List of languages by time of extinction
This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction. A language is determined to be extinct when its last native or fluent speaker dies. When the exact time of death of the last remaining speaker is not known, either an approximate time or the date when the language was last being recorded is given.
List
21st century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 April 2020 | Aka-Sare | Great Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | with the death of Licho[1] |
23 March 2019 | Ngandi | Arnhem | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of C. W. Daniels[2][3] |
4 January 2019 | Tehuelche | Chonan | Patagonia, Argentina | with the death of Dora Manchado[4][5] |
9 December 2016 | Mandan | Siouan | North Dakota, United States | with the death of Edwin Benson[6] |
30 August 2016 | Wichita | Caddoan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Doris McLemore[7] |
29 July 2016 | Gugu Thaypan | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Tommy George[8] |
February 2016 | Nuchatlaht dialect of Nuu-chah-nulth | Wakashan | British Columbia, Canada | with the death of Alban Michael[9] |
by 2016 | Amurdag | Iwaidjan | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Charlie Mungulda[10][11] |
4 February 2014 | Klallam | Salishan | Washington, United States | with the death of Hazel Sampson[12][notes 1] |
5 June 2013 | Livonian | Uralic > Finnic | Latvia | with the death of Grizelda Kristina[13][notes 2] |
26 March 2013 | Yurok | Algic | California, United States | with the death of Archie Thompson[14] |
2 October 2012 | Cromarty dialect of Scots | Germanic | Northern Scotland, United Kingdom | with the death of Bobby Hogg[15] |
11 July 2012 | Upper Chinook | Chinookan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Gladys Thompson[16] |
10 March 2012 | Holikachuk | Na-Dene | Alaska, United States | with the death of Wilson "Tiny" Deacon[17] |
ca. 2012 | Dhungaloo | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Roy Hatfield[18] |
by 2012 | Mardijker | Portuguese-based Creole | Jakarta, Indonesia | with the death of Oma Mimi Abrahams[19] |
10 April 2011 | Apiaká | Tupian | Mato Grosso, Brazil | with the death of Pedrinho Kamassuri [20] |
2011 | Lower Arrernte | Pama-Nyungan | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Brownie Doolan Perrurle[21] |
24 October 2010 | Pazeh | Austronesian | Taiwan | with the death of Pan Jin-yu[22] |
20 August 2010 | Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole | Portuguese-based Creole | Southern India | with the death of William Rozario[22] |
26 January 2010 | Aka-Bo | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | with the death of Boa Sr.[23] |
November 2009 | Aka-Kora | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | with the death of Ms. Boro[24] |
2009 | Aka-Jeru | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [25] |
2009 | Nyawaygi | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Willie Seaton[26] |
by 2009 | Muruwari | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland and New South Wales, Australia | [27] |
by 2009 | Agavotaguerra | Arawakan | Brazil | [28] |
by 2009 | Arikem | Tupian | Brazil | [29] |
by 2009 | Karipúna | Tupian | Brazil | [30] |
by 2009 | Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe | unclassified | Brazil | [31] |
by 2009 | Aribwatsa | Malayo-Polynesian | Papua New Guinea | [32] |
by 2009 | Lelak | Malayo-Polynesian | Sarawak, Malaysia | |
by 2009 | Papora-Hoanya | Austronesian | Taiwan | [33] |
by 2009 | Warluwara | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
after April 2008 | Dura | Sino-Tibetan | Nepal | with the death of Soma Devi Dura[34] |
21 January 2008 | Eyak | Na-Dene | Alaska, United States | with the death of Marie Smith Jones[35] |
2008 | Plains Apache | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Alfred Chalepah Jr. |
10 August 2007 | Gros Ventre | Algic > Algonquian | Montana, United States | with the death of Theresa Lamebull[36][37] |
ca. 2007 | Javindo | Dutch-based creole | Java, Indonesia | [38] |
by 2007 | Hpun | Sino-Tibetan > Burmish | Myanmar | [39] |
11 July 2006 | Wasco dialect of Upper Chinook | Chinookan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Madeline Brunoe McInturff[40] |
after 2005 | Whulshootseed | Salishan | Washington, United States | with the death of Ellen Williams [41][42] |
2005 | Berbice Creole Dutch | Dutch-based creole | Guyana | with the death of Bertha Bell[43] |
2005 | Osage | Siouan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Lucille Roubedeaux[44] |
by 2005 | Barrow Point | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Urwunjin Roger Hart[45] |
2004 | Nüshu script | unclassified | Hunan, China | with the death of Yang Huanyi[46][47] |
ca. 2004 (?) | Duli | Niger-Congo > Adamawa | Cameroon | [48] |
29 December 2003 | Akkala Sami | Uralic > Sami | Kola Peninsula, Russia | with the death of Marja Sergina[49][50] |
14 September 2003 | Klamath-Modoc | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Neva Eggsman[51][52] |
2003 | Garig Ilgar | Pama-Nyungan | Northern Territory, Australia | [53] |
2003 | Wintu | Wintuan | California, United States | with the death of Flora Jones[54] |
by 2003 | Alngith | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
by 2003 | Areba | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [55] |
by 2003 | Atampaya | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [56] |
by 2003 | Umbindhamu | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [57] |
31 August 2002 | Unami | Algic > Algonquian | Delaware, United States | with the death of Edward Thompson[58][notes 3] |
23 May 2002 | Gaagudju | Arnhem Land languages | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Big Bill Neidjie[59] |
2002 | Serrano | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Dorothy Ramon |
c. 2001 | Rennellese Sign Language | Unclassified | Solomon Islands | with the death of Kagobai |
by 2001 | Amanayé | Tupian | Brazil | [60] |
20th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
20th-21st century (?) | Ayabadhu | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [61] |
20th-21st century (?) | Aghu Tharnggala | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [61] |
20th-21st century (?) | Adithinngithigh | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
20th-21st century (?) | Arritinngithigh | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
20th-21st century (?) | Gurnai | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | now being revived[61] |
late 20th century (?) | Nganyaywana | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
late 20th century (?) | Ngamini | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | |
late 20th century | Newfoundland Irish | Celtic | Newfoundland, Canada | [62] |
ca. 2000 | Mesmes | Semitic | Ethiopia | with the death of Abegaz[63][64] |
2000 | Sowa | Malayo-Polynesian | Pentecost Island, Vanuatu | with the death of Maurice Tabi[65] |
late 1990s | Munichi | unclassified | Loreto Region, Peru | with the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate |
1999 | Nyulnyul | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | with the death of Carmel Charles [66] |
by 1999 | Ineseño | Chumashan | California, United States | [67] |
1998 | Mlahsô | Semitic | Syria; Turkey | with the death of Ibrahim Hanna[68] |
by 1998 | Skepi Creole Dutch | Dutch-based creole | Guyana | [69] |
1997-98 | Ngarnka | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
January 1997 | Sireniki Yupik | Eskimo–Aleut | Chukotka Peninsula, Russia | with the death of Valentina Wye[70] |
ca. 1996 (?) | Malaryan | Dravidian | Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India | [71] |
1996 | Iowa-Oto | Siouan | Oklahoma and Kansas, United States | with the death of Truman Washington Dailey[72] |
by 1996 | Katabaga | Malayo-Polynesian | The Philippines | [73] |
by 1996 | Palumata | Austronesian | Maluku, Indonesia | [74] |
before 1996 | Seru | Malayo-Polynesian | Sarawak, Malaysia | [75] |
6 August 1995 | Martuthunira | Pama-Nyungan | Western Australia | with the death of Algy Paterson[76] |
after 1994 | Aka-Cari | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [77] |
30 April 1994 | Sakhalin Ainu | Ainu languages | Japan | with the death of Take Asai[78] |
1994 | Northern Pomo | Pomoan (Hokan?) | California, United States |
with the death of Edna Guerrero |
1993 | Andoa | Zaparoan | Peru | [79] |
1993 | Eastern Abnaki | Algic > Algonquian | Maine, United States | with the death of Madeline Shay[80][81] |
7 October 1992 | Ubykh | Northwest Caucasian | Balıkesir Province, Turkey | with the death of Tevfik Esenç[82] |
1991 | Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialect | Basque (language isolate) | Spain | with the death of Fidela Bernat[83] |
1991 | Pánobo | Panoan | Peru | [84] |
1990 | Shasta | Shastan | California, United States | |
1990 | Wappo | Yuki–Wappo | California, United States | with the death of Laura Fish Somersal[85] |
ca. 1990s | Lumaete dialect of Kayeli | Malayo-Polynesian | central Maluku, Indonesia | [86] |
ca. 1990s | Taman variety of Sak | Sino-Tibetan | Myanmar | [87] |
1990s | Unggumi | Worrorra | Australia | with the death of Morndi Munro[88] |
March 1989 | Leliali dialect of Kayeli | Malayo-Polynesian | central Maluku, Indonesia | [86][89] |
ca. 1989 | Hukumina | Austronesian | Maluku, Indonesia | [90] |
1989 | Kamassian | Uralic > Samoyedic | Sayan Mountains, Soviet Union | with the death of Klavdiya Plotnikova |
1989 | Miami-Illinois | Algic > Algonquian | along the Mississippi River, United States | |
1989 | Kungarakany | Gunwinyguan | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Madeline England[89][91] |
1988 | Atsugewi | Palaihnihan | California, United States | with the death of Medie Webster[92] |
1988 | Nooksack | Salishan | Washington, United States | with the death of Sindick Jimmy [89] |
1988 | ǁXegwi | Tuu | South Africa | with the death of Jopi Mabinda[93] |
ca. 1987 | Bidyara | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [94] |
ca. 1987 | Laua | Trans-New Guinea | Papua New Guinea | |
4 February 1987 | Cupeño | Chumashan | California, United States | with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez[95] |
1987 | Dyangadi | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [96] |
1987 | Negerhollands | Dutch-based creole | U.S. Virgin Islands | with the death of Alice Stevens |
1987 | Basa-Gumna | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Niger State/Plateau State, Nigeria | [97] |
by 1987 | Yugambal | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [98] |
ca. 1986 | Bikya | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Cameroon | |
ca. 1986 | Bishuo | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Cameroon | |
1986 | Jiwarli dialect, Mantharta | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | with the death of Jack Butler[99] |
1986 | Mangala | Pama-Nyungan | Western Australia | [100] |
1986 | Volow | Austronesian | Vanuatu | with the death of Wanhan[101] |
1984 | Yavitero | Arawakan | Venezuela | [89][102] |
1984 | Deeside dialect, Scottish Gaelic | Celtic | Scotland | with the death of Jean Bain[103] |
February 1983 | Antrim dialect, Irish | Celtic | Ireland | with the death of Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig[104][105] |
ca. 1983 | Yangman | Australian | Northern Territory, Australia | [106] |
1983 | Kansa | Siouan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Walter Kekahbah[107] |
1982 | Dagoman | Australian | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Martha Hart[108] |
by 1982 | Dyugun | Australian | Western Australia | [109] |
by 1982 | Kato | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | California, United States | [110] |
after 1981 | Dirari | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | [111] |
after 1981 | Dyaberdyaber | Pama-Nyungan | Western Australia | [112][113] |
after 1981 | Erre | Australian | Northern Territory, Australia | [114] |
after 1981 | Umbugarla | Arnhem Land languages or Darwin Region languages | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Butcher Knight |
after 1981 | Yawarawarga | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland and South Australia | [115] |
ca. 1981 | Ternateño | Portuguese Creole | Maluku, Indonesia | [116] |
1981 | Warrungu | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Alf Palmer[117][118] |
1980 | Twana | Salishan | Washington, United States | [89][119] |
1980 | Yalarnnga | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
late 1970s - 1980s[113] | Flinders Island | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | last known speaker was Johnny Flinders[117] |
between 1971 and 1981 | Kwadi | Khoe | southwestern Angola | [120] |
1970s – 1980s | Chicomuceltec | Mayan | Mexico; Guatemala | |
after 1979 | Pitta Pitta | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia and Linda Craigie of Mount Isa[121] |
3 November 1977 | Shuadit | Romance | southern France | with the death of Armand Lunel[89][122] |
24 August 1977 | Ngawun | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Cherry O'Keefe[123] |
ca. 1977 | Nagumi | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Cameroon | [124] |
between 1976 and 1999 | Kw'adza | Cushitic | Tanzania | [125] |
after 1976 | Muskum | Chadic | western Chad | [126] |
1976 | Aasáx | Cushitic | Tanzania | [127] |
1975 | Homa | Bantu | southern Sudan | [128] |
1975 | Yugh | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Soviet Union | [89][129] |
27 December 1974 | Manx | Celtic | Isle of Man, United Kingdom | with the death of Ned Maddrell. Now being revived as a second language[130] |
28 May 1974 | Ona | Chon | Tierra del Fuego, Argentina | with the death of Ángela Loij[notes 4] |
1974 | Moksela | Malayo-Polynesian | Maluku, Indonesia | [131] |
before 1974 | Cacaopera | Misumalpan | El Salvador | [132] |
1972 | Hanis | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Martha Harney Johnson[133] |
1972 | Mbabaram | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Albert Bennett[134] |
1970 | Tillamook | Salishan | Oregon, United States | [89] |
1968 | Welsh-Romani | Romani | Wales, United Kingdom | with the death of Manfri Wood[135] |
before 1968 | Sened | Berber | Tunisia | |
after 1965 | Barngarla | Pama-Nyungan | southern Australia | with the death of Moonie Davis[136] |
1965 | Barbareño | Chumashan | California, United States | with the death of Mary Yee[137][notes 5] |
1965 | Natchez | isolate | Mississippi, United States | [138] with the deaths of Nancy Raven[139] and Watt Sam. The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language.[140] |
1965 | Wakawaka | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [141] |
ca. 1964 | Aariya | spurious | India | [142] |
1963 | Galice | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Hoxie Simmons |
1963 | Jorá | Tupi | Bolivia | [89] |
1962 | Wiyot | Algic | California, United States | with the death of Delia Prince[143] |
after 1961 | Wyandot | Iroquoian | Oklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada | |
1960 | Oriel dialect, Irish | Celtic | Ireland | with the death of Annie O'Hanlon[144][145] |
1960 | Siuslaw | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Mary Barrett Elliott. Last speaker of Lower Umpqua dialect was Billy Dick[133] |
ca. 1960s | Pirlatapa | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | [146] |
1960s | Timor Pidgin | Portuguese creole | East Timor | [147] |
1959 | Catawba | Siouan | South Carolina, United States | with the death of Chief Sam Blue[148] |
1958 | Salinan | isolate (Hokan?) | California, United States | |
1958 | Molala | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Fred Yelkes[133] |
1958 | Omurano | Zaparoan | Peru | [89][149] |
after 1955 | Wotapuri-Katarqalai | Indo-Aryan | Afghanistan | [150] |
after 1954 | Tây Bồi | French-based Pidgin | Vietnam | [151][152] |
1954 | Central Kalapuya | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | with the death of John B. Hudson[133] |
1954 | Ifo | Malayo-Polynesian | Erromanga Island, Vanuatu | with the death of James Nalig[153] |
1952 | Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | Sign language | Massachusetts, United States | with the death of Katie West |
1951 | Alsea | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of John Albert[133] |
ca. 1950 | Bohemian Romani | mixed language | Czechoslovakia, Central Europe | after World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps. |
1950 | Kaniet | Malayo-Polynesian | Manus Province, Papua New Guinea | [89][154] |
ca. 1950s | Pijao | unclassified | Colombia | [155] |
mid-20th century | Ventureño | Chumashan | California, United States | |
mid-20th century | Slovincian | Slavic | Pomerania, Poland | |
mid-20th century | Tunica | isolate | Louisiana, United States | with the death of Sesostrie Youchigant[156] |
after 1949 | Kunza | unclassified | Atacama Desert, Chile/Peru | |
after 1947 | Gafat | Semitic | along the Abbay River, Ethiopia | [157] |
after 1942 | Upper Umpqua | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Wolverton Orton |
1940 | Chitimacha | isolate | Louisiana, United States | with the death of Delphine Ducloux[158] |
1940 | Pentlatch | Salishan | Vancouver Island, Canada | with the death of Joe Nimnim[89] |
ca. 1940s | Chemakum | Chimakuan | Washington, United States | |
1939 | Rumsen | Penutian | California, United States | with the death of Isabel Meadows[159] |
1939 | Miluk | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Annie Miner Peterson[160] |
1939 | Northern Kalapuya | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Annie Miner Peterson[160] |
1937 | Yoncalla | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Laura Blackery Albertson[161] |
1937 | Kitanemuk | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the deaths of Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran |
1936 | Narungga | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia, Australia | [162] |
after 1934 | Biloxi | Siouan | Louisiana, United States | with the death of Emma Jackson[163] |
1934 | Juaneño | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | |
1934 | Puelche | Chon | Argentina | with the death of Trruúlmani |
1934 | Takelma | isolate | Oregon, United States | with the death of Frances Johnson[164] |
1933 | Gabrielino | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | |
between 1931 and 1951 | Akar-Bale | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [165] |
between 1931 and 1951 | Aka-Kede | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [165] |
between 1931 and 1951 | A-Pucikwar | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [165] |
after 1931 | Tonkawa | isolate | Oklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, United States | |
1931 | Kaurna | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | with the death of Ivaritji,[166] now being revived |
by 1931 | Aka-Bea | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [165] |
by 1931 | Oko-Juwoi | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [165] |
ca. 1930 | Mattole | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | California, United States | |
1930 | Mutsun | Penutian | California, United States | with the death of Ascencion Solorsano |
ca. 1930s | Cayuse | isolate/unclassified | Oregon, United States | |
ca. 1930s | Kathlamet | Penutian | Washington/Oregon, United States | with the death of Charles Cultee[133] |
ca. 1930s | Lower Chinook | Penutian | Washington/Oregon, United States | |
ca. 1930s | Mahican | Algic > Algonquian | New York, United States | |
ca. 1930s | Clackamas dialect of Upper Chinook | Penutian | Washington/Oregon, United States | |
ca. 1930s | Kitsai | Caddoan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Kai Kai[167] |
between 1920 and 1940 | Ajawa | Chadic | Bauchi State, Nigeria | [168] |
ca. 1929 | Bear River | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | California, USA | |
after 1925 | Subtiaba | Oto-Manguean or Subtiaba-Tlapanec | Nicaragua | |
January 1922 | Chimariko | isolate | California, United States | with the death of Sally Noble[169][170] |
after 1921 | Chagatai | Turkic | Central Asia including Turkmenistan | [171] |
by 1921 | Aka-Kol | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [172] |
ca. 1920 | Mochica | Chimuan | northwest Peru | |
ca. 1920s | Chochenyo | Penutian | California, United States | |
ca. 1920s | Island Carib | Cariban | Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea | |
by 1920 | Yupiltepeque | Xincan | Guatemala | [173] |
after 1917 | Pochutec | Uto-Aztecan | Oaxaca, Mexico | |
1917 | Obispeño | Chumashan | Southern California, United States | with the death of Rosario Cooper[174] |
1916 | Yahi | isolate (Hokan?) | California, United States | with the death of Ishi[175][notes 6] |
1915 | Yamhill dialect of Northern Kalapuya | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | |
before 1913 | Tataviam | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Juan José Fustero |
1910 | Kwalhioqua | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Washington, United States | |
after 1908 | Siraya | Austronesian | southwestern Taiwan | [176] |
1908 | Mohegan-Pequot | Algic > Algonquian | southern New England, United States | with the death of Fidelia Fielding[177] |
1905 | Tasmanian | unclassified | Tasmania, Australia | with the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith[178][179][notes 7] |
after 1902 | Dyirringany | Pama–Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | |
between 1900 and 1920 | Jangil | Ongan | Andaman Islands, India | [180] |
ca. 1900 | Henniker Sign Language | Village sign | New Hampshire, United States | |
ca. 1900 | Moran | Sino-Tibetan | Assam, India | [181] |
1900 | Wulguru | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
by 1900 | Classical Mandaic | Semitic | Iran; Iraq | [182] |
early 20th century | Atakapa | isolate | Louisiana/Texas, United States | |
early 20th century | Jersey Dutch | Dutch-based creole | New Jersey, United States | |
early 20th century | Kazukuru | Malayo-Polynesian | New Georgia, Solomon Islands | |
early 20th century | Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin | Chinese/Russian-based contact language | ||
early 20th century | Chaná | Charruan | Uruguay | |
early 20th century | East Leinster dialect, Irish | Celtic | Ireland | [183] |
20th century | ǀXam | Tuu | South Africa | |
19th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 19th century | Adai | isolate | Louisiana, United States | |
late 19th century | Istrian Albanian | Albanian | Croatia | |
later 19th century (?) | Mbara | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | [184] |
ca. 1899 | Nawathinehena | Algic > Algonquian | Oklahoma and Wyoming, United States[185] | |
by 1899 | Ahom | Tai | India | |
by 1899 | Waling | Sino-Tibetan | Nepal | [186] |
10 June 1898 | Dalmatian | Romance | Croatia; Montenegro | with the death of Tuone Udaina[187][188] |
1898 | Moriori | Malayo-Polynesian | Chatham Island, New Zealand | with the death of Hirawanu Tapu[189] |
after 1894 | Tsetsaut | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | British Columbia, Canada | |
after 1892 | Awabakal | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
1886 | Comecrudo | Comecrudan | Mexico; Texas, United States | |
1886 | Cotoname | isolate | Mexico; Texas, United States | |
1884 | Yaquina | Penutian | Oregon, United States | |
ca. 1880 | Auregnais | Romance | Alderney, United Kingdom | |
1877 | Aruá | Arauan | Brazil | |
8 May 1876 | Bruny Island | Tasmanian | Tasmania, Australia | with the death of Truganini[notes 8] |
mid-1870s | Yola | Germanic | Wexford, Ireland | [191] |
1871 | Tutelo | Siouan | Virginia, United States | with the death of Nikonha[192][notes 9] |
1870 | Clatskanie | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Washington (state), United States | |
after 1867 | Andoquero | Witotoan | Colombia | [193] |
1864 | Xakriabá | Ge | Minas Gerais state, Brazil | |
1862 | Caquetio | Arawakan | Aruba | with the death of Nicolaas Pyclas[194] |
1858 | Karankawa | unclassified | Texas, United States | |
ca. 1857 | Woiwurrung | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
ca. 1855 | Wampanoag | Algic > Algonquian | Massachusetts, United States | Nantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable[195] |
after 1853 | Samaritan | Semitic | West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Palestinian territories | [196] |
October 19, 1853 | Nicoleño | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Juana Maria[197] |
1850 | Norn | North Germanic | Northern Isles, United Kingdom | with the death of Walter Sutherland[198][199] |
mid-19th century | Shinnecock | Algic > Algonquian | New York, United States | |
ca. 1850s | Kott | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [129] |
ca. 1840s | Mator | Uralic > Samoyedic | Sayan Mountains, Russia | |
1840s | Nanticoke | Algic > Algonquian | Delaware and Maryland, United States | with the death of Lydia Clark[200] |
after 1839 | Gulidjan | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
after 1836 | Wathawurrung | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
1836 | Nottoway | Iroquoian | Virginia, United States | |
after 1835 | Pali | Indo-Aryan | India; Myanmar | [201] |
after 1833 | Esselen | isolate (Hokan?) | California, United States | |
6 June 1829 | Beothuk | Algic > Algonquian? | Newfoundland, Canada | with the death of Shanawdithit[202] |
1828 | Garza | Comecrudan | Mexico | |
1828 | Mamulique | Comecrudan | Nuevo León, Mexico | |
1821 | Karkin | Penutian | California, United States | |
after 1819 | Peerapper | Tasmanian | Tasmania, Australia | |
10 April 1815 | Tambora | unclassified (Papuan) | Sumbawa | following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora[203] |
after 1808 | Nuennone | Tasmanian | Tasmania, Australia | |
ca. 1803 | Bunwurrung | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
ca. 1800 | Pallanganmiddang | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
ca. 19th century | Crimean Gothic | Germanic | Crimea, Russia | |
ca. 19th century | Assan | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [129] |
ca. 19th century | Sandy River Valley Sign Language | Martha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolate | Maine, United States | |
19th century | Mediterranean Lingua Franca | Romance-based Pidgin | Tunisia; Greece; Cyprus | [204] |
19th century | Chorotega | Oto-Manguean | Costa Rica; Nicaragua | [205] |
19th century | Matagalpa | Misumalpan | Nicaragua | |
19th century | Ramaytush | Penutian | California, United States | |
19th century | Kemi Sami | Uralic > Sami | Lapland, Finland | [206] |
early 19th century | Cochimí | Yuman-Cochimi (Hokan?) | Baja California, Mexico | |
early 19th century | Pumpokol | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [129] |
18th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 18th century | Esuma | Kwa | southern Côte d'Ivoire | [207] |
after 1791 | Eora | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland and New South Wales, Australia | [208] |
after 1791 | Quiripi | Algic > Algonquian | Connecticut/New York/New Jersey, United States | [209] |
ca. 1790s | Powhatan | Algic > Algonquian | eastern Virginia, United States | |
after 1788 | Gundungurra | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [210] |
after 1788 | Ngunnawal | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [210] |
after 1788 | Thurawal | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [210] |
26 December 1777 | Cornish | Celtic | Cornwall, England | with the death of Dolly Pentreath[211][notes 10] |
after 1770 | Weyto | unclassified | Ethiopia | |
1770 | Cuman | Turkic | north of Black Sea; Hungary | with the death of István Varró |
ca. 1770s | Abipón | Mataco–Guaicuru | Argentina | |
1763 | Susquehannock | Iroquoian | Maryland/Virginia, United States | |
1760 | Galwegian dialect, Scottish Gaelic | Celtic | Scotland, United Kingdom | with the death of Margaret McMurray |
1756 | Polabian | Slavic | around the Elbe river, Poland/Germany | [212] |
ca. 1730s | Arin | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [129] |
18th Century | Plateau Sign Language | Contact pidgin | Columbia Plateau, United States | |
18th century | Coahuilteco | isolate/unclassified | Mexico; Texas, United States | |
18th century | Etchemin | Algic > Algonquian | Maine, United States | |
18th century | Chibcha | Chibchan | Colombia | |
18th century | Hilberno-Scottish Gaelic | Celtic | Ireland and Scotland, United Kingdom | [213] |
ca. 18th century | Chané | Arawakan | Argentina | a dialect of Terêna |
early 18th century | Apalachee | Muskogean | Florida, United States | |
early 18th century | Old Prussian | Baltic | Poland | |
17th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
between 17th and 19th century | Niuatoputapu | Malayo-Polynesian | Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga | [214] |
late 17th to early 18th century | Cacán | unclassified | northern Argentina; Chile | |
by 1700 | Pidgin Delaware | Delaware-based pidgin | Delaware, United States | [215] |
late 17th century | Sudovian | Baltic | Lithuania | |
after 1666 | Old Kentish Sign Language | Village sign language | Kent, England | [216] |
after 1643 | Narragansett | Algic > Algonquian | New England, United States | [217] |
ca. 1635 | Jurchen | Tungusic | Manchuria, China | [218] |
after 1618 | Lumbee | Algic > Algonquian | North Carolina and Maryland, United States | [219] |
after 1618 | Carolina Algonquian | Algic > Algonquian | North Carolina, United States | [219] |
17th century | Jassic | Iranian | Hungary | |
17th century | Coptic | Afro-Asiatic | Egypt | still used as a liturgical language |
17th century | Curonian | Baltic | Latvia | |
16th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 16th century | Knaanic | Slavic | Czech Republic; Poland | |
late 16th century | Laurentian | Iroquoian | Quebec/Ontario, Canada | |
after 1548 | Taino | Arawakan | The Bahamas and Puerto Rico | |
after 1502 | Tangut | Sino-Tibetan | northwestern China; southern Mongolia | |
16th century | Semigallian | Baltic | Latvia; Lithuania | |
16th century | Guanahatabey | Unclassified | Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba | |
16th century | Guanche | unclassified, maybe Berber | Canary Islands, Spain | [220] |
15th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
end of 15th century | Mozarabic | Romance | Spain; Portugal | [221] |
late 15th century | Greenlandic Norse | Germanic | Greenland | |
late 15th century | Selonian | Baltic | Latvia; Lithuania | |
14th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
14th century | Galindian | Baltic | northern Poland; Russia | |
14th century | Zarphatic | Romance | northern France; west-central Germany | |
13th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
13th – 14th century | Bulgar | Turkic | Volga and Danube, Europe; Central Asia | |
1243 | Khitan | Mongolic | Central Asia | with the death of Yelü Chucai[222][notes 11] |
13th century | Pyu | Sino-Tibetan | central Myanmar | |
11th and 12th centuries
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
11th – 12th century | Cumbric | Celtic | England/Scotland, United Kingdom | |
11th – 12th century | Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | Semitic | Iraq | [223] |
between 1000 and 1300 | Khazar | Turkic | northern Caucasus; Central Asia | |
ca. 1000 | Lombardic | Germanic | central Europe; northern Italy | |
ca. 1000 | Merya | Uralic | Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia | |
ca. 1000 | Muromian | Uralic | Vladimir Oblast, Russia | |
ca. 1000 | Alanic | Iranian | Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia | evolved into Ossetian |
11th century | Old Church Slavonic | Slavic | Eastern Europe | still used as a liturgical language |
10th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
10th – 12th century | Syriac | Semitic | Turkey; Iraq; Syria | still used as a literary secular language[224] |
10th – 12th century | Samaritan Aramaic | Semitic | West Bank, Palestine; Israel | now only used as liturgical language[225] |
10th century | Sakan | Iranian | Xinjiang, China | |
10th century | Zhang-Zhung | Sino-Tibetan | western Tibet (Central Asia) | |
9th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9th century or later | Pictish | Celtic | Scotland, United Kingdom | |
after 840 | Tocharian | Indo-European | Tarim Basin (Central Asia) | |
9th century | Gothic | Germanic | Spain; Portugal; Italy | with the exception of Crimean Gothic |
9th century | Frankish | Germanic | France; Germany | |
9th century | Sogdian | Iranian | Uzbekistan; Tajikistan | evolved partly into Yaghnobi |
6th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
6th century | Ancient Cappadocian | Indo-European | Anatolia | |
6th century | Dacian | Indo-European | Balkans | |
6th century | Illyrian | Indo-European | western Balkans | disputed |
6th century | Sabaean | Semitic | Horn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula | |
6th century | Vandalic | Germanic | Spain; North Africa | |
6th century | Gaulish | Celtic | Gaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere | |
5th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
5th – 7th century | Phrygian | Indo-European | southeastern Bulgaria; Anatolia | |
before 6th century | Ligurian | unclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-European | northwestern Italy; southeastern France | [227] |
after 453 | Hunnic | unclassified, possibly Oghuric | from the Eurasian steppe into Europe | |
ca. 400 | Meroitic | unclassified, maybe Nilo-Saharan | Sudan | |
ca. 400 | Sarmatian | Iranian | Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia | evolved into Alanic |
5th century | Thracian | Indo-European | eastern and central Balkans | |
5th century | Isaurian | Anatolian | Anatolia | |
early 5th century | Punic | Semitic | North Africa | |
4th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
4th century CE | Galatian | Celtic | central Anatolia | |
4th century CE | Ge'ez | Semitic | Ethiopia; Eritrea | still used as a liturgical language[228] |
4th century CE | Biblical Hebrew | Semitic | Israel (as a part of Roman Palestine) | revived in the 1880s |
after 300 CE | Parthian | Iranian | Iran | |
3rd century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd century CE | Raetic | unclassified, maybe Tyrsenian | eastern Alps | |
2nd century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 2nd century CE | Noric | Celtic | Austria; Slovenia | |
after 2nd century CE | Pisidian | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
after 150 | Bactrian | Iranian | Afghanistan | |
ca. 100 CE | Akkadian | Semitic | Mesopotamia | [229] |
100 CE | Etruscan | Tyrsenian | central Italy | |
ca. 2nd century CE | Celtiberian | Celtic | Spain | |
2nd century CE | Lusitanian | Indo-European | Portugal; Spain | |
1st century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st – 2nd century CE | Paeonian | Indo-European | Macedonia; Greece; Bulgaria | |
1st – 2nd century CE | Iberian | unclassified | Spain; France | |
1st century CE | Liburnian | Indo-European | western Croatia | |
1st century CE | Venetic | Indo-European | northeastern Italy | |
1st century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st century BCE | Elymian | unclassified | western Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Lycian | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Lydian | Anatolian | western Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Messapian | Indo-European | Apulia, Italy | |
1st century BCE | Mysian | Anatolian | northwestern Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Oscan | Italic | southern Italy | |
1st century BCE | Sabine | Italic | central Italy | |
1st century BCE | Sicanian | unclassified | central Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Sicel | Indo-European | eastern Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Umbrian | Italic | central Italy | |
early 1st millennium BCE | Eteocretan | isolate/unclassified | Crete, Greece | |
1st millennium BCE | Milyan | Anatolian | Anatolia | |
2nd century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
100 BCE | Vestinian | Italic | east-central Italy | |
ca. 150 BCE | Faliscan | Italic | Tuscany/Latium, Italy | |
3rd century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 3rd century BCE | Volscian | Italic | Italy; Latium | |
ca. 3rd century BCE | Aequian | Italic | Latium, east-central Italy | |
ca. 3rd century BCE | Sidetic | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
3rd century BCE | Carian | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
4th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
early 4th century BCE | Eteocypriot | isolate/unclassified | Cyprus | |
4th century BCE | Ancient Macedonian | Indo-European | northeastern Greece | |
ca. 300 BCE | Philistine | unclassified, maybe Indo-European | Palestine; Lebanon | |
ca. 300 BCE | Scythian | Iranian | Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia | evolved into Sarmatian |
ca. 350 BCE | Elamite | isolate | Persia; southern Mesopotamia | |
5th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 5th century BCE | Tartessian | unclassified | Spain | |
5th century BCE | Ammonite | Semitic | northwestern Jordan | |
5th century BCE | Moabite | Semitic | northwestern Jordan | |
maybe 5th century BCE | Phoenician | Semitic | Lebanon; Palestine; Mediterranean coast | evolved into Punic |
ca. 400 BCE | Lepontic | Celtic | northern Italy | |
6th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 6th century BCE | Lemnian | Tyrsenian | Lemnos, Greece | [230] |
6th century BCE | Edomite | Semitic | southwestern Jordan | |
7th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
7th century BCE | Urartian | Hurro-Urartian | Armenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia | |
ca. 600 BCE | Luwian | Anatolian | Anatolia; northern Syria | |
ca. 600 BCE | Egyptian | Afroasiatic | Ancient Egypt | evolved into Demotic by 600 BCE |
2nd millennium BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
early 2nd millennium BCE | Sumerian | isolate | Mesopotamia | used as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 CE[231] |
2nd millennium BCE | Eblaite | Semitic | Syria | |
ca. 1100 BCE | Hittite | Anatolian | Anatolia | |
after 1170 BCE | Ugaritic | Semitic | Syria | following the destruction of Ugarit |
ca. 1200 BCE | Hurrian | Hurro-Urartian | Anatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia | |
ca. 1300 BCE | Palaic | Anatolian | northwest Anatolia | |
ca. 1500 BCE | Hattic | isolate | Anatolia | |
ca. 1550-1050 BCE | Cypro-Minoan | unclassified | Cyprus | |
Unknown date
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
UNK | Olmec language | Undetermined; likely a language family from Mexico | Mexico | |
UNK | Baekje language | Korean | Korea | |
UNK | Goguryeo language | Korean | Korea, China |
gollark: 🇸
gollark: Or just <:shut:619414567885471744>.
gollark: Great!
gollark: <@516397045704294435> do it please.
gollark: PyroBot should do it.
Notes
- Last surviving native speaker; it is being taught as a second language on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State.
- Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.
- Brother of Lenape traditionalist and language preservation activist Nora Thompson Dean
- The last full-blooded Selknam Indian, but some have suggested certain people remained fluent in the languages until the 1980s.
- Last attested speaker of a Chumashan language
- Last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people who spoke Yana
- Considered to be the last fluent speaker of a Tasmanian language.
- Considered to be the last full-blood speaker of a Tasmanian language;[190] however, Fanny Cochrane Smith, who spoke one of the Tasmanian languages, outlived her.
- Last full-blooded speaker, though partial knowledge of this language continued among mixed Cayuga-Tutelo descendants for some time.
- Possibly the last fluent native speaker of the Cornish language, was monoglot until her twenties. See Last speaker of the Cornish language.
- Last person known to speak, read, and write in Khitan.
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