the largest in China. The Longhai railway terminates at port city of Lianyungang near the shore of the Pacific Ocean.

Road

Jiangsu's road network is one of the most developed in the country.[37] The Beijing–Shanghai Expressway (G2) enters the province from the north and passes through Huai'an, Yangzhou, Taizhou, and Wuxi on the way to Shanghai; travelling from Shanghai westbound, G2 forks at Wuxi and continues onto Nanjing separately as G42, the Shanghai–Nanjing Expressway, which serves the widely travelled southern corridor of the province. The Ningchang Expressway links Nanjing with Changzhou. The Suzhou area is extensively networked with expressways, going in all directions. The Yanhai Expressway links the coastal regions of the province, passing through Nantong, Yancheng, and Lianyungang.

Historically, the province was divided by the Yangtze River into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the river in Jiangsu, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, was completed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. The second bridge crossing, Jiangyin Bridge, opened 30 years later at Jiangyin. As of October 2014, there were 11 cross-Yangtze bridges in the province, including the five in Nanjing, which also has two cross-river tunnels. The Jiangyin Bridge (1,385 m (4,544 ft)), Runyang Bridge (opened in 2005, connecting Yangzhou and Zhenjiang, 1,490 m (4,890 ft)), and Fourth Nanjing Bridge (opened in 2012; 1,418 m (4,652 ft)) all rank among the ten longest suspension bridges in the world. The Sutong Bridge, opened in 2008, connecting Nantong and Changshu, has one of the longest cable-stayed bridge spans in the world, at 1,088 m (3,570 ft).

Metro (Subway)

As of September 2019, Jiangsu has five cities that have operational subway systems, together with two extra cities (Nantong and Huai'an) currently under construction. These five cities are Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Xuzhou respectively.

Nanjing Metro was opened in September 2005. It was the sixth city in Mainland China that opened up a metro system. As of December 2019 the city currently has 10 metro lines (Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 10, Line S1, Line S3, Line S7, Line S8 and Line S9), with several extra ones (i.e. Line 5) under construction.

Suzhou Rail Transit, also known as Suzhou Metro, was opened in April 2012. As of December 25, 2019, it currently has four operational lines: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 and Line 4. It also has five other lines under construction (Line 5, Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, Line S1) and 11 lines under planning (Lines 9, 10, 11 through 16, Line 18, Line 20, Line S4, Line S5). Currently under construction lines will be operational by 2024 and planning lines will be operational by 2035.

Wuxi Metro was opened in July 2014. The system is currently composed of two operational lines: Line 1 and Line 2.

Changzhou Metro was opened in September 2019. The system currently only has one line operational, Line 1.

Xuzhou Metro was opened in September 2019, few days after when Changzhou Metro started operation. The system currently only has one line operational, Line 1.

Nantong Metro started construction in 2017. It will start operation beginning in 2022.

Huai'an Metro, also known as Huai'an Rail System, began construction in November 2018. There are seven lines planned: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line S1, and Line S2. It will start operation before 2025.

Culture

The four mass migrations in the 4th, 8th, 12th and 14th centuries had been influential in shaping the regional culture of Jiangsu. According to dialects and the other factors, the province can be roughly segmented four major cultural subdivisions: Wu (吴), Jinling (金陵), Huaiyang (淮扬) and Xuhuai (徐淮), from southeast to northwest. The belts of transition blurred the boundaries.[38][39][40]

Group Wuyue Lower Yangtze Central Plains
Designation Wu Jinling Huaiyang Xuhuai
Major dialect Wu Chinese Lower Yangtze Mandarin Lower Yangtze Mandarin Central Plains Mandarin
Core Suzhou Nanjing Yangzhou Xuzhou
The Humble Administrator's Garden, one of the classical gardens of Suzhou.

Jiangsu is rich in cultural traditions. Kunqu, originating in Kunshan, is one of the most renowned and prestigious forms of Chinese opera.[41] Pingtan, a form of storytelling accompanied by music, is also popular: it can be subdivided into types by origin: Suzhou Pingtan (of Suzhou), Yangzhou Pingtan (of Yangzhou), and Nanjing Pingtan (of Nanjing). Wuxi opera, a form of traditional Chinese opera, is popular in Wuxi, while Huaiju is popular further north, around Yancheng. Jiangsu cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of the cuisine of China.

Suzhou is also well known for its silk, Chinese embroidery, jasmine tea, stone bridges, pagodas, and classical gardens. Nearby Yixing is noted for its teaware while Yangzhou is known for its lacquerware and jadeware. Nanjing's yunjin is a noted type of woven silk.

Since ancient times, south Jiangsu has been famed for its prosperity and opulence, and simply inserting south Jiangsu place names (Suzhou, Yangzhou, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, as was indeed done by many famous poets. In particular, the fame of Suzhou (as well as Hangzhou in neighbouring Zhejiang) has led to the popular saying: 上有天堂，下有蘇杭 ("above there is heaven; below there are Suzhou and Hangzhou"), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities. Similarly, the prosperity of Yangzhou has led poets to dream of: 腰纏十萬貫，騎鶴下揚州 ("with a hundred thousand strings of coins wrapped around its waist, a crane landed in Yangzhou").

Higher education
See also: List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu

As of 2015, Jiangsu hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces. There are two Project 985 and 11 Project 211 universities in the province. A combination of 93 members of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering work in Jiangsu.[42]

Tourism

Nanjing was the capital of several Chinese dynasties and contains a variety of historic sites, such as the Purple Mountain, Purple Mountain Observatory, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Ming dynasty city wall and gates, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (the mausoleum of the first Ming Emperor, Hongwu Emperor), Lake Xuanwu, Jiming Temple, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and the Nanjing Zoo, along with its circus. Suzhou is renowned for its classical gardens (designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site), as well as the Hanshan Temple, and Huqiu Tower. Nearby is the water-town of Zhouzhuang, an international tourist destination with Venice-like waterways, bridges and dwellings, which have been preserved over centuries. Yangzhou is known for Slender West Lake. Wuxi is known for being the home of the world's tallest Buddha statue. In the north, Xuzhou is designated as one of China's "eminent historical cities." The official travel and tourism website for Jiangsu[43] was set up in 2008.

Sports
Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre.

Professional sports teams in Jiangsu include:

International relations

Twin Provinces

Twin towns and sister cities
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See also

Notes
  1. The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[36] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. This may include:

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Sources
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