COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
The COVID-19 pandemic originated with a cluster of mysterious, suspected pneumonia cases in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. A Wuhan hospital notified the local center for disease control and prevention (CDC) and health commissions on 27 December 2019. On 31 December, the Wuhan CDC disclosed to the media that there was a cluster of unknown pneumonia cases related to Huanan Seafood Market after the unverified documents appeared on the Internet. The potential disease outbreak soon drew nationwide attention including that of the National Health Commission (NHC) in Beijing who sent experts to Wuhan on the following day. Chinese authorities formally notified the World Health Organization on this same day.[5] On 8 January 2020, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of the pneumonia.[6] The sequence of the virus was soon published on an open-access database.[7]
| COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China | |
|---|---|
 Confirmed COVID-19 cases in mainland China per 100,000 inhabitants by province as of 13 April 2020[1]
| |
| Disease | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| Virus strain | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) |
| Location | Mainland China |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei[2] |
| Index case | 1 December 2019 (8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 83,545[note 1][3] |
| Active cases | 402 |
| Recovered | 78,509[3] |
Deaths | 4,634[3][4] |
| History of the People's Republic of China (PRC) |
|---|
.svg.png) |
|
Hu and the fourth generation |
| History of |
| Generations of leadership |
 |
Public and media criticism has labeled responses by the Wuhan and Hubei authorities as delayed and as failing to contain the outbreak in its early stage.[8] By 29 January, the virus spread to all provinces of mainland China.[9][10][11] All provinces of mainland China initiated the highest response level to public health emergency.[12] The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on 31 January,[11] citing reasons of spread in other countries, particularly those without robust healthcare systems.[13][14] By 8 February, over 724 died from the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 34,878 were confirmed to have been infected. In Hubei alone, there were 24,953 cases of infections and 699 related deaths.[15]
The Chinese government may have censored discussions about the outbreak since the beginning of its spread.[16][17] On 25 January, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping warned about a "grave situation" facing China.[18][19] The Party Politburo formed a special leading group for epidemic control, led by Premier Li Keqiang. The 25 January Chinese New Year celebrations were cancelled. Passengers across the country have been checked for their temperatures.[20] Commands for epidemic control (CEC) have been formed in different regions including Wuhan and Hubei. Many inter-province bus services[21] and railway services have been suspended.[22] By 29 January, all Hubei cities were quarantined.[23] Curfew laws were implemented in Huanggang, Wenzhou,[24] and other mainland cities.[25] In February 2020, the region also saw a huge shortage of face masks and other protective gear despite itself being the world's manufacturing hub for these products.[26] Other countries donated medical supplies to help China deal with the epidemic.[27][28][29]
On 25 February, the number of newly confirmed cases outside mainland China exceeded those from within for the first time; the WHO praised the effectiveness of measures taken in the country.[30] By 6 March the reported number of new cases had dropped to well fewer than 100 nationally per day, down from thousands per day at the height of the crisis. On 13 March, the number of newly imported cases passed the number of domestically transmitted new cases for the first time.[31]
Fear, regional discrimination in China, and racial discrimination within and beyond China increased with the growing number of reported cases of infections despite calls for stopping the discrimination by many governments.[32][33] Some rumors circulated across Chinese social media, along with endorsements and counter-rumor efforts by media and governments.[34][35] The Chinese government has worked to censor and counter reporting and criticism about the crisis and portray the official response to the outbreak in a positive light. They have also provided humanitarian assistance to other countries dealing with the virus.[36][37][38] News outlets have reported concerns that the Chinese government has deliberately under-reported the extent of infections and deaths.[39][40][41]
On 26 July, China saw its highest number of daily cases since March.[42]
Graphics
Hold cursor 
As of 2 August 2020, there have been 1692 total (64 active) imported cases in mainland China, with no deaths recorded among them:[51]
- Anhui: 1 total imported case (all recovered)[lower-alpha 2].[52]
- Beijing: 174 total imported cases (8 active).[53]
- Chongqing: 3 total imported cases (all recovered).[54]
- Fujian: 60 total imported cases (1 active)[lower-alpha 3].[55]
- Gansu: 47 total imported cases (all recovered)[lower-alpha 4].[56]
- Guangdong: 194 total imported cases (all recovered).[57]
- Guangxi: 2 total imported cases (all recovered)[lower-alpha 5].[58]
- Guizhou: 1 total imported case (all recovered)[lower-alpha 6].[59]
- Hebei: 10 total imported cases (1 active).[60]
- Heilongjiang: 386 total imported cases (all recovered).[61]
- Henan: 3 total imported cases (all recovered)[lower-alpha 7].[62]
- Hunan: 1 total imported case (all recovered)[lower-alpha 8].[63]
- Inner Mongolia: 132 total imported cases (17 active).[64]
- Jiangsu: 22 total imported cases (all recovered).[65]
- Jiangxi: 2 total imported cases (all recovered).[lower-alpha 9].[66]
- Jilin: 19 total imported cases (3 active)[lower-alpha 10].[67]
- Liaoning: 21 total imported cases (all recovered).[68]
- Shaanxi: 63 total imported cases (8 active).[69]
- Shandong: 25 total imported cases (2 active).[70]
- Shanghai: 321 total imported cases (22 active).[71]
- Shanxi: 64 total imported cases (all recovered).[72]
- Sichuan: 21 total imported cases (all recovered)[lower-alpha 11].[73]
- Tianjin: 55 total imported cases (2 active).[74]
- Yunnan: 11 total imported cases (all recovered).[75]
- Zhejiang: 50 total imported cases (all recovered).[76]
Context
New infectious diseases impose a serious threat to the health of the general public. Their origins are often mysterious despite intensive research efforts.[77] Although human coronaviruses (CoVs) had been known as major pathogens to cause the common cold,[78][79] a new species of coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV caused an epidemic involving 29 countries during 2002–03 which infected 8098 persons and killed 774 of them.[79] The evidence shows that the virus might have originated from an animal coronavirus, but somehow entered the human population.[79][80][81] Its outbreak also implies that animal coronaviruses could be a potential danger to humans.[79]
Since the 2003 SARS outbreak, the general public and the scientific community in China have been worried about the potential return of the deadly virus which motivated the Chinese government to reform its public health system to handle the next public health crisis.[82][83][84] As part of the reform, China expanded the laboratory networks to handle the pathogens of the infectious diseases which included a newly built BSL-4 laboratory in Wuhan and a national key laboratory to investigate into pneumonia with unclear causes.[85] Zeng Guang, the Chief Scientist at China CDC believed that a quicker publication of the epidemic information was a lesson that China learned from the SARS outbreak as the lack of information release worsened the outbreak.[85]
With the improved public health system, China managed to handle several public health emergencies. In coping with the 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak starting from Mexico, China developed and distributed vaccines to 100 million people within months as an active prevention.[84] During the 2013 H7N9 outbreak in East China, the country's health system identified the pathogen 5 days after the outbreak. Test kits for diagnosis were designed and distributed to all mainland provinces 3 days after the identification. Within months, effective vaccines were developed. Besides, Chinese academic Li Lanjuan and her group was the first to reveal the virus's transmission methods, molecular mechanisms and effective treatment.[86]
However, Southern Metropolis Daily stated that although people paid more attention to public health, the government's funding to the health system was far from enough as CDCs in smaller municipalities had to reduce their staff. 10 years after the SARS outbreak, few people wore a face mask when they had respiratory symptoms and the hospitals were cutting the fever clinics off.[87] Despite confidence in winning the next battle against SARS, Zhong Nanshan who earned fame in fighting the SARS outbreak in 2003 still held a conservative attitude to whether the Chinese officials would lie to the people about a disease outbreak.[84]
Early cases surrounding the animal market suggested potential animal-to-human transmission while later the virus is found to be able to transmit from ill people to others.[88] There have been cases where asymptomatic patients transmitted the virus to others.[89][90] According to China NHC, the virus transmits by droplets or close contact[91] while some proposed that feces could also be where the virus hides and transmits from.[92][93] The typical symptoms of the viral infection included fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache and pneumonia[94] which are usually developed after an incubation time lasting as long as 2 weeks.[95] The existence of mild but infectious cases complicated the epidemic control efforts.[96] It is also noticed that patients might be able to transmit the virus even during the incubation period.[97]
Early response by Wuhan
Discovery
The first confirmed patient started experiencing symptoms on 1 December 2019,[98] though the South China Morning Post later reported that the first case may have been a 55-year-old patient from Hubei province as early as 17 November.[99][100][101] More recently, on 27 March 2020, news outlets citing a government document reported that a 57-year-old woman, who started having symptoms on 10 December 2019 and subsequently tested positive for the coronavirus disease, was described in The Wall Street Journal on 6 March 2020, may have been patient zero in the coronavirus pandemic.[102][103] Although the first confirmed patient did not have any exposure to Huanan Seafood Market, an outbreak of the virus began among the people who had been exposed to the market nine days later.[104][105] It is possible the infection may have passed from bat to human; if so, it may be related to bat guano used in traditional Chinese medicine.[106] On 26 December, Shanghai PHC received a sample of a patient with unknown pneumonia from Wuhan CDC and Wuhan Central Hospital and started an investigation to the sample which was later confirmed to contain a new coronavirus.[104]
The outbreak went unnoticed until a cluster of unknown pneumonia cases was observed by Zhang Jixian,[107] director of the Department of Respiratory Medicine at Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,[108] whose experience fighting SARS in 2003 kept her alerted about a public health emergency. On 26 December 2019, a couple of seniors who lived near Zhang's hospital came to her for their fever and cough. The CT scan results of the couple's thorax showed unusual changes in the lungs which were different from those in any known viral pneumonia. Zhang saw the couple's son and found similar conditions. On the same day, a patient from Huanan Seafood Market that Dr. Zhang saw also had the unusual conditions.[109]
On 27 December, the doctor reported her discovery to her hospital and the hospital soon informed Jianghan CDC, thinking that this might be an infectious disease as it was indicated by the familial cluster. As a precaution, she told her colleagues to wear protective gear and prepare a specialized area in the hospital to receive patients with similar conditions.[109]
On 28 and 29 December, three more patients who had visited the Huanan Seafood Market visited the clinic of the hospital. The hospital notified the provincial and municipal health commissions. The health commissions appointed Wuhan and Jianghan CDC and Jinyintan Hospital to undertake epidemiological research for the seven patients on 29 December. Six of them were transferred to Jinyintan, a specialized facility for infectious diseases. Only one patient refused the transfer.[107][109] Zhang's discovery was widely praised;[110] the Hubei government honored her and Zhang Dingyu, the president of Jinyintan, for their contribution to controlling the viral outbreak.[108]
Disclosure
On the evening of 30 December, the two emergent notice letters from the Municipal Health Commission of Wuhan began to circulate on the Internet which was soon confirmed by Wuhan CDC who admitted that there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown cause on 31 December. The letters required all hospitals in Wuhan to report any pneumonia patient with unknown causes and related to Huanan Seafood Market. They also asked the hospitals to give proper treatment to these patients. Wuhan CDC told The Beijing News that the investigation was still underway and the experts from NHC were on the way to help the investigation[111] after a rumor about it circulated on the Internet.[104]
On 1 January 2020, the seafood market was closed down by Jianghan District's Health Agency and Administration for Market Regulation due to an "environment improvement." According to China Business, the workers in hazmat suits were inspecting all around the market and collecting samples. The storekeepers at the market said that they were not told what the people were collecting and detecting. The urban management officers and police officers were on the spot to ask the storekeepers to finish up and leave the market.[112]
Several doctors were warned by Wuhan's police for "spreading misinformation" and eight "rumormongers" who were all doctors at Wuhan hospitals according to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO[113] were summoned by the police on 3 January.[114][115] Li Wenliang, one of the whistleblowers died from the virus on 7 February[116] which was the same day when the discoverers of the outbreak, Zhang Jixian and Zhang Dingyu, were honored by Hubei's government.[117] The death of Dr. Li led to widespread grief and criticism toward the government.[118]
Measures and impact in Hubei
Semi-log graph of 3-day rolling average of new cases and deaths in China during COVID-19 epidemic showing the lockdown on 23 January and partial lifting on 19 March.
Impact beyond Hubei
Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping warned that China was facing a 'grave situation'.[18][19] He held a Party Politburo meeting which promised resources and experts for treatment and supplies to Hubei[119] as more and more cases of the viral infection, mostly exported from Wuhan were confirmed in other cities in Hubei[9] and multiple parts in mainland China.[120] On 29 January, Tibet announced its first confirmed case, a male who traveled from Wuhan to Lhasa by rail on 22–24 January[121] which marked that the virus spread to all parts of mainland China.[9][10][11]
The 25 January Chinese New Year celebrations were canceled in many cities. The passengers were checked for their temperatures to see whether they had a fever.[20] Henan, Wuxi, Hefei, Shanghai, Inner Mongolia suspended trade of living poultry on 21 January.[122]
Financial Times described the outbreak as China's Chernobyl moment, increasing the pressure on its leader, Xi Jinping. A trade war with the US, Hong Kong protests, and an African swine fever outbreak that led to a pork shortage already placed pressure on the current government.[123][124]
Early responses by Henan
At the end of December 2019, Henan announced the suspension of passenger trains to and from Wuhan. In early January 2020, the local government of Henan Province with its complete disinfection measures, effective and intensive publicity, a strong awareness of epidemic prevention and quarantine among the people, the setting up of return spots at the village entrance and even the use of garbage trucks, the digging of trenches to block roads connecting Hubei and the hanging of slogans such as "return home with sickness is to dishonor your parents." #抄河南的作业 (lit.: 'copy Henan's homework') became a trending Weibo topic hashtag.[125][126][127]
However, cutting the roads off without authorization is illegal in mainland China as Xinhua and the Public Security Ministry pointed out.[128][129] The Ministry of Transport asked the local governments to take the principle of "block one, not three (Chinese: 一断三不断)", that is, to block the virus from spreading, but not to block roads, traffic and Internet access, the transportation of emergency supplies and the transportation of essential goods.[130]
.jpg)
Public Health Emergency declarations
By 21 January, government officials warned against hiding the disease.[131]
On 22 January, Hubei launched a Class 2 Response to Public Health Emergency.[132] Ahead of the Hubei authorities, a Class 1 Response to Public Health Emergency, the highest response level was announced by the mainland province of Zhejiang on 23.[133][134] Guangdong and Hunan followed suit later on the day. On the following day, Hubei[120] and other 13 mainland provinces[135][136][137][138] also launched a Class 1 Response. By 29, all parts of mainland initiated a Class 1 Response after Tibet upgraded its response level on that day.[12]
The highest response level authorizes a provincial government to requisition resources under the administration to control the epidemic. The government was allowed to organize and coordinate treatment for the patients, make investigations into the epidemic area, declare certain areas in the province as an epidemic control area, issue compulsory orders, manage human movement, publish information and reports, sustain social stability and to do other work related to epidemic control.[139]
On 11 June, officials confirmed another outbreak of the infection in Fengtai, a south-western district in Beijing.[140]
Cancellations, delays and shutdowns
Holiday extension
On 26 January, the State Council extended the 2020 Spring Festival holiday to 2 February (Sunday, the ninth day of the first lunar month) with 3 February (Monday) marking the start of normal work. The educational institutions postponed the start of school.[141] The different provinces made their own policies about holiday extension.[142]
Sporting events
For the 2020 Olympic women's football qualifier, the third round of the Group B matches for the Asian division was planned to be held in Wuhan and later Nanjing,[143][144] but the match was finally held in Sydney, Australia.[145] The 2020 Chinese FA Super Cup, to be held in Suzhou on 5 February 2020 was postponed.[146] The 2020 Asian Champions League play-off match between Shanghai SIPG and Buriram United were played behind closed doors.[147] The Chinese Football Association announced that the 2020 season is postponed from 30 January.[148] The Asian Football Confederation postponed all home matches for Chinese clubs in the Champions League group stage. The three of them had not played a single game yet as of 3 March 2020.[149]
The Olympic boxing qualifier[150][151] has also been rescheduled to March and the venue has been moved to Amman, Jordan.[152] The Group B of the Olympic women's basketball qualifiers, originally scheduled to be held in Foshan, Guangdong was also moved to Belgrade, Serbia.[153]
As for the other major sports events, FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, scheduled for 15–16 February 2020 was canceled due to the outbreak. The event was originally planned to be the 2022 Winter Olympics' first test. The 2020 World Athletics Indoor Championships, originally scheduled to take place in Nanjing from 13 to 15 March are postponed for a year and will be held at the same venue.[154] The Confederations Cup Asia Pacific Group I, scheduled to be held in Dongguan, Guangdong was moved to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.[155]
The State General Administration of Sports announced a suspension of all sporting events until April. The Mudanjiang Sports Culture Winter Camp[156] and China Rally Championship Changbai Mountains[157] are both suspended. After the postponement of national women's basketball games, the Chinese Volleyball Association suspended all volleyball matches and activities.[158]
The 2020 Sanya ePrix, due to take place on 21 March as the third round of the Formula E season was postponed to a yet to be announced date.[159] On 12 February, the 2020 Chinese Grand Prix, due to take place on 19 April as the fourth round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship was also postponed.[160]
The Lingshui China Masters badminton tournament, scheduled to commence on 25 February to 1 March 2020 was postponed to early May.[161]
China's 14th National Winter Games, originally scheduled for 16–26 February were also postponed.[162]
Beauty Pageants
Miss Universe China 2020 was originally scheduled to take place on 8 March 2020; however, on 21 February 2020, the Miss Universe China Organization announced that the pageant was cancelled and postponed to a later date due to the pandemic.[163]
Tourist attractions
On 21 January, the Wuhan Culture and Tourism Bureau postponed a tourism promotion activity to the city's citizens. All qualified citizens will be able to continue the qualification in the Bureau's next activity.[164] On 23 January, the Bureau announced the temporary closing of museums, memorials, public libraries and cultural centers in Wuhan from 23 January to 8 February.[165] All tour groups to and from Wuhan will be canceled.[166][167]
On 23 January, the City Administration of Dongcheng, Beijing cancelled temple fairs in Longtan and Temple of Earth, originally scheduled for 25 January.[168] The Beijing Culture and Tourism Bureau later announced cancellations of all major events including temple fairs.[169] The tourist attractions in Beijing[170] and Tianjin,[171] including the Forbidden City and the National Maritime Museum closed their doors to the public from 24 January. On the evening of 23 January, the Palace Museum decided to shut down from 25 January[172] and the West Lake in Hangzhou announced shutting all paid attractions and the Music Fountain down and suspended the services of all large-scale cruise ships starting the next day.[173] Since 24 January, many major attractions are shut down nationwide including the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing,[174] Shanghai Disneyland, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi, Canton Tower in Guangdong, the Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan and Mount Emei in Sichuan.[175]
Education
On 21 January 2020, the Ministry of Education (MoE) requested the education system to do a good job in the prevention and control of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection. After that, private education providers including New Oriental, NewChannel and TAL Education,[176] education departments in Hubei,[177] Zhejiang,[178] Shenzhen,[179] and Shanghai University[180] cancelled all ongoing courses and postponed the new semester. On 27 January, MoE advised all higher education institutions to postpone the new spring semester with all local education departments to determine the starting time of the new semester for K-12 education and local colleges according to the decision of the local governments.[181] The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security also decided to put the new semester off for all vocational education facilities.[182]
The National Education Examinations Authority canceled all IELTS, TOEFL and GRE exams scheduled for February. The decision was first made for tests to be held in Wuhan and extended to those in all parts of mainland China.[183][184][185] MoE also urged the Chinese students studying abroad to delay their travels. For those who need to go abroad, MoE advised them to arrive earlier in case of any kind of health check and to stop traveling if they have any signs of coughing and fever.[186]
On 28 January, the National Civil Service Bureau said that it would postpone the 2020 civil service recruitment examination, public selection and public selection interview time.[187]
Marriage registration
Civil Affairs authorities in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Jinan, Ningbo and Gansu announced on 25 January that they would cancel the special arrangement of marriage registration scheduled for 2 February 2020 to avoid the spread of the epidemic and cross-infection caused by the gathering of people.[188][189][190][191] Later, on 30 January, the Ministry of Civil Affairs ordered to cancel marriage registrations on 2 February.[192]
Parliament sessions
The outbreak made an impact on the National People's Congress (NPC), China's national parliament and many local parliaments. On 27 January, the Provincial People's Congress Standing Committee (PPCSC) of Yunnan announced to postpone local Lianghui sessions scheduled for early February which was followed by the PPCSC of Sichuan on 28 January. The local parliament sessions of cities including Hohhot, Chengdu, Jinan, Qingdao, Binzhou, Zhengzhou, Pingdingshan, Anyang, Hefei, Changzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Zhoushan, Ganzhou, Shangluo, and Jiangjin were also put off.[193]
The NPC's Standing Committee will discuss on 24 February to decide whether to delay its March session or not.[194] The 10-day session in March is an annual gathering of about 3,000 delegates from all parts of China where the major laws are passed and key economic targets are unveiled. The potential delay will be the first time since 1995 when the NPC first adopted the schedule for the March session.[195] Willy Lam, a political analyst at the Chinese University of Hong Kong believed that the sessions may not only increase the risk of infections but also "post hostile and embarrassing questions to the top officials about the outbreak." He also believed that canceling the meetings would be possible although this never happened after the Cultural Revolution.[196]
Religion
The government of China, which upholds a policy of state atheism, used the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic to continue its antireligious campaigns, demolishing Xiangbaishu Church in Yixing and removing a Christian Cross from the steeple of a church in Guiyang County.[197][198] In the Shandong, "officials issued guidance forbidding online preaching, a vital way for churches to reach congregants amid both persecution and the spread of the virus".[197][198]
Economic impact
In late January, economists predicted a V-shaped recovery. By March, it was much more uncertain.[199] Millions of workers were stranded far from their jobs while the workplaces were short-handed. The data for February 2020—the first full month after the virus became a major factor in January—saw official indicators of economic activity fell to record lows. The Caixin manufacturing index (PMI) fell to 35.7 in February from 50 in January, showing a deep contraction. The nation's non-manufacturing index sank even further to a record low of 29.6 in February from 54.1 in January 2020. According to the Wall Street Journal, "The factory index indicated contraction for most of 2019, hit by a trade war between the United States and China. It didn't cross back into expansion until late last year when trade tensions between the two sides eased."[200]
China's economic growth is expected to slow by up to 1.1 percentage in the first half of 2020 as economic activity is negatively affected by the new coronavirus outbreak, according to a Morgan Stanley study cited by Reuters.[201] But, on 1 February 2020, the People's Bank of China said that the impact of the epidemic on China's economy was temporary and the fundamentals of China's long-term positive and high-quality growth remained unchanged.[202]
Due to the outbreak, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange announced that with the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Spring Festival holiday was extended to 2 February and trading will resume on 3 February.[203][204] Before that, on 23 January, the last trading day of shares before the Spring Festival, all three major stock indexes opened lower, creating a drop of about 3% and the Shanghai index fell below 3000.[205] On 2 February, the first trading day after the holiday, the three major indexes even set a record low opening of about 8%.[206] By the end of the day, the decline narrowed to about 7%, the Shenzhen index fell below 10,000 points, and a total of 3,177 stocks in the two markets fell.[207]
The People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange announced that the inter-bank RMB foreign exchange market, the foreign-currency-to-market and the foreign-currency market will extend their holiday closed until 2 February 2020.[208] When the market opened on 3 February, the Renminbi declined against major foreign currencies. The central parity rate of the Renminbi against the US dollar opened at 6.9249, a drop of 373 basis points from the previous trading day.[209] It fell below the 7.00 than an hour after the opening,[210] and closed at 7.0257.[211]
The sale of new cars in China was affected by the outbreak. There was a 92% reduction on the volume of cars sold during the first two weeks of February 2020.[212] According to the sources of Automative News, Chinese policymakers had discussed the extension of subsidies for electric-vehicle purchases beyond this year to revive sales,[212] while also discussing reducing requirements for zero-emission vehicle shares of production.[213]
By 13 March, most business outside of Hubei was active again.[214] The Caixin PMI increased to 50 at the end of March.[215]
In Q1 2020, China GDP dropped by 6.8 percent, the first contraction since 1992.[216]
In May 2020, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang announced that, for the first time in history, the central government wouldn't set an economic growth target for 2020, with the economy having contracted by 6.8% compared to 2019 and China facing an "unpredictable" time. However, the government also stated an intention to create 9 million new urban jobs until the end of 2020.[217]
Unemployment
In January and February 2020, during the height of the epidemic in Wuhan, about 5 million people in China lost their jobs.[218] Many of China's nearly 300 million rural migrant workers have been stranded at home in inland provinces or trapped in Hubei province.[219][220]
By the end of March, as many as 80 million workers may have been unemployed, according to an estimate by economist Zhang Bin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; this estimate included migrant workers and people in rural areas, whom the official statistics from Beijing do not take into account.[221]
Face mask shortage and production
.jpg)
In China, face masks have been used widely by the general public during the pandemic, and have been required in many locations.[222] As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market saw a shortage of face masks due to the increased need from the public.[223] It was reported that Shanghai customers had to queue for nearly an hour to buy a pack of face masks which was sold out in another half an hour.[224] Some stores are hoarding, driving the prices up and other acts so the market regulator said that it will crack down on such acts.[225][226] The shortage will not be relieved until late February when most workers return from the New Year vacation according to Lei Limin, an expert in the industry.[227]
On 22 January 2020, Taobao, China's largest e-commerce platform owned by Alibaba Group said that all face masks on Taobao and Tmall would not be allowed to increase in price. The special subsidies would be provided to the retailers. Also, Alibaba Health's "urgent drug delivery" service would not be closed during the Spring Festival.[228] JD, another leading Chinese e-commerce platform said, "We are actively working to ensure supply and price stability from sources, storage and distribution, platform control and so on" and "while fully ensuring price stability for JD's own commodities, JD.com also exercised strict control over the commodities on JD's platform. Third-party vendors selling face masks are prohibited from raising prices. Once it is confirmed that the prices of third-party vendors have increased abnormally, JD will immediately remove the offending commodities from shelves and deal with the offending vendors accordingly."[229] The other major e-commerce platforms including Sunning.com and Pinduoduo also promised to keep the prices of health products stable.[230][231]
Figures from China Customs show that some 2.46 billion pieces of epidemic prevention and control materials had been imported between 24 January and 29 February, including 2.02 billion masks and 25.38 million items of protective clothing valued at 8.2 billion yuan ($1 billion). Press reported that the China Poly Group, together with other Chinese companies and state-owned enterprises, had an important role in scouring markets abroad to procure essential medical supplies and equipment for China.[232] Risland (formerly Country Garden) sourced 82 tonnes of supplies, which were subsequently airlifted to Wuhan.[233]
By March, China has been producing 100 million masks per day to meet the demand of medical staff and general public.[234]
Lockdown and curfew
Ever since Hubei's lockdown, areas bordering Hubei including Yueyang in Hunan and Xinyang in Henan set up checkpoints on roads connecting to Hubei to monitor cars and people coming from Hubei.[235][236] Between 24–25 January, the local governments of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hainan and other areas announced to quarantine passengers from "key areas" of Hubei for 14 days.[237][238] Chongqing also announced mandatory screening of every person who arrived from Wuhan since 1 January, and set up 3 treatment centers.[239]
Since 1 February, a curfew law that resembles that of Huanggang, Hubei, was put in place by the city of Wenzhou in Zhejiang, which is the second largest center after Hubei. Each local family can appoint one family member who may leave their house to purchase essential goods every two days.[240] Since 4 February Zhejiang's capital, Hangzhou, announced the closure of all of its villages, residential communities and work units to guests. Those who enter and exit these places must show valid identification papers. Non-residents and cars will be checked strictly.[241][242] On the same day, Yueqing, Ningbo, Zhengzhou, Linyi, Harbin, Nanjing, Xuzhou and Fuzhou began to take the same approach.[243] Zhumadian, Henan, announced that each family were only allowed to have one member leave the house to purchase essential goods every 5 days.[244]
.jpg)
Factories were closed or reduced production for a few weeks. When they opened again, measures were implemented to reduce risk.[245][246] During the pandemic, Uyghur workers were sent to resume work.[247][248]
Many local governments implemented restrictions to control the outbreak, including keeping schools closed, cutting off villages, and restricting travel. A smartphone-based health-tracking system was introduced in much of the country.[249]
On 2 April 2020, the government ordered a Hubei-like lockdown in Jia County, Henan, after a woman tested positive for the coronavirus. It is suspected that she may have been infected when she visited a hospital where three doctors tested positive for the virus, despite showing no symptoms.[250] In early May, restrictions were tightened in Harbin.[251]
Impact on greenhouse gas emissions
The slowdown in manufacturing, construction, transportation and overall economic activity created a temporary reduction by "about a quarter" in China's greenhouse gas emissions.[252]
Recovery and further outbreaks
On 10 April, Tianshannet reported that there had been no newly confirmed cases of coronavirus in Xinjiang for the preceding 53 days and that there were no coronavirus patients in Xinjiang.[253] In mid July, some air traffic and public transportation in Ürümqi was canceled in the wake of the discovery of new cases in the city.[254]
As factories and other businesses reopened, extensive measures were put in place to avoid infection, including temperature checks, handwashing, disinfection, mask wearing, a mobile phone health app, avoiding public transportation, staggered lunches, physical distancing, contact tracing, and opening windows for ventilation. Rules vary by location, with different local governments enforcing different measures.[255]
In June 2020, an outbreak with 45 people testing positive at Xinfadi Market in Beijing caused some alarm,[256][257][258] and Zhang Qiang said that the authorities in Beijing, population 20 million, are able to conduct on a daily basis nucleic tests for 400,000 people.[257] Authorities closed the market and nearby schools; eleven neighborhoods in the Fengtai District started requiring temperature checks and were closed to visitors.[259] By this time, public health technology included special leaf blower backpacks designed to vent hot air onto outdoor surfaces.[260] By the evening of 23 June, Chinese Vice Premier Sun Chunlan declared that the situation "has been basically brought under control" even as "China's traffic authorities vowed to strictly guard traffic out of Beijing: those with abnormal health QR codes or without recently-taken negative nucleic acid test proof will not be allowed to take public transportation or drive out of the capital" and started a new regulation to that effect, while 13 new cases were detected on that morning.[261]
On 26 July, China saw its highest number of daily cases since March.[42] That day, China reported 61 new cases, up from 46 cases a day earlier.[262] This increased to 127 daily COVID cases on July 30.[263]
Response by the Central Government
Safeguarding 2020 Chunyun
Chunyun, known to host the world's largest human migration, is a 40-day period when people return home to spend the Chinese New Year with their families.[265] In 2020, it started on 10 January and was to end on 18 February. Before the coronavirus outbreak, the government estimated 3 billion trips to be made during the period.[266]
On 9 January, Wan Xiangdong, the Chief Pilot of the Civil Aviation Administration, said that the agency would keep a close watch on the outbreak and strengthen ties with the health authorities. Li Wenxin, the Deputy general manager of China Railway said that the railway authorities were paying attention to the situation and making sure to prevent the spread of the epidemic through the railway stations and trains and safeguard the health and safety of passengers. Wang Yang, the Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Transport said that the ministry would carry disinfection monitoring and protection measures out in areas with heavy passenger traffic including transport hubs, passenger stations, and cargo terminal factory stations.[267]
On 22 January, as the coronavirus outbreak escalated, Li Bin, the deputy president of NHC warned that Chunyun might speed the transmission of the new virus up. Li repeated the government's previous advice to the people, that is, stay away from Wuhan. George F. Gao, the Director of China CDC also admitted to the conference that the virus can transmit between humans and there were also cases of community-acquired infections. The Chinese health officials also promised to take strict measures to stop the virus from spreading and release information as soon as possible.[268]
Epidemic control efforts
.jpg)
The NHC with the approval of the State Council announced 2019-nCoV-associated pneumonia as Category B Infectious Diseases with control measures of Class A infectious diseases as stipulated in The Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases.[269] From 20 January, the NHC will publish daily data on confirmed and suspected cases in all provinces of the country (Including during the Spring Festival) until no longer necessary.[270] On 20 January, NHC set up a working group up to deal with pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection.[271] On 28 January, NHC sent seven supervision teams to seven provinces and cities in Beijing, Hebei, Shanghai, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, and Sichuan to supervise the epidemic control measures in the areas.[272] China normally makes 10 million face masks per day, about half of the world production. During the crisis, 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily.[273] Delivery drones, artificial intelligence, and facial recognition systems has also been used to help fight the epidemic.[274][275]
In February 2020, Major General Chen Wei, virologist and medical doctor of the Chinese army, and her team were sent to the Wuhan Institute of Virology in order to develop a vaccine against COVID-19.[276][277][278]
In late March, the government severely restricted international travel, limiting the number of flights to the country and denying entry to foreigners with previously issued visas and residence permits.[279][280][281][282] The government also took steps to discourage Chinese people from returning from overseas.[282] The end of March saw a new Hubei-style lockdown implemented in Jia County, Henan.[283] The lockdown was in response to a confirmed case of coronavirus by a woman who received treatment at a hospital where three doctors have now tested positive for the coronavirus, despite showing no symptoms.[284]
In June 2020, following an outbreak in Beijing tied to Xinfadi Wholesale Market, the Chinese government suspended meat imports from specific facilities in Germany and the United States that had also seen outbreaks.[285]
Financial supports and tax reduction
On 1 February, the People's Bank of China and other five departments jointly issued the notice on further strengthening financial support for the prevention and control of the epidemic of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection, stating that relevant financial services will be further strengthened during the period affected by the epidemic. For those who are temporarily affected by the epidemic and facing difficulties, the document requires financial institutions to tilt their credit policies appropriately, flexibly adjust their loan repayment arrangements and reasonably postpone the repayment period. Those overdue due to inconvenient repayment during the epidemic period shall not be included in the record of credit investigation and breach of trust.[286]
On 30 January, the Ministry of Finance and NHC issued a notice on the financial guarantee policy for the prevention and control of the new type of pneumonia. The Central Government shall grant a subsidy of 300 yuan per person per day to those who are in direct contact with the cases to be investigated or confirmed who are involved in the diagnosis, treatment, nursing, hospital infection control, case specimen collection, and pathogen detection. For other medical personnel and epidemic prevention workers who take part in epidemic prevention and control, the Central Financial Department shall subsidize them at a rate of 200 yuan per person per day.[287]
The Ministry of Finance, the General Administration of Customs and the General Administration of Taxation issued a joint announcement that from 1 January to 31 March 2020, more preferential import tax policies will be implemented for imported materials used for epidemic prevention and control.[288]
Communist Party Politburo's leadership
Meetings on coronavirus outbreak
On 20 January, the Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping ordered that great attention should be paid to prevention and control of the epidemic. The Party also vowed to "guide" people's opinions with intensive publicity strategies and interpretations of current policies to ensure social stability. Premier Li Keqiang urged relevant ministries and localities to take a highly responsible attitude towards the People's health and resolutely prevent the spread of the epidemic.[289][271] Premier Li Keqiang also called a meeting of the State Council's Executive Meeting and deployed the work of epidemic prevention and control.[290]
On 21 January, Premier Li urged protection and encouraged the health care workers. The National Healthcare Security Administration decided to adopt a special reimbursement policy for confirmed patients and temporarily bring relevant drugs and medical services into the reimbursement scope of medical insurance.[291] On 22 January, Vice Premier Sun Chunlan went to Wuhan to inspect the prevention and control of the epidemic.[292]
On 26 January, the first meeting of the Central Leading Group for the Response to the Epidemic of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV infection prioritized the provision of urgently needed medical and health forces, protective clothing and face masks for prevention and control in Hubei Province and Wuhan and attached importance to the transport of daily necessities for residents and relief supplies to Hubei. It urged the local governments to enhance epidemic control including cancelling meetings and events, strictly quarantining confirmed and suspected infection cases, extending the Chinese New Year holiday and supporting online office and teaching. The Central Government promised to crack down on hoarding and profiteering in materials for disease prevention and control. Public Finance at all levels should fully guarantee such funds as prevention and control of epidemic situations and treatment of the patients.[293]
Xi Jinping's absence
On 27 January, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, entrusted by Party general secretary Xi Jinping according to Xinhua[294] arrived in Wuhan to inspect and guide the epidemic prevention and control work.[295][296] According to The Wall Street Journal, the appointment of Li who is considered a technocrat surprised some observers, given that he had been sidelined in recent years as Xi concentrated power and cultivated a populist ideological image. Some suggest that Xi was "more at risk to the political fallout of the coronavirus" while Li could be a convenient "political scapegoat".[297] Li's visit to Wuhan earned high popularity on Chinese social media.[298] Xi Jinping claimed that he "personally commanded" the fight against the coronavirus outbreak when meeting with WHO director general in Beijing on 28 January, but according to a report by The Guardian, he has not made any public presence since then as the social media posts mocking Xi's absence were promptly deleted by the censors.[299][297]
Xi's first public appearance during the outbreak was at a residential community in Chaoyang, Beijing on 10 February.[300] Xinhua posted photos of Xi wearing a mask and said that the aim of Xi's visit was "to learn about the situation of epidemic prevision and control at the grassroots level."[301] It was his first time to interact with the people since the outbreak after he paid a short visit to Yunnan during 19–21 January as a tradition that China's leaders observed to visit the smaller towns and villages before the Spring Festival. He was said to chair a meeting on 3 February by the state media, but no pictures or videos were released.[301] Xi also met Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, the first foreign leader to visit China since the coronavirus outbreak on 5 February.[302]
On 10 March, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping visited Wuhan, over one month after Premier Li Keqiang's visit.[303][304]
Administrative supervision
Since the outbreak of the epidemic, a number of government officials have been publicly held accountable for their dereliction of duty in the epidemic prevention in 6 provinces.[305]
On 29 January, Director of Huanggang MHC Tang Zhihong failed to tell the capacity of the local hospitals including how many patients that they could handle, how many could be hospitalized and how many patients could be tested each day when asked about these questions despite being an administrator of the local hospitals.[306] A day later, the Party Committee of Huanggang proposed a removal of Tang from the post. On 1 February, according to the Mayor of Huanggang named Qui Lixin, the city authority disciplined 337 of its officials and removed 6 cadres who "caused disadvantages to the epidemic prevention".[307][308]
On 2 February, Zhang Cong, Party Secretary of Xuanhua, Hebei was admonished. Zhang Guoqing, Deputy Party Secretary of Xuanhua and Guo Xiaoyi, the political commissar of the local police were given disciplinary actions by the Party.[309][310] On the same day, February, Xiangshui, Jiangsu reported three cases of misconduct. The cases were associated with illegal disclosure of personal data and dereliction of duty. Party secretary, Zhang Changyue and deputy director Gu Bing of the Zhangji Health Center and the director of the Xiangshui CDC were removed or disciplined.[311]
Tang Hu, the director of the Health Bureau of the Nanhu New District in Yueyang, Hunan Province was suspended. Cai Junfeng, the deputy director of the Lengshuijiang Municipal Committee and Yang Wen, the deputy director of the municipal government office are suspended. He Yong, the deputy secretary of the Gutang Party Committee and township chief was suspended.[310]
On 4 February, Zhang Qin, the vice president of the Hubei Red Cross, was removed from his post while Gao Qin and Chen Bo of the Hubei Red Cross were given a warning.[312] The deputy director of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Xia Guohua was also removed from his post. The Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Meng Wukang and the deputy director of the General Office of the Wuhan Municipal Government, Huang Zhitong are admonished.[313]
On 15 February, Qiushi magazine documented a 7 January order by Xi Jinping, regarding the COVID-19 outbreak at a Politburo Standing Committee meeting.[314] However, a record of that same meeting released beforehand shows that there was zero mention of the epidemic throughout.[315][316]
National mourning
On 3 April, the Chinese government declared 4 April, the Qingming Festival of 2020, a national day of mourning for those who lost their lives in the coronavirus pandemic. At 10 a.m., people were asked to observe three minutes of silence while sirens and vehicle horns blasted out. Chinese flags were flown at half-mast across the country and at embassies overseas. All public entertainment were halted for the day.[317]
Planning of other government activities
China still plans to undertake its census in November 2020, but preparations have been affected due to COVID-19 and are being reviewed.[318]
International and regional relations
Information sharing
China's scientists have been praised for rapidly sharing information on the virus to the international community,[319][320] and leading some of the world's research on the disease.[321] Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said on 21 January that the Chinese authorities would share information of the epidemic "with the WHO, relevant nations and China's Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions in a timely manner including the genome sequence of the new coronavirus."[322] During the sidelines of the World Economic Forum, Germany's health minister Jens Spahn praised China for its improved transparency since 2003.[323] US officials and WHO also praised China for sharing data about the epidemic and keeping transparent. The US experts had been invited by China's NHC.[324] On 23 January, WHO director-general, Tedros Adhanom and WHO regional director for the Western Pacific, Takeshi Kasai arrived in Beijing to discuss the new coronavirus outbreak with the Chinese authorities and health experts.[325] China agreed on 28 January that WHO would send international experts to China.[326]
John Mackenzie, a member of the World Health Organization's emergency committee criticized China for being too slow to share all of the infected cases, especially during major political meetings in Wuhan after Tedros Adhanom praised China for helping "prevent the spread of coronavirus to the other countries."[327] US President Donald Trump said that China was "was very secretive and that's unfortunate" regarding the information on the pandemic.[328] Yanzhong Huang, a health expert at Seton Hall University, said that China could have been more forceful and "when there was a cover-up and there was inaction".[329]
A number of other countries' governments have called for an international examination of the virus's origin and spread.[330][331]
Evacuations
Multiple countries evacuated or are trying to evacuate their citizens from Wuhan including South Korea, Japan, the US, the UK, Kazakhstan, Germany, Spain, Canada, Russia, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, France, Switzerland and Thailand.[332] Korean media Channel A said that China asked the evacuation flights to arrive in the evening and leave Wuhan in the next morning so the evacuation would not be seen by the public.[333] According to BBC, any Chinese national, even with a UK citizenship is not allowed to be evacuated by the UK.[334]
Taiwan
After initially refusing to allow Taiwanese citizens to evacuate due to the One-China policy,[335] the Chinese government eventually allowed Taiwan to evacuate its nationals from Wuhan with the assistance of the local Taiwan Affairs Office.[336] There were around 500 Taiwanese trapped in Wuhan. The first flight to help them leave left Wuhan on 3 February.[337] All of them would be quarantined for two weeks after they enter Taiwan.[336]
The evacuation halted after the first flight was found to carry an infected case. The Taiwanese government said that the person was not in the evacuation list and the most vulnerable were not included in the first flight. It also said that it was not prepared to take these people with a high risk of viral infections home.[338] Tsai Ing-wen criticized China's attempt to rule Taiwan out in WHO and said, "The information obtained by the WHO was obviously inaccurate ... and could cause the WHO to make mistakes in dealing with the global epidemic."[339] Premier Su Tseng-chang called for a government-to-government negotiation for the following arrangement of chapter flights[340] despite the fact that the cross-strait communication mechanism between governments had been suspended since 2016 when Tsai was elected president.[341]
The State Council's Taiwan Affairs Office urged the Taiwanese government to stop impeding the evacuation.[342] The office said that before the flight, all of the passengers signed a personal declaration claiming that they have no contact with any confirmed or suspected cases and promising to comply with quarantine measures after returning to the island. All of the passengers are checked for their temperature three times before the flight and showed no abnormality. The office said critically that the Taiwanese government first expressed appreciation before the flight, but changed its attitude after the flight.[343] Wuhan's Taiwan Affairs Office asked Taiwan for more details about the infected case as the basic descriptions of the patient including age and gender were not given as previously 17 cases in Taiwan. The office also said that the patient's close relatives were not at all informed of the viral infection.[344]
Immigration control
The State Administration of Immigration promised that the border inspection agencies at all ports of entry and exit in China would continue to provide necessary facilities and services for Chinese citizens returning home.[346] On 25 January, the General Administration of Customs reactivated the health declaration system where people entering or exiting mainland China are asked to write a health declaration. Border control staff shall also cooperate in health and quarantine work such as body temperature monitoring, medical inspection, and medical check-up.[347] On 31 January, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it was arranging charter flights to take the Chinese citizens from Hubei and Wuhan back to Wuhan 124, given the practical difficulties that they faced overseas.[348]
Hubei suspended the processing of applications from mainland Chinese residents for entry and exit of mainland China. For those with a valid visa to enter Hong Kong and Macao, but fail to enter the areas due to the coronavirus outbreak, the Chinese Immigration Administration will issue a new visa for free on request of the visa holder after the outbreak is lifted. Some of automated border clearance systems will be shut down according to the needs of the epidemic prevention. After Wuhan declared lockdown on 23 January, the Tianhe Airport and Hankou River ports have been without passengers for several days.[346]
Since 25 January,[349] Taiwan's government banned anyone from mainland China entering the country with[337] the ban extended to mainland Chinese overseas.[350] Although the global health officials advised not to apply travel restrictions on China, the US and Australia restricted all Chinese citizens from China from entering their borders.[351] Travel restrictions were announced by Russia, Japan, Pakistan and Italy and other countries despite China's criticism of border control.[352][353]
Since 28 January, the Hong Kong government began to cut traffic down connecting mainland China.[326][354] On the same day, China's National Immigration Administration announced that with immediate effect, the application of mainland residents' visa to Hong Kong and Macau would be suspended.[355] On 3 February, Hong Kong closed most of its border to mainland China.[356][357] However, Hong Kong nurses still held a strike, demanding a complete closure.[358]
International aid
China received funds and equipment in donations from a number of other countries to help fight the pandemic.[27][28][29][359] The United Front Work Department (UFWD) also coordinated diplomatic channels, state-owned businesses and Chinese diaspora community associations in urging overseas Chinese to buy masks and send them to China. Jorge Guajardo, Mexico's former ambassador to China, suggested that "China was evidently hiding the extent of a pandemic...while covertly securing PPE at low prices", according to Global News. Guajardo called it a "surreptitious" operation that left "the world naked with no supply of PPE."[360]
China has also sent tests, equipment, and experts to other countries to help fight the pandemic.[361][38] European Commissioner for Crisis Management Janez Lenarčič expressed gratitude and praised collaboration between the EU and China.[362] Chinese aid has also been well received in parts of Latin America and Africa.[363][364] Chinese-Americans also marshalled networks in China to obtain medical supplies.[365]
On 13 March, China sent medical supplies, including masks and respirators to Italy, together with a team of Chinese medical staff.[366][367] While the head of the Italian Red Cross, Francesco Rocca said these medical supplies were donated by the Chinese Red Cross,[368] there were other sources that said that these were paid products and services.[369][370] Chinese billionaire and Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma also donated 500,000 masks and other medical supplies, which landed at Liege Airport in Belgium on 13 March and then sent to Italy.[367][371] Italian Prime Minister Conte thanked China for its support and assistance.[372] On 6 April 2020, The Spectator USA, citing an unnamed senior Trump administration official, said that China forced Italy to buy back Personal Protective Equipment which it had donated to China before.[373] Similarly, former Mexican ambassador Jorge Guajardo said that masks sent to China in January and February were being sold back to Mexico at 20 to 30 times the price.[360]
A U.S. congressional report released in April concluded that "the Chinese government may selectively release some medical supplies for overseas delivery, with designated countries selected, according to political calculations."[360]
The German tabloid Bild published an editorial critical of the Chinese government titled "What China owes us", which drew a rebuttal from the Chinese embassy in Berlin.[374][375]
On 18 May 2020, the Chinese government pledged US$2 billion to help other countries with fighting COVID-19 and other development.[330]
Problems with equipment
Officials in Spain, Turkey, and the Netherlands have rejected Chinese-made equipment for being defective.[376] The Dutch Ministry of Health announced it had recalled 600,000 face masks which were made in China.[377][376] The Spanish government said they bought thousands of test kits to combat the virus, but later revealed that almost 60,000 did not produce accurate results. The Chinese embassy in Spain said that the company that made the kits was unlicensed, and that these kits were separate from the ones donated by the Chinese government.[376] The government of the United Kingdom paid two companies in China at least $20 million for test kits later found to be faulty.[374][378]
Discrimination
Hubei residents
Although there has been support from Chinese online towards those in virus-stricken areas,[379] instances of regional discrimination have also arisen.[32] According to World Journal, there have been instances of Wuhan natives in other provinces being turned away from hotels, having their ID numbers, home addresses and telephone numbers deliberately leaked online or dealing with harassing phone calls from strangers. Some places also reportedly had signs saying "people from Wuhan and cars from Hubei are not welcomed here."[380] Numerous hotels, and guest houses refused entry to residents of Wuhan or kicked out residents of Hubei.[381] Multiple hotels purportedly refused a Wuhan tour guide to check in after she returned to Hangzhou from Singapore with one of them calling the police to give her a health check and asking the police to quarantine her. Amidst these incidents, various cities and prefectures outside of Hubei adopted resettlement measures for Hubei people in their region such as designated hotel accommodation for visitors from the province.[382] In Zhengding, Jingxing and Luquan of Shijiazhuang City, the local governments rewarded anyone who reported those who had been to Wuhan, but not recorded in official documents at least 1,000 yuan RMB. In Meizhou, residents reporting people entering from Hunan were awarded with 30 face masks.[383]
It was reported that on a scheduled 27 January China Southern Airlines flight from Nagoya to Shanghai, some Shanghainese travellers refused to board with 16 others from Wuhan. Two of the Wuhan travellers were unable to board due to a fever while the Shanghainese on the spot alleged that the others had taken medicine to bypass the temperature check.[380] One of the Wuhan tourists protested on Weibo, "are they really my countrymen?", to which a Shanghai tourist who was purportedly at the scene replied that they did it to protect Shanghai from the virus.[382] Many netizens criticized the Wuhan tourists for travelling with a fever, although some also called for understanding and for Shanghainese not to regionally discriminate.[384][385]
Outside mainland China
Mainland Chinese overseas have experienced discrimination and anti-Chinese sentiment during the coronavirus outbreak.[386] In Hong Kong, a Japanese noodle restaurant claimed to refuse mainland Chinese customers and said on Facebook, "We want to live longer. We want to safeguard local customers. Please excuse us."[387] In Japan, a sweet shop in Hakone and a ramen restaurant in Sapporo posted "no Chinese" signs outside.[388] Similar events were reported in South Korea.[386] The French newspaper Courrier Picard published two articles titled "Yellow Alert" and "New Yellow Peril?" which may allude to historical racist tropes about the Chinese.[388]
Beyond only Chinese, Asians in general are affected by anti-Chinese sentiment. Disinformation about Asian food and Asian communities have circulated, and videos showing Asian people eating bats have gone viral along with dehumanizing comments and implications of the cause of the virus outbreak.[389]
Targeting of Africans
Guangzhou has a sizeable community of black Africans including migrants, who were allegedly singled out by local authories during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Chinese state media, five Nigerian men who had tested positive for COVID-19 broke quarantine and infected others, which triggered suspicion and anti-foreigner sentiment. Africans were forced to undergo coronavirus testing and quarantine, regardless of their travel history, symptoms, or contact with known patients.[390] Some restaurants – including a branch of McDonald's[391] – reportedly refused to service Africans, while landlords and hotels targeted Africans for eviction resulting in some becoming homeless.[392][393] Xinhua reported 111 Africans tested positive for the coronavirus in Guangzhou out of a total of 4,553 tested, also claiming that 19 of the cases were "imported" from unspecified countries.[394][395][396]
It has been noted that public sensitivity in China to racism, particularly to Africans, has been low with little education against racism or use of political correctness, while government censors appear to tolerate racism online. In the preceding few years, many Chinese believed that foreigners have been given extra benefits, leading to concerns about unfairness and inequality.[395] Many Chinese internet users soon posted racist comments, including calls for all Africans to be deported, while a cartoon depicting foreigners as different types of trash to be sorted through went viral on social media.[397]
Local media in African countries were the first to report on the issue, while Beijing initially attempted to deny such reports as "rumors" and "misunderstandings" spread by Western media. As further incidents of Africans being targeted were shared on social media, the United States Consulate General in Guangzhou warned African Americans to avoid travel to Guangzhou. The governments of Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda and the African Union placed diplomatic pressure on Beijing over the incidents, and group of African ambassadors in Beijing wrote a letter of complaint to the Chinese government about the "stigmatisation and discrimination" being faced by Africans.[395] The Nigerian Speaker of the House Femi Gbajabiamila showed one of the social media videos to the Chinese ambassador while the Ghanaian Minister for Foreign Affairs Shirley Ayorkor Botchway described the incidents as "inhumane treatment".[397]
In response to the diplomatic pressure and media coverage, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued an official statement on 12 April 2020 that the Chinese government attached "great importance to the life and health of foreign nationals in China", has "zero tolerance for discrimination", and treats all foreigners equally.[398][399] In a regular press conference on the following day, Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Zhao Lijian added that a series of new measures were adopted in Guangzhou to address "the concerns of some African citizens" and avoid racist and discrimination problems, while blaming the United States for "making unwarranted allegations in an attempt to sow discords and stoke troubles".[400][401] China's state media later described the incidents as "small rifts", while officials made PR visits to quarantined Africans with flowers and food accompanied by television cameras, and Chinese envoys have continued to reassure their African counterparts that they would correct the "misunderstandings" and establish "an effective communication mechanism with African Consulates-General in Guangzhou".[402][403][404]
Controversies and criticism
Censorship and police responses
A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was observed on 26 December and treated by the doctor Zhang Jixian in Hubei Provincial Hospital, who informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.[405][406] The early response by city authorities was accused of prioritising a control of information on the outbreak. A group of eight medical personnel, including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist from Wuhan Central Hospital, who in late December posted warnings on a new coronavirus strain akin to SARS, were warned by Wuhan police for "spreading rumours" for likening it to SARS.[407][408]
By the time China had informed the World Health Organization of the new coronavirus on 31 December 2019, Nicholas Kristof commented that the government was still keeping "its own citizens in the dark" in an opinion published on The New York Times.[409] While by a number of measures, China's initial handling of the crisis was an improvement in relation to the SARS response in 2003, local officials in Wuhan covered up and downplayed the initial discovery and severity of this outbreak. This has been attributed to the censorship institutional structure of the country's press and Internet, with Jude Blanchette of the Center for Strategic and International Studies quoted stating "under Xi Jinping, the inclination to suppress has become endemic and, in this case, contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread".[410][411][412] William Summers, a Yale University professor of medicine, told Undark Magazine though that such silencing and downplaying tactics are "not unique to China", and "seems to be standard operating procedure" worldwide.[413]
On 20 January, Xi Jinping made his first public remark on the outbreak and spoke of "the need for the timely release of information".[414] Chinese premier Li Keqiang also urged efforts to prevent and control the epidemic.[415] One day later, the CPC Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, the most powerful political organ in China overseeing legal enforcement and the police, wrote "self-deception will only make the epidemic worse and turn a natural disaster that was controllable into a man-made disaster at great cost," and "only openness can minimise panic to the greatest extent." The commission then added, "anyone who deliberately delays and hides the reporting of cases out of self-interest will be nailed on a pillar of shame for eternity."[416][417] Also on the same day, Xi Jinping instructed authorities "to strengthen the guidance of public opinions", language which some view as a call for censorship after commentators on social media became increasingly pointedly critical and angry at the government due to the epidemic. Some view this as contradictory to the calls for "openness" that the central government had already declared.[418]
As part of the central government's "bifurcated approach to diffuse discontent", while the propaganda machinery was going into "overdrive...to protect [Xi Jinping's] reputation", citizens were permitted to criticise local officials so long as they did not "question the basic legitimacy of the party".[419] The Cyberspace Administration (CAC) declared its intent to foster a "good online atmosphere," with CAC notices sent to video platforms encouraging them to "not to push any negative story, and not to conduct non-official livestreaming on the virus."[420] Censorship has been observed being applied on news articles and social media posts deemed to hold negative tones about the coronavirus and the governmental response, including posts mocking Xi Jinping for not visiting areas of the epidemic,[299] an article that predicted negative effects of the epidemic on the economy, and calls to remove local government officials.[410][421][422][423] Chinese citizens have reportedly used innovative methods to avoid censorship to express anger about how government officials have handled the initial outbreak response, such as using the word 'Trump' to refer to Xi Jinping, or 'Chernobyl' to refer to the outbreak as a whole.[424] Younger individuals have also been creating digital archives of media concerning the epidemic – which is prone to deletion by censors – and posting them on the exterior web.[425] While censorship had been briefly relaxed giving a "window of about two weeks in which Chinese journalists were able to publish hard-hitting stories exposing the mishandling of the novel coronavirus by officials", since then private news outlets were reportedly required to use "planned and controlled publicity" with the authorities' consent.[426][424][423]
On 30 January, China's Supreme Court, delivered a rare rebuke against the country's police forces, calling the "unreasonably harsh crackdown on online rumours" as undermining public trust. In what has been called a "highly unusual criticism" by observers, supreme court judge Tang Xinghua said that if police had been lenient against rumours and allowed the public to have taken heed of them, an earlier adoption of "measures like wearing masks, strictly disinfecting and avoiding wildlife markets" might have been useful in countering the spread of the epidemic.[427] The Human Rights Watch reported that "there is considerable misinformation on Chinese social media and authorities have legitimate reasons to counter false information that can cause public panic," but also noted censorship by the authorities on social media posted by families of infected people who were potentially seeking help as well as by people living in cordoned cities who were documenting their daily lives amidst the lockdown.[428]
Journalists in China have worked to publish information about the outbreak. The government initially allowed greater leeway than usual to reporters investigating the crisis, but then cracked down with greater censorship than usual.[36] On 12 March, ten Tibetans were arrested for breaching control measures meant to prevent the spread of the virus. Dolma Kyab, a Tibetan writer and teacher, told Radio Free Asia that "the Chinese government is only using coronavirus as a convenient excuse to infringe on the human rights of Tibetans".[429]
Response to whistleblowers
On 18 December 2019, Ai Fen, director of the emergency department of Central Hospital of Wuhan came into contact with an unusual pulmonary infection from a delivery person of Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. On 27 December, she received a second patient with similar symptoms, but who had no link to the wet market. In the afternoon of 30 December, upon seeing the words "SARS coronavirus, pseudomonas aeruginosa", Ai immediately reported to the hospital's public health department and infection department. She circled the word "SARS", and took an image of it and forwarded it to another doctor in Wuhan. From there it spread throughout medical circles in Wuhan, and reached Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist at the hospital.[430] On the afternoon of the same day, Li sent a warning to former classmates over WeChat which was reposted widely.[431] In an interview with Renwu magazine, Ai said she was reprimanded after alerting her superiors and colleagues of the SARS-like virus in December. Li Wenliang would later be canonised on the internet as a heroic whistleblower, and Ai would be lauded as the one who provided the whistle.[430]
On 1 January, it's reported by Global Times that eight people were arrested[432][433] by Wuhan police for their claim that there were SARS cases in Wuhan.[8] Li Wenliang said he didn't know whether he was one of them or not. According to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO, the eight people are all doctors at Wuhan hospitals who "are still fighting at the frontline".[113] The Supreme Court defended these doctors and pointed out in a WeChat article on 28 January,[113] delay and opacity in public information are the root of fake news and the information that is mostly factual and not subjectively malicious and causes no objectively severe consequences should be tolerated.[434] On 29 January, the eight doctors were also praised by Zeng Guang, Chief Scientist at China CDC.[435][436] Hu Xijin, the editor of the Global Times, complained about the local governments' low tolerance of differing online opinions and believed this weakened checks-and-balances of government powers through news media.[8]
Death of Li Wenliang
After Li Wenliang was warned by Wuhan police, the doctor was diagnosed with the coronavirus infection and died from it on 7 February 2020. He was said to be dead on the evening of 6 February, although the hospital said that he was still under emergency treatment. People speculated that Dr. Li was actually kept alive while the authorities were trying to censor the news. After his death, people mourned his death and criticized the government.[437] some of the trending hashtags on Weibo such as "Wuhan government owes Dr. Li Wenliang an apology" and "We want freedom of speech" became trending topics on Weibo until the posts were deleted by censors.[438][439][440][423] While media outlets were allowed to report his death, the nature of the doctor's censorship which produced widespread public anger in the aftermath, in what has been described as "one of the biggest outpourings of online criticism of the government in years," was not a topic that was permitted for coverage.[441]
A group of Chinese academics including Xu Zhangrun of Tsinghua University signed an open letter calling for the central government to issue an apology to Dr. Li and to protect freedom of speech.[442] Professor Zhou Lian of Renmin University has observed that the epidemic has "allowed more people to see the institutional factors behind the outbreak and the importance of freedom of speech".[443] After attempts to discourage the discussion on Dr. Li's death further escalated online anger, the central government has been accused of reportedly attempting to co-opt the incident by "cast[ing] Dr. Li's death as the nation's sacrifice – meaning, the Chinese Communist Party's own".[444] The Financial Times believed Li's story fitted the historical archetypes in China where incorruptible Confucian scholar who speaks truth to the emperor but is persecuted and ultimately dies for his honesty.[123]
Later in March, Wuhan police apologised to Li Wenliang's family after National Supervisory Commission admitted the conduct of local officials is inadequate and praised the whistleblower's effort on raising public awareness.[445][446]
Zhang Ouya's criticism
In January, Zhang Ouya, the Chief Journalist of Hubei Daily called for the removal of the current leaders of Hubei and Wuhan on Weibo. But, he was asked to remove his post and the newspaper that he worked for apologized to the Wuhan authorities, promising that they will publish only positive content from now on.[8] Mayor Zhou of Wuhan said to the state media "As a local government, I could not disclose information until I get information and authorization which was not understood at the time."[447] His argument which hinted at the Central Government's responsibility,[447] was refuted by China CDC. Chief Scientist Zeng Guang said to Chinese tabloid The Global Times that what the scientists said was "often only part of their decision-making" and praised the eight whistleblowers who were warned by the Wuhan authorities before the epidemic.[435]
Undercounting of cases and deaths
On 1 April, two United States officials claimed that China had deliberately concealed its cases and deaths according to a report by United States Intelligence Community, leading other countries to underestimate the seriousness of the outbreak. The officials asked not to be identified because the report is secret, and declined to detail its contents.[448][449] The sources stated that the Chinese central government does not know the extent of the outbreak because lower-level officials reported falsified statistics to avoid losing their positions. The CIA is currently investigating in China to assess the coronavirus totals.[450]
During the pandemic, no reports of cases of the coronavirus in Xinjiang prisons or of conditions in the Xinjiang re-education camps emerged. A former Xinjiang resident raised concerns about the potential spread of coronavirus in the re-education camps.[247]
As of late March, users of the social-media site Sina Weibo widely shared an undated photograph showing long lines at the Hankou funeral home in Wuhan.[451] According to Caixin Global, the Hankou funeral home was operating 19 hours a day.[452] Caixin also reported that there were a number of people who died with COVID-19 symptoms but were not tested and were thus excluded from the official case-tally. Some patients died of other diseases due to a lack of proper treatment when hospitals were overwhelmed dealing with those who had the coronavirus.[453] Some social-media users have used the numbers of urns returned to families and the number of cremations conducted in Wuhan to estimate a death toll in Wuhan of about 42,000 or 46,800, compared to an official toll of 2,548 people attributed to the virus in Wuhan as of 27 March.[452] There were 13,856 cremations in Wuhan in the fourth quarter of 2019, according to Bloomberg calculations based on data from the city's civil-affairs agency. That was 2,419 lower than in the fourth quarter of 2018.[453]
Sources including a number of health experts, United States intelligence officials, British scientists, and British government officials have expressed doubts about the accuracy of the figures provided by the Chinese government relating to the epidemic, raising concerns that the Beijing government has deliberately under-reported the extent of infections and deaths.[454][39][40][41] Although Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reported on 24 March 2020 that the spread of domestically transmitted epidemic has essentially stopped and the outbreak has been controlled in China,[455] news publications reported that experts have doubted these claims, and described them as premature.[456][457][458]
Asymptomatic cases (people who tested positive but did not develop symptoms) were not counted as confirmed cases before 1 March.[459][460]
On 17 April 2020 the Wuhan government revised the number of COVID-19 deaths, accounting for deaths that occurred at home that went previously unreported, as well as for the subtraction of deaths that were previously double-counted[461] by different hospitals, resulting in a net increase of 1,290 reported deaths in the city.[4]
Investigations of origins of the virus
The central government has imposed restrictions on the publication of academic research regarding the origins of the coronavirus.[462] The directive issued by the Ministry of Education's science and technology department stated that "academic papers about tracing the origin of the virus must be strictly and tightly managed", requiring that such papers be vetted by a State Council task force. A Chinese researcher who spoke on condition of anonymity due to fear of retaliation said "I think it is a coordinated effort from (the) Chinese government to control (the) narrative, and paint it as if the outbreak did not originate in China. And I don't think they will really tolerate any objective study to investigate the origination of this disease." The researcher said that such a move would obstruct important scientific research. Yanzhong Huang, a senior fellow for global health at the Washington-based Council on Foreign Relations, said "it is no surprise that the government seeks to control related scientific research so that the findings do not challenge its own narrative on the origin of the virus and the government response to the crisis".[463][464][465][466]
After interviewing virologist Shi Zhengli who had investigated bat coronaviruses including the latest one, journalist Gao Yu said "We learned later her institute finished gene-sequencing and related tests as early as January 2 but was muzzled." Shi said that Yanyi Wang, Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, had ordered staff not to disclose information on the disease arguing that "inappropriate and inaccurate information was causing 'general panic'". Furthermore, Wang directed that "The National Health Commission 'unequivocally requires that any tests, clinical data, test results, conclusions related to the epidemic shall not be posted on social media platforms, nor shall [it] be disclosed to any media outlets including government official media, nor shall [it] be disclosed to partner institutions'".[467]
The broad scientific consensus holds that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats.[468] A member of Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms (COBRA) in the UK, tasked with dealing with crisis, has said that while British government intelligence does not dispute that the virus has a zoonotic origin, it also does not discount the idea of a leak from a Wuhan laboratory, saying that "Perhaps it is no coincidence that there is that laboratory in Wuhan" (the Wuhan Institute of Virology).[469] On 15 April 2020, US President Donald Trump announced that the US government was investigating whether the virus spread from the laboratory.[468]
Propaganda
Statements issued by Xi Jinping on 3 February declared the need for an emphasis by state media on "telling the moving stories of how [people] on the front line are preventing and fighting the virus" as a priority of coverage, while top official Zhang Xiaoguo said that his department would "treat propaganda regarding the control and prevention measures of the virus as its top priority".[424][423] For instance, state media organisations People's Daily and Global Times, along with deputy director of information Zhao Lijian from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, have been observed to be publishing effusive praise on Beijing's response to the epidemic,[470] such as extensive coverage of the accelerated construction of the new hospitals in Wuhan (which Zhao claimed was completed in 16 hours),[8][471] the lock down of Wuhan with its population of 11 million, and the "unprecedented" quarantine of Hubei province. Though such efforts had a questionable effect on the epidemic, as the new hospitals were operating at under half-capacity due to shortages of beds and medical resources[472][473] while the lock down of Wuhan came too late to be effective as millions had left, the Financial Times and others noted that such widely publicised actions were a "PR coup" showing that the "overbearing, centralized government" of China was particularly suited to dealing with the outbreak,[474][411][475] creating the impression as if Beijing had directly intervened at Xi Jinping's request.[476][477][478][410][476][477][478]
Observers have warned that while "admiration of the front-line medical workers is widespread and sincere," the state media should also be highlighting the reality that many of those workers "lack protective gear" and that over 3000 have been infected since the outbreak so that media attention may bring them public support to obtain some much needed equipment. The New York Times has noted that such government propaganda attempts to control the narrative has been viewed with distrust among the younger individuals, who unlike older people depend less on state media and instead have sought "firsthand info and in-depth media studies concerning the epidemic on the web", suggesting that the central government was out of touch with the younger population.[425]
Outlets such as Politico and Foreign Policy have reported that China's efforts to send aid to virus-stricken countries are part of a propaganda push for global influence.[479][480] The European Union's diplomatic service, the European External Action Service (EEAS) has fought back against propaganda highlighting China's role in providing medical supplies to Italy, pointing out that France and Germany combined had provided more masks to Italy than China. The EEAS also noted that China's "state media and government officials promote not proven theories about the origin of Covid-19" while China state media coverage highlighted "displays of gratitude by some European leaders in response to Chinese aid".[481] China has been accused of "opportunitism" during the pandemic, alongside their donations and exports of faulty medical equipment to EU nations hardest hit by the virus, as their disinformation campaign "reputedly bid to denigrate Europe’s responses to cast its own in a more favorable light", such as on 12 April 2020 when the Chinese embassy in Paris published an article titled "Restoring distorted facts - Observations of a Chinese diplomat posted to Paris" claiming that careworkers in Western nursing homes had abandoned their jobs leaving residents to die.[482] The EEAS had toned down their report by omitting details of China's state sponsored disinformation campaign, which in turn led to allegations that the EEAS had bowed to pressure from China, as China reportedly threatened to withhold the shipment of medical supplies if the original report was released.[483]
Hubei and Wuhan governments
The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown resulted in angry responses on Sina Weibo from the residents in the other cities who are concerned that it could result in the spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan are concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.[113][484]
The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown "unprecedented" and said that it showed "how committed that the authorities are to contain a viral breakout". However, WHO clarified that the move is not a recommendation that WHO made and the authorities have to wait and see how effective that it is.[485] The WHO separately stated that the possibility of locking an entire city down like this is "new to science".[486]
The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as the investors that are spooked by the drastic measure sought a safe haven for their investments.[487]
The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people. Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises inevitable ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighborhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak which was lifted after ten days.[488][489]
The lockdown caused panic in the city of Wuhan and many have expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. It remains unknown whether the large costs of this measure, both financially and in terms of personal liberty will translate to effective infection control.[486] A medical historian named Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population" and claimed that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently tended to work far better than draconian measures."[490] Others such as Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases defended the intent behind the lockdowns, citing that the lockdowns bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." A mathematical epidemiologist named Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission."[491]
Nonetheless, after northern Italy became a new hotspot of the outbreak in late February, the Italian government enacted what has been called a "Wuhan-style lockdown" by quarantining nearly a dozen towns of 50,000 people in the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto.[492] Iran, another developing hotspot for the coronavirus as of 25 February came under calls to assume similar lockdown procedures as China and Italy. The security experts such as Gal Luft of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security in Washington said that "The best way for Iran to deal with the disease is to do precisely what China did – quarantine." and "If Wuhan with its 11 million population can be under quarantine so can Tehran with its 8 million"[493]
Frozen case number
The early cases surrounding an animal market may suggest animal-to-human transmission, more evidence surfaced to support the human-to-human transmission of the virus.[88] However, despite the expert-led investigation and early signs of human-to-human transmission including a hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial) case confirmed on 10 January according to Caixin,[494] the local government of Wuhan denied any case of nosocomial infection and kept claiming that "there was no clear sign of human-to-human transmission" until 15 January when Wuhan's Municipal Health Commission (MHC) said on its website that "the result of present investigation shows no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission, but this does not rule out the possibility of such a transmission. The risk of continuous human-to-human transmission is low."[495]
The reported case number froze at 41 during the Hubei Lianghui and Wuhan Lianghui, the local parliament sessions between 6–17 January, which the local authorities of Hubei and Wuhan claimed to be due to the lack of PCR test kits for the new virus. But, Caixin said that the other sequencing techniques can be used for diagnosis which usually takes two days without any need of PCR kits.[496] Meanwhile, an Imperial College group[497][498] and a Hong Kong University group[499] both estimated over 1,000 cases in Wuhan as cases were being exported and confirmed overseas. Perceived discrepancies in the official Chinese data for the number of cases left many netizens doubtful,[500] with some mockingly labeling the virus "patriotic" for its appearance of mainly infecting the Chinese after they left the country.[501][502][503]
"Manageable and preventable"
On 20 January, the Chinese National Health Commission announced that human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus had already occurred.[504]
Also 20 January, the number of reported new cases soared to 136 as major mainland cities including Beijing and Shenzhen reported their first cases.[505][506] Only the Wuhan authorities stopped claiming that the virus had a limited ability to transmit between humans.[507] On the same day, the city formed a specialized command for epidemic control (CEC) to upgrade measures to cope with the epidemic including enhanced protection over the medical workers[508] and free treatment for all patients at the fever clinics.[509] On the evening of that day, Zhong Nanshan, one of the NHC experts sent to Wuhan who was well known for fighting against SARS in 2003, exemplified human-to-human transmission of the new virus with a cluster of 14 hospital-acquired infections in Wuhan and two familial clusters in Guangdong.[507]
However, the National Health Commission still insisted that the epidemic should be "manageable and preventable." At that time, the BBC said that not much public attention was drawn to the virus outbreak.[494] On 19 January, despite the virus outbreak, over 40,000 Wuhan families joined an annual potluck banquet which was a community tradition observed for over two decades to celebrate the Kitchen God Festival. A community leader told The Beijing News that "everything is normal now" when asked about the virus outbreak.[511] According to the community committee of Baibuting where the banquet was held as of 4 February, a block of the community had at least 10 confirmed cases of the coronavirus infection, plus over 30 highly suspicious cases, but the community hospital also said that the incidents of the coronavirus was lower than that in the other communities.[512]
Zhou Xianwang, the mayor of Wuhan who was widely criticized by the public and media due to slow responses[513] said to the state media CCTV that the banquet was organized by the local community which had a long history of self-governance. He said that the government was not precautious enough to stop it because it was believed that the virus only had a limited ability to transmit between the people.[514]
Controversial commentary
On 20 January, Guan Yi, a Hong Kong-based expert in SARS epidemiology told Caixin that the local government should not play on words about transmissibility and he hoped that we could learn from the 2003 SARS outbreak. He continued, "transmissibility, adaptability, incidence and virulence of the virus highly resemble those of SARS at the early stage [of the 2003 outbreak]".[515] Guan's team travelled to Wuhan on 21 January and returned to Hong Kong the next day. He observed that the "epidemiology experts and scientists do not seem to be welcomed in the city."[516] On 22 January, Wuhan was still "an open city" to the virus outbreak where most people did not wear a mask although NHC announced the coronavirus-associated pneumonia as a notifiable disease. He believed that a pandemic was unavoidable as the virus spread with the annual mass migration of the Spring Festival.[517][518]
The statements of Guan which were apparently different from that in most Chinese media became highly controversial as the journalists of state media reposted his statement of 15 January in which he opined that the disease was manageable, whilst also peddling old news that his lab had been fined by the Chinese authorities in 2005. Wang Duan, the Caixin journalist who conducted the interview described such behavior as "personal attacks" and complained that no expert came forward to refute what Guan said so far.[519]
26 January press meeting
Hubei Government's press meeting on 26 January was described as a "scene of a massive car crash" by BBC which led to widespread dissatisfaction. Despite the compulsory face mask law, Governor Wang Xiaodong did not wear a mask while the other two official hosts including Wuhan Mayor Zhou Xianwang and Provincial Party Secretary Bie Bixiong wore masks incorrectly. The Governor said Xiantao, a Hubei city was capable to produce 10.8 billion masks annually after he made two corrections for the number hinted by someone else's notes. The Governor admitted a severe shortage of medical supplies in Hubei while Mayor Zhou of Wuhan claimed that the shortage had been fully alleviated.[520]
Science community
On 29 January, the Ministry of Science and Technology issued a notice, urging the scientists "to write their papers on the land of the motherland, to use the results to fight the epidemic" and the scientists should not focus on publishing their papers until the epidemic prevention and control task is completed.[521] Duowei News believed this was aimed to respond to the academic conflict between Zhang Yongzhen's group from Fudan University which published the first genomic sequence of 2019-nCoV and the Gao Shan group from Nankai University which published an analysis[522] on the sequence without authorization from Zhang. Before the notice, Nankai and Fudan, two of China's top universities had a fight over the alleged academic misconduct related to the analysis published by the Gao Shan group.[523]
On 30 January, Wang Liming, a neuroscientist from Zhejiang University expressed anger on a Weibo post about George F. Gao's latest NEJM article.[524] Wang believed that the article indicated that the Chinese CDC had clear evidence of human-to-human transmission in early January and kept it secret until three weeks later. Although the post was soon deleted, China CDC came under the spotlight. China CDC had to respond on the next day that the research was a retrospective analysis of the 425 cases reported to CDC on 23 January.[525] Jennifer Zeis of NEJM's media Relations Department told The Paper, a Chinese newspaper that it took only two days to publish the article, but she refused to give further details.[526]
The journal Nature reported at least 54 English-language papers about the new coronavirus in China were published by 30 January.[527] Zuofeng Zhang, a public health expert from UCLA interviewed by the mainland China-based magazine Intellectual, asked why the published data were not used in epidemic control even before their publication.[528]
Misinformation and conspiracy theories
There were conspiracy theories about COVID-19 being the CIA's creation to keep China down on China's Internet, according to London-based The Economist.[529] Although biological warfare against Chinese troops in the Korean war is only considered an allegation in the US, it is considered official history in China, thus greatly helping these new theories gain credibility.[530]
Multiple conspiracy articles in Chinese from the SARS era resurfaced during the outbreak with altered details, claiming that SARS is biological warfare conducted by the US against China. Some of these articles claim that BGI Group from China sold genetic information of the Chinese people to the US, with the US then being able to deploy the virus specifically targeting the genome of Chinese individuals.[531]
On 26 January, Chinese military news site Xilu published an article detailing how the virus was artificially combined by the US to "precisely target Chinese people".[532]
Some articles on popular sites in China have also cast suspicion on US military athletes participating in the Wuhan 2019 Military World Games, which lasted until the end of October 2019, and have suggested that they deployed the virus. They claim the inattentive attitude and disproportionately below-average results of American athletes in the games indicate they might have been there for other purposes and they might actually be bio-warfare operatives. Such posts stated that their place of residence during their stay in Wuhan was also close to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, where the first known cluster of cases occurred.[533][530]
On 5 March 2020, in response to the American Fox News host's recent announcement that the Chinese should "formally apologize" for the novel coronavirus pandemic, Zhao lijian, a spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China.said: The announcement is absurd and ridiculous, which fully exposes his arrogance, prejudice and ignorance of China. The statement that "China should apologize"is groundless and unreasonable. He said that the H1N1 flu that broke out in the United States in 2009 spread to 214 countries and regions and caused at least 18,449 deaths that year. Has anyone asked the United States to apologize? [534]
In March 2020, this conspiracy theory was endorsed by Zhao Lijian, a spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.[535][536][537] On 13 March, the US government summoned Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai to Washington DC over this conspiracy theory,[538] when he had called this theory "crazy" on Face the Nation on 9 February, and re-affirmed this belief after Zhao's tweets.[539]
The United States Presidential administration, including President Donald Trump, Mike Pompeo and others also pushed a conspiracy theory repeatedly asserting that the virus had originated from a laboratory leak in Wuhan, despite widespread rejection from the scientific community and by allied intelligence.[540]
Statistics
The case count in mainland China only includes symptomatic cases. It excludes patients who test positive but do not have symptoms, of which there were 889 as of 11 February 2020.[541] It's also reported that there were more than 43,000 by the end of February 2020.[542][543][544] On 17 April, following the Wuhan government's issuance of a report on accounting for COVID-19 deaths that occurred at home that went previously unreported, as well as the subtraction of deaths that were previously double-counted by different hospitals, the NHC retrospectively revised their cumulative totals dating to 16 April, adding 325 cumulative cases and 1,290 deaths.[4]
| COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China by provinces Data released by Chinese provinces as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 2 August 2020[545][546] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese provinces | pop (mil) (2019) | Cases | Deaths | Fatality | Recov. | Active | Cases /1M pop | Deaths /1M pop | Ref. |
| China (mainland) | 1,400.0500 | 83,891 | 4,634 | 5.52 | 78,918 | 339 | 59.92 | 3.31 | [547][546] |
| Hubei | 59.2700 | 68,135 | 4,512 | 6.62 | 63,623 | - | 1,149.6 | 76.13 | [548][546] |
| ——Wuhan of Hubei | 11.2120 | 50,340 | 3,869 | 7.69 | 46,471 | - | 4,489.8 | 345.08 | [548] |
| Guangdong | 115.2100 | 1,672 | 8 | 0.48 | 1,645 | 19 | 14.5 | 0.07 | [549] [546] |
| Henan | 96.4000 | 1,276 | 22 | 1.72 | 1,254 | - | 13.2 | 0.23 | [546] |
| Zhejiang | 58.5000 | 1,270 | 1 | 0.08 | 1,268 | 1 | 21.7 | 0.02 | [550] [546] |
| Hunan | 69.1838 | 1,019 | 4 | 0.39 | 1,015 | - | 14.7 | 0.06 | [546] |
| Anhui | 63.6590 | 991 | 6 | 0.61 | 985 | - | 15.6 | 0.09 | [546] |
| Heilongjiang | 37.5130 | 947 | 13 | 1.37 | 934 | - | 25.2 | 0.35 | [546] |
| Jiangxi | 46.6610 | 932 | 1 | 0.11 | 931 | - | 20.0 | 0.02 | [546] |
| Beijing | 21.5360 | 929 | 9 | 0.97 | 881 | 39 | 43.1 | 0.42 | [551] [546] |
| Shandong | 100.7021 | 799 | 7 | 0.88 | 785 | 7 | 7.9 | 0.07 | [546] |
| Shanghai | 24.2814 | 741 | 7 | 0.94 | 717 | 17 | 30.5 | 0.29 | [546] |
| Jiangsu | 80.7000 | 655 | 0 | - | 654 | 1 | 8.1 | - | [546] |
| Sichuan | 83.7500 | 604 | 3 | 0.50 | 594 | 7 | 7.2 | 0.04 | [546] |
| Chongqing | 31.2432 | 583 | 6 | 1.03 | 576 | 1 | 18.7 | 0.19 | [546] |
| Fujian | 39.7300 | 366 | 1 | 0.27 | 361 | 4 | 9.2 | 0.03 | [546] |
| Hebei | 75.9197 | 349 | 6 | 1.72 | 343 | - | 4.6 | 0.08 | [546] |
| Shaanxi | 38.7621 | 323 | 3 | 0.93 | 318 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.08 | [546] |
| Guangxi | 49.6000 | 255 | 2 | 0.79 | 252 | 1 | 5.1 | 0.04 | [546] |
| Xinjiang | 25.2322 | 254 | 3 | 1.18 | 73 | 178 | 10.1 | 0.12 | [546] |
| Inner Mongolia | 25.3960 | 249 | 1 | 0.41 | 237 | 11 | 9.6 | 0.04 | [546] |
| Tianjin | 15.6183 | 204 | 3 | 1.47 | 195 | 6 | 13.1 | 0.19 | [546] |
| Liaoning | 43.5170 | 203 | 2 | 0.99 | 160 | 41 | 4.7 | 0.05 | [546] |
| Shanxi | 37.2922 | 201 | - | - | 200 | 1 | 5.3 | - | [546] |
| Yunnan | 48.5830 | 189 | 2 | 1.06 | 186 | 1 | 3.9 | 0.04 | [546] |
| Hainan | 9.4472 | 171 | 6 | 3.51 | 165 | - | 18.1 | 0.64 | [546] |
| Gansu | 26.4743 | 167 | 2 | 1.20 | 165 | - | 6.3 | 0.08 | [546] |
| Jilin | 26.9073 | 157 | 2 | 1.27 | 153 | 2 | 5.8 | 0.07 | [546] |
| Guizhou | 36.2295 | 147 | 2 | 1.36 | 145 | - | 4.1 | 0.06 | [546] |
| Ningxia | 6.9466 | 75 | - | - | 75 | - | 10.80 | - | [546] |
| Qinghai | 6.0782 | 18 | - | - | 18 | - | 2.96 | - | [546] |
| Tibet | 3.5056 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 0.29 | - | [546] |
Notes
- Excluding 114 asymptomatic cases, 62 of which were imported, under medical observation as of 14 June 2020.[3] Asymptomatic cases were not reported prior to 31 March 2020.
- Cities under "Imported" category has only active cases that are imported from outside Mainland China. In other words, there are currently no active local cases in these cities.
- AH: 1 in Huaibei
- FJ: 23 in Fuzhou, 17 in Xiamen, 19 in Quanzhou, 1 in Zhangzhou; 59 additional recovered: Specific location to be clarified.
- GS: 42 in Lanzhou, 5 in Linxia
- GX: Specific location not differentiated.
- GZ: 1 in Guiyang
- HA: 2 in Zhengzhou, 1 in Luoyang
- HN: Specific location not differentiated.
- JX: 2 in Nanchang
- JL: 4 (0 active) in Changchun, 1 (0 active) in Meihekou, 12 (3 active) in Jilin City, 2 (0 active) in Yanbian
- SC: 21 in Chengdu
References
- 新型肺炎疫情地圖 實時更新 [New pneumonia epidemic map updated in real time]. 163.com news (in Chinese). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Sheikh, Knvul; Rabin, Roni Caryn (10 March 2020). "The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- 截至6月14日24时新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情最新情况 (in Chinese). National Health Commission. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团报告新增无症状感染者18例（境外输入11例）；当日无转为确诊病例；当日解除医学观察9例（境外输入2例）；尚在医学观察无症状感染者112例（境外输入62例）。
- "湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情数据订正情况" [Revision of the data of the new coronary pneumonia epidemic situation in Wuhan City, Hubei Province] (in Chinese). National Health Commission. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- "Pneumonia of unknown cause – China". WHO. WHO. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- Khan, Natasha (9 January 2020). "New Virus Discovered by Chinese Scientists Investigating Pneumonia Outbreak". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Cohen, Jon (11 January 2020). "Chinese researchers reveal draft genome of virus implicated in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak". Science. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Yuan, Li (28 January 2020). "Coronavirus Crisis Exposes Cracks in China's Facade of Unity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 眾新聞 | 【武漢肺炎大爆發】西藏首宗確診 全國淪陷 內地確診累計7711宗 湖北黃岡疫情僅次武漢. 眾新聞 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus Has Now Spread To All Regions Of mainland China". NPR. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus declared global health emergency". BBC News. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 中国内地31省份全部启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应. Caixin. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". www.who.int. WHO.
- "Coronavirus: WHO declare public health emergency". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline". Bnonews. n.d.
- Javier C. Hernández. "As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Chinese app WeChat censored virus content since 1 Jan - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control". People's Daily. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, chaired the meeting.
- "Xi says China faces 'grave situation' as virus death toll hits 42". Reuters. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "China virus spread is accelerating, Xi warns". BBC News. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Yu, Xinyi (28 January 2020). 【各地在行动②】全国19省份暂停省际长途客运. People's Daily Online. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 武汉肺炎：香港宣布大幅削减来往中国大陆交通服务 [Wuhan Pneumonia: Hong Kong Announces Significant Cuts in Transport Services to and from mainland China]. BBC News Chinese (in Chinese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市"封城". 国际金融报. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020 – via The Paper.
- Yang, Danxu (杨丹旭) (2 February 2020). 中国确诊及死亡病例创单日新高 黄冈恐成"第二个武汉". Zaobao (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 温州之后，杭州台州宁波多地实施最严禁令. 川报观察 (in Chinese). 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Safi (now), Michael; Rourke (earlier), Alison; Greenfield, Patrick; Giuffrida, Angela; Kollewe, Julia; Oltermann, Philip (3 February 2020). "China issues 'urgent' appeal for protective medical equipment – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "Equatorial Guinea donates $2m to China to help combat coronavirus". Africanews.
- "Feature: Japan offers warm support to China in battle against virus outbreak - Xinhua". Xinhuanet.com. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- "China's Xi Writes Thank-You Letter to Bill Gates for Virus Help". Bloomberg. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the mission briefing on COVID-19 – 26 February 2020". World Health Organization. 26 February 2020.
- "Mainland China sees imported coronavirus cases exceed new local infections for first time". The Straits Times. 13 March 2020.
- Wuhan coronavirus reaches India as countries evacuate citizens from China, retrieved 10 February 2020
- Dazed (6 February 2020). "Life under lockdown: Young people in Wuhan tell their coronavirus stories". Dazed. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- 关于新型冠状病毒肺炎 这九大谣言别"中招". Beijing News (in Chinese). n.d. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 聚焦 | 关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的最新辟谣！ (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. n.d. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Hernández, Javier C. (14 March 2020). "As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back". The New York Times.
- Myers, Steven Lee (10 March 2020). "Xi Goes to Wuhan, Coronavirus Epicenter, in Show of Confidence". The New York Times.
- Myers, Steven Lee; Rubin, Alissa J. (18 March 2020). "Its Coronavirus Cases Dwindling, China Turns Focus Outward". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- "China accused of under-reporting coronavirus outbreak".
Health experts question the timeliness and accuracy of China’s official data, saying the testing system captured only a fraction of the cases in China’s hospitals, particularly those that are poorly run. Neil Ferguson, a professor of epidemiology at Imperial College London, said only the most severe infections were being diagnosed and as few as 10 per cent of cases were being properly detected, in a video released by the university.
- Sobey, Rick (31 March 2020). "Chinese government lying about coronavirus could impact U.S. business ties: Experts". Bostonherald.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "China Says It's Beating Coronavirus. But Can We Believe Its Numbers?".
The move follows criticism from health experts and the U.S. and other governments that it risked a resurgence of the deadly pandemic by downplaying the number of cases within its borders.
- Adam Vaughan (27 July 2020). "Coronavirus: Second wave hits Asia as global cases continue to soar". NewScientist.
- 国家卫生健康委员会办公厅 (5 February 2020). 新型冠状病毒感染肺炎的诊疗方案（试行第五版） (PDF). 国家卫生健康委员会办公厅 (in Chinese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- 2020年2月11日湖北省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情情况 (in Chinese).
- Woodyatt, Amy; Kottasová, Ivana; Griffiths, James; Regan, Helen. "China changed how it counts coronavirus cases again. Here's why". CNN.
- 湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情数据订正情况. National Health Commission. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- "2019-nCoV Global Cases". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- 全球新冠病毒最新实时疫情地图_丁香园 (in Chinese). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- 疫情通报（列表）. nhc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 March 2020.; current information about the 2020 coronavirus outbreak in Chinese provinces, other countries in the globe, see 疫情实时大数据报告. baidu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- 新冠肺炎疫情动态 (in Chinese). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- 截至5月12日24时新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情最新情况 (in Chinese). National Health Commission. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
境外输入现有确诊病例64例（含重症病例3例），现有疑似病例3例。累计确诊病例1692例，累计治愈出院病例1628例，无死亡病例。
- 安徽疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
截至4月23日24时，安徽省累计报告本地确诊病例990例，累计治愈出院病例984例，累计死亡病例6人，累计报告境外输入确诊病例1例。
- 北京疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，累计报告境外输入确诊病例174例，累计出院166例，在院8例。
- 重庆疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
截至4月23日24时，重庆市累计报告境外输入确诊病例3例，累计治愈出院病例3例，无境外在院确诊病例。
- 福建疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，福建省累计报告境外输入确诊病例60例（已治愈出院59例、目前住院1例，无死亡病例）
- 甘肃疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
甘肃无新增新冠肺炎确诊病例 境外输入新冠肺炎确诊病例全部治愈出院。
- 广东疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，全省累计报告新冠肺炎确诊病例1589例（境外输入194例）。目前仍在院3例，治愈率99.31%。
- 广西疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
全区累计报告确诊病例254例，治愈出院252例，死亡2例。
- 贵州疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
截至4月23日24时，贵州省累计报告本地确诊病例146例、境外输入病例1例，累计治愈出院病例145例、死亡病例2例，现有疑似病例0例、无症状感染者0例。
- 河北疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，河北省现有确诊病例1例（境外输入），累计治愈出院病例321例（含境外输入9例），累计死亡病例6例，累计报告本地确诊病例318例、境外输入病例10例，现有疑似病例0例。
- 黑龙江疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，累计报告境外输入确诊病例386例已全部治愈出院
- 河南疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
全省累计报告境外输入确诊病例3例，其中出院3例。
- 湖南疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- 内蒙古疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
境外输入确诊病例132例（俄罗斯83例、英国22例、法国19例、美国4例、西班牙2例、瑞典2例），治愈出院115例。现有本土确诊病例1例，境外输入确诊病例17例。
- 江苏疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，累计报告境外输入确诊病例22例，均已出院。
- 江西疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
截至4月11日24时，全省累计报告境外输入确诊病例2例，累计出院病例2例，无住院确诊病例。
- 吉林疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，全省累计报告境外输入确诊病例19例，累计治愈出院16例（吉林市9例，延边州2例，长春市4例，梅河口市1例），在院隔离治疗3例（吉林市3例）。
- 辽宁疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
5月12日0时至24时，辽宁省无新增新冠肺炎确诊病例，无新增治愈出院病例。 全省累计报告境外输入确诊病例21例，全部治愈出院。
- 陕西疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月13日8时，陕西累计报告境外输入新冠肺炎确诊病例63例（治愈出院55例，无死亡病例），现有8例。
- 山东疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
累计报告境外输入确诊病例25例。无新增治愈出院病例，累计治愈出院23例。
- 上海疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，累计报告境外输入性确诊病例321例，治愈出院299例，在院治疗22例（其中1例危重、1例重症）。
- 山西疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
累计报告境外输入性确诊病例64例，治愈出院64例。
- 四川疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月13日0时，全省累计报告新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例561例（其中境外输入21例），累计治愈出院558例，死亡3例。
- 天津疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，天津市累计报告境外输入性新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例55例，出院病例53例，在院2例（均为普通型）。
- 云南疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，累计境外输入确诊病例11例，全部治愈出院。
- 浙江疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
截至5月12日24时，累计报告境外输入确诊病例50例，累计出院50例。
- Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin; Chen, Yan-Mei; Wang, Wen; Song, Zhi-Gang; Hu, Yi; Tao, Zhao-Wu; Tian, Jun-Hua; Pei, Yuan-Yuan; Yuan, Ming-Li (3 February 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32015508. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Tyrrell, David A. J.; Myint, Steven H. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Coronaviruses", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413266, retrieved 5 February 2020
- Kahn, Jeffrey S.; McIntosh, Kenneth (2005). "History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 24 (11): S223–7, discussion S226. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60. ISSN 0891-3668. PMID 16378050.
- Al-Omari, Awad; Rabaan, Ali A.; Salih, Samer; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. (2019). "MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 93 (3): 265–285. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.011. ISSN 1879-0070. PMID 30413355.
- To, Kelvin K. W.; Hung, Ivan F. N.; Chan, Jasper F. W.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2013). "From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 5 (Suppl 2): S103–S108. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.02. ISSN 2072-1439. PMC 3747523. PMID 23977429.
- Tang, Song (14 January 2005). 警惕非典再来（今日谈）. People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Bai, Jianfeng (16 December 2003). 非典之后再回首. People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Liu, Weining (25 February 2013). 钟南山：如果"非典"再来一次 不会成为挑战. Yangcheng Evening News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020 – via Sohu.
- Zhang, Lin (12 April 2013). 致命病毒：再相逢能否从容. China Science Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Li, Jianping (10 January 2018). 十年建起一道防治新发传染病屏障. China Youth Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- 如果再来一次非典……. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Chinese). 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- "About Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". CDC. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Rothe, Camilla; Schunk, Mirjam; Sothmann, Peter; Bretzel, Gisela; Froeschl, Guenter; Wallrauch, Claudia; Zimmer, Thorbjörn; Thiel, Verena; Janke, Christian; Guggemos, Wolfgang; Seilmaier, Michael (30 January 2020). "Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany". New England Journal of Medicine. 0. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001468. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32003551.
- "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第四版） (PDF). National Health Commission (in Chinese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2020.
- "Coronavirus lurking in feces may be a hidden source of spread". Japan Times. 2 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Gale, Jason (1 February 2020). "Coronavirus Lurking in Feces May Reveal Hidden Risk of Spread". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; Li, Bei; Huang, Chao-Lin; Chen, Hui-Dong (3 February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature: 1–4. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32015507. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- "Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Mahase, Elisabeth (28 January 2020). "China coronavirus: mild but infectious cases may make it hard to control outbreak, report warns". BMJ. 368: m325. doi:10.1136/bmj.m325. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 31992570. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Rabin, Roni Caryn (4 February 2020). "Even Without Symptoms, Wuhan Coronavirus May Spread, Experts Fear". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (15 February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 31986264.
- "China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- Walker, James (14 March 2020). "China Traces Coronavirus to First Confirmed Case, Nearly Identifying 'Patient Zero'". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show—report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- Oliveira, Nelson (27 March 2020). "Shrimp vendor identified as possible coronavirus 'patient zero,' leaked document says". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Page, Jeremy; Fan, Wenxin; Khan, Natasha (6 March 2020). "How It All Started: China's Early Coronavirus Missteps". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- 时间线：武汉疫情如何一步步扩散至全球. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese). 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (24 January 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 31986264.
- Wassenaar, Trudy; Zhou, Y. (May 2020), "2019_nCoV/SARS‐CoV‐2: rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses", Letters in Applied Microbiology, 70 (5): 342–348, doi:10.1111/lam.13285, PMC 7165814, PMID 32060933
- 最早上报疫情的她，怎样发现这种不一样的肺炎. 武汉晚报. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020.
- "Hubei rewards Zhang Dingyu and Zhang Jixian for their great merit". Sina Corp. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- "Ringing the alarm". Global Times. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- "Doctor who treated first 7 Coronavirus patients in Wuhan now a hero in China". Hindustan Times. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- 武汉疾控证实：当地现不明原因肺炎病人，发病数在统计. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
- 武汉华南海鲜市场休市整治：多数商户已关门停业(图). January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020.
- 内地高院为武汉肺炎「造谣者」平反 消息指8人均为前线医生. Radio Free Asia (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 8人因网上散布"武汉病毒性肺炎"不实信息被依法处理 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- [东方时空]湖北武汉发现不明原因肺炎 8名散播谣言者被查处_CCTV节目官网-CCTV-13_央视网(cctv.com). tv.cctv.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Xiong, Yong; Hande Atay Alam; Gan, Nectar. "Wuhan hospital announces death of whistleblower doctor Li Wenliang". CNN. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- 別讓普通人李文亮，僅僅成為體制崩壞的註腳. The Initium. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- Cheng, Sam Meredith, Joanna Tan, Evelyn (7 February 2020). Trump heaps praise on Xi, Singapore raises coronavirus alert to SARS level. CNBC. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- "China battles coronavirus outbreak: All the latest updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 多个省市启动一级响应抗击疫情，为何湖北省却不是最快的？. 第一财经 [China Business Network]. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 自保失败 西藏武汉肺炎疑沦陷. RFI Chinese (in Chinese). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 多地启动联防联控措施 严禁销售活禽、野生动物. Caijing (in Chinese). 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020.
- Anderlini, Jamil (10 February 2020). "Xi Jinping faces China's Chernobyl moment". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- Coughlin, Con (12 February 2020). "The coronavirus crisis could be China's Chernobyl". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- 田宇 (25 January 2020). 既过年关，也过难关. 人民网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 何小桃 (25 January 2020). 防控肺炎病毒，"硬核"河南究竟有多硬核？. 每日经济新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
- 张丰 (24 January 2020). 快评丨"快来抄作业"，面对疫情防控，河南做对了什么？. 红星新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 擅自封路是"硬核抗疫"？违法乱为不可纵！. Xinhua News Agency. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 拦截、断路、阻断交通？部委回应：行为违法，将依法妥处. Xinhua News Agency. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 交通运输部：按照"一断三不断"原则推动工作. Xinhua News Agency. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- William Zheng and Mimi Lau (21 January 2020). "China's credibility on the line as it tries to dispel cover-up fears". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020.
Party’s law and order body warns officials that anyone who tries to hide the spread of the disease will be ‘nailed on the pillar of shame for eternity’
- 湖北省人民政府关于加强新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控工作的通告. Hubei Province People's Government. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 杨利, ed. (23 January 2020). 浙江新增新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例17例. Provincial Health Commission of Zhejiang via The Beijing Times. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 俞菀 (23 January 2020). 周楚卿 (ed.). 浙江：新增新型冠状病毒感染肺炎确诊病例17例 启动重大公共突发卫生事件一级响应 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 北京市启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应. Beijing Youth Daily. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 上海、天津、重庆、安徽启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制. Xinhua News Agency. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 储白珊 (24 January 2020). 福建启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制. 福建日报. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 苏子牧 (24 January 2020). 【武汉肺炎疫情】中国14省市启动一级响应. 多维新闻. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 防控小知识｜突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级应急响应意味着什么？. 吉林电视台. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "An outbreak in Beijing of covid-19 is causing alarm". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- 国务院办公厅关于延长2020年春节假期的通知. 中国政府网. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- Ding, Ke (3 February 2020). 29省发布延迟开工通知 来看各地复工具体时间及安排. 券商中国.
- 腾讯体育_新型冠状病毒席卷武汉 女足奥预赛易地南京举行. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020.
- 東奧》女足資格賽 由武漢改至南京舉行 ，Fox體育，2020-01-23
- 女足将隔离备战奥预赛 王珊珊回归盼解锋无力难题. Sina Sports. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 中国足协延期举行超级杯 中超联赛或将同样延期. 中新社 (in Chinese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
- "Coronavirus affects AFC Champions League". ESPN. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- 中国足协延期开始2020赛季全国各级各类足球比赛. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- "AFC calls for emergency meetings with National and Club representatives (Updated)". Asian Football Confederation. 28 February 2020.
- 受武汉疫情影响 东京奥运会拳击预选赛被终止. Sina Sports. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 东京奥运拳击项目武汉站资格赛取消. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 东京奥运会拳击资格赛将从武汉改至约旦安曼举行. Sina Sports. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 女篮奥运资格赛因疫情易地，中国队失去主场优势. The Beijing Times. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 室内田径世锦赛因疫情推迟1年 田联仍交由南京举办. 163.com Sports. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- 受疫情影响 网球联合会杯从东莞改至哈萨克进行. 163.com Sports. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- 体育总局：防控疫情，取消举办体育六艺系列活动之乐动冰雪_中国政库_澎湃新闻-The Paper. Thepaper.cn. n.d. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 防控疫情：2020年中国长白山冰雪汽车拉力赛暂停举办. 澎湃新闻. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- WCBA后续赛事延迟，中国排协暂停一切排球赛事和活动. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "Formula E postpones China race amid virus outbreak". motorsport.com. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "2020 F1 Chinese Grand Prix postponed due to novel coronavirus outbreak | Formula One". Formula One. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "BWF Statement on Postponement of Lingshui China Masters". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 受疫情影响 第14届全国冬季运动会将推迟举办. 163.com Sports. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- "Miss China Official 中国环球小姐 on Instagram: "We would like to apologize and humbly announce that due to the coronavirus, the original on-date (March 8, 2020, Lijiang, China) Miss…"". Instagram. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- 武汉2020春节文化旅游惠民活动延期举行. China News Service. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 倪伟 (23 January 2020). 武汉文博场馆闭馆至元宵节，全国多地博物馆取消公众活动. The Beijing Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 武汉市文化和旅游局：全市所有旅游团队一律取消. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 武汉对进出武汉人员加强管控 遏制疫情扩散. Ta Kung Pao. 21 January 2020.
- 北京龙潭、地坛庙会取消. Beijing Youth Daily. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 北京宣布即日起取消包括庙会在内的大型活动. Beijing Daily. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 北京故宫恭王府世纪坛宣布明日起暂停开放. The Beijing Times. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 国家海洋博物馆 (24 January 2020). 关于国家海洋博物馆暂停试运行开放的公告.
- 应妮 (23 January 2020). 郭泽华 (ed.). 故宫博物院发布闭馆公告 中国多地取消新春文化活动. China News Service (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 西湖景区收费景点、博物馆明起全部关闭 游船、喷泉暂停. 浙江新闻客户端. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 苏湘洋 (24 January 2020). 南京秦淮灯会多个展区即日起闭园. 現代快報. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 葉琪 (24 January 2020). 【武漢肺炎】全國多地旅遊景區關閉防疫 上海迪士尼年初一起關閉. HK01. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 人民日报 (21 January 2020). 武汉新东方、新航道、学而思等校外培训机构停课防疫. 新浪财经_新浪网. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 湖北：全省学校推迟开学时间 党政机关出差取消. Xinhua News Agency. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 浙江省教育厅紧急通知！切实做好新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控工作. 浙江在线. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 深圳即日起停止校外培训机构春节假期补课，何时复课等官方通知. n.d. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
- 关于2019-2020学年寒假延期的通知-上海大学. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 教育部发布2020年春季学期延期开学的通知. 央视新闻客户端 (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 人社部：全国技工院校2020年春季学期延期开学. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- 徐锟. 湖北二月托福雅思考试取消 可全额退还报名费 – 中国日报网. China Daily. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- 雅思官微：取消在武汉的2月8日、13日及20日雅思考试_教育家_澎湃新闻-The Paper. Thepaper.cn. n.d. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- 教育部考试中心：取消2月所有托福、雅思考试. bjd.com.cn. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 教育部：留学人员无特殊需要建议推迟出境时间-中新网. chinanews.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- 国家公务员局：国考面试时间推迟. 人民日报客户端 (in Chinese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- 陈咏 (25 January 2020). 扬州取消2月2日结婚登记. 扬子晚报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 徐俊勇 (25 January 2020). 甘肃省取消2 February 2020 结婚登记办理. 甘肃日报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
- 苏赞 (25 January 2020). 广州取消2 February 2020 婚姻登记工作. 广州日报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 上海因防疫取消2月2日结婚登记办理. 星洲日报 (in Chinese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 民政部：建议取消2月2日开放婚姻登记. 人民日报客户端 (in Chinese). 31 January 2020.
- 防控疫情 浙江宁波"两会"推迟召开. Caixin. 9 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- "China parliament may delay key annual March session: Xinhua". Reuters. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- "China may delay annual meeting of parliament due to virus outbreak: sources". Reuters. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- Birtles, Bill (13 February 2020). "Xi Jinping faces big dilemma as coronavirus threatens China's showpiece political event". ABC News. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- Parke, Caleb (23 March 2020). "In coronavirus fight, China hasn't stopped persecuting Christians: watchdog". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Klett, Leah MarieAnn (21 March 2020). "China demolishes church, removes crosses as Christians worship at home". The Christian Post. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 37.
- "China Purchasing Indexes Drop to Record Lows as Epidemic Stalls Output: Factory and nonfactory figures tumble to levels below readings during the financial crisis," Wall Street Journal 28 February 2020
- 武汉肺炎累经济亮红灯 上半年减至少一个百分点. 法广. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- 吴雨 (1 February 2020). 人民银行：疫情对中国经济的影响是暂时的. @新华视点. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- "Lockdowns rise as China tries to control virus". United Kingdom: BBC. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 深交所：延长2020年春节休市至2月2日 2月3日起照常开市. 上海证券报·中国证券网. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 股市猪年收官日：A股大跌 沪指跌破3000点关口. n.d.
- "Why is the stock market dropping?". EquityBAZAR. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- A股鼠年开市3177只个股跌停 外资200亿资金抄底. n.d.
- 澎湃新闻 (28 January 2020). 央行、外汇局：延长银行间市场休市时间，2月3日起恢复. Sina Corp. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 3日人民币对美元汇率中间价下调373个基点. n.d.
- 双双破"7"，在岸、离岸人民币对美元汇率跌破7.01_金改实验室_澎湃新闻-The Paper. thepaper.cn. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 避险情绪释放 人民币对美元汇率破"7"_中证网. cs.com.cn. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "China sales slump 92% in first half of February on coronavirus". Automotive News Europe. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
Separately, Chinese policy makers have been discussing extending subsidies for electric-vehicle purchases beyond this year to revive sales, people familiar with the matter have said.
- Berman, Bradley (1 April 2020). "China set to backslide on electric car quotas while extending subsidies". Electrek.
- Post, The Jakarta (13 March 2020). "China's coronavirus epicenter of Wuhan sees single-digit new cases for second day". The Jakarta Post. Beijing. Reuters.
Outside Hubei, about 60% of small- and medium-sized firms and 95% of large ones have gone back to work, vice industry minister Xin Guobin said on Friday.
- "Caixin China manufacturing PMI rebounds in March". MarketWatch. 31 March 2020.
- "China's Q1 economy shrinks 6.8%, first contraction in decades". Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- "South China Morning Post - China GDP: Beijing abandons 2020 economic growth target, Premier Li Keqiang confirms at NPC". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.
- "Roughly 5 million people in China lost their jobs in the first 2 months of 2020". CNBC. 16 March 2020.
- "Coronavirus Lockdowns Torment an Army of Poor Migrant Workers in China". The New York Times. 23 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Hubei's migrant workers 'living in fear' as debts mount under lockdown". South China Morning Post. 18 March 2020.
- He, Laura; Gan, Nectar (8 May 2020). "80 million Chinese may already be out of work. 9 million more will soon be competing for jobs, too". CNN. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- Graham-Harrison, Emma; Kuo, Lily (19 March 2020). "China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- 谢斌 张纯 (21 January 2020). 一罩难求：南都民调实测走访发现，线上线下口罩基本卖脱销. 南方都市报. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- 徐榆涵 (23 January 2020). 全球各地瘋搶口罩 專家：不必買N95. 聯合報. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- 刘灏 (21 January 2020). 广东市场监管部门：将坚决打击囤积居奇、哄抬价格等行为. 南方网. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- 市场价格行为提醒书. n.d. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
- Liu, Yuying (31 January 2020). 专家：口罩短缺2月底或缓解. 中新网. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 陈泽云 (22 January 2020). 口罩买不到怎么办？这些药店平台春节期间持续供应. 金羊网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 京东：禁止第三方商家口罩涨价. The Beijing News. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 拼多多：对口罩等产品进行监测，恶意涨价者将下架. The Beijing News. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 苏宁易购：口罩等健康类商品禁涨价，并开展百亿补贴. The Beijing News. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- Millar, Kate McClymont, Royce (2 April 2020). "Billions of face masks sent to China during bushfire crisis". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- McClymont, Kate (27 March 2020). "Second developer flew 82 tonnes of medical supplies to China". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- "Why healthy Chinese wearing face masks outdoors?". NHC.gov.cn. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020.
- 劝返实录：汨罗大荆收费站劝返一辆湖北籍小车. hunan.voc.com.cn. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 记者探访信阳市鄂豫交界卡点：7小时劝返133人. Sina Corp. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 吴怡 (25 January 2020). 海南：对来自湖北的过海登岛旅客进行集中医学观察14天. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- 陈思思 (25 January 2020). 对重点地区来沪人员，上海三方面措施落实社区防控. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
- 重庆将开展网格化筛查应对疫情. 重庆日报 (in Chinese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ◤武汉肺炎◢ 浙江温州封城 每户2天可有1人出门|中國報. 中國報 China Press. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 武漢肺炎防疫 杭州全市實行封閉式管理 (in Chinese). Central News Agency. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020.
- 杭州市人民政府关于实施"防控疫情，人人有责" 十项措施的通告. 杭州网 (in Chinese). 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020.
- 武漢肺炎》六朝古都也淪陷！ 南京宣布封城. Liberty Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 深夜突发！南京、宁波、福州、哈尔滨…所有小区封闭管理！最狠这座城:每户5天只能1人外出采购1次. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- "Quarantine, red-tape and face masks: inside China's coronavirus-hit wind industry". Recharge | Latest renewable energy news. 19 February 2020.
- Alvarez, Simon (17 March 2020). "Tesla China shares Giga Shanghai safety measures against COVID-19 virus". TESLARATI.
- Austin Ramzy (30 March 2020). "Xinjiang Returns to Work, but Coronavirus Worries Linger in China". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
No reports have emerged of conditions in the facilities since the outbreak began. But former detainees have previously described poor food and sanitation and little help for those who fell ill.{...}"According to my personal experience in the concentration camp, they never helped anyone or provided any medical support for any kind of disease or health condition," said Ms. Sauytbay, who fled to Kazakhstan two years ago, in a phone interview this month. "If the coronavirus spread inside the camps, they would not help, they would not provide any medical support."{...}Now the region is being jolted back to work. Labor transfer programs, in which large numbers of Uighurs and other predominately Muslim minorities are sent to work in other parts of Xinjiang and the rest of China, have resumed in recent weeks.
- Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff; Joshua Lipes (27 February 2020). "Xinjiang Authorities Sending Uyghurs to Work in China's Factories, Despite Coronavirus Risks". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Mamatjan Juma, Alim Seytoff. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
Recent reports by the official Xinjiang Daily and Chinanews.com said that from Feb. 22–23, “400 youths were transferred to the provinces of Hunan, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi.” Of those, 114 from Awat (in Chinese, Awati) county, in the XUAR’s Aksu (Akesu) prefecture, were sent to Jiangxi’s Jiujiang city on Feb. 23, 100 from Aksu city were sent to Jiujiang on Feb. 22, and 171 from Hotan (Hetian) prefecture were sent to Changsha city in Hunan province, the reports said, without providing a date for the last transfer.
- Ankel, Sophia. "As China lifts its coronavirus lockdowns, authorities are using a color-coded health system to dictate where citizens can go. Here's how it works". Business Insider. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- "Chinese County Back Under Lockdown After Coronavirus Cases Re-Emerge". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- "Harbin city shuts eateries, coronavirus curbs ease elsewhere in China". Reuters. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- Myllyvirta, Lauri (19 February 2020). "Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter". Carbon Brief. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- 王东升, ed. (11 April 2020). 4月10日新疆（含兵团）无新增新冠肺炎确诊病例. Tianshannet (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- "Gravitas: Why China is not virus free: Xinjiang emerges as the new hotspot".
- Stevenson, Alexandra; Li, Cao (12 May 2020). "China's Coronavirus Back-to-Work Lessons: Masks and Vigilance". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- "Beijing district in 'wartime emergency' after virus cluster at major food market". Reuters. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- "Beijing ramps up testing in wake of recent COVID-19 outbreak". Global Times. 17 June 2020.
- Cao, Siqi (17 June 2020). "Beijing's latest outbreak may have occurred a month earlier: head of Chinese CDC". Global Times.
- "Beijing In 'Wartime Emergency Mode' Amid Fresh Cluster Of Coronavirus Cases". NPR.org.
- "China releases genome of virus that caused Beijing outbreak, saying it could be linked to Europe". see photo by Carlos Garcia Rawlins, Reuters: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Reuters. 19 June 2020.
- "Real-time update on coronavirus outbreak". Global Times. June 2020.
- "China Reports 61 New COVID-19 Cases for Sunday, Highest Daily Domestic Infections Since March 6". US News. 26 July 2020. Reporting by Huizhong Wu, Judy Hua and Ryan Woo; Editing by Himani Sarkar and Kenneth Maxwell
- "China reports 127 new coronavirus cases, highest since March 5". Reuters. 30 July 2020. Reporting by David Stanway and Wang Jing; Editing by Muralikumar Anantharaman
- McCarthy, Niall. "Chinese New Year: The World's Largest Human Migration Is About To Begin". Forbes.
- "Chunyun in China: World's biggest human migration". Business Standard. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 30亿人次出行！2020年春运大幕开启. Xinhua News Agency. 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 春运来临如何防控武汉肺炎传播？民航铁路部门回应. 第一财经. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- 中国官方警告春运或加速新型冠状病毒扩散风险. 纽约时报中文网 (in Chinese). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 疾病预防控制局 (20 January 2020). 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公告. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 杨丹旭. 武汉肺炎确诊病例升至440例 中国国家卫健委: 坚持日发布制度. 联合早报. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- 习近平对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020.
- 國家衛健委7個督導組分別前往京滬粵等7省市. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- Xie, John (19 March 2020). "World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020.
- Jakhar, Pratik (3 March 2020). "Tech joins fight against coronavirus". BBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- Dickson, Ben (21 March 2020). "Why AI might be the most effective weapon we have to fight COVID-19". Neural | The Next Web. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- Kretschmer, Fabian (4 March 2020). "Impfstoff gegen Corona: Chinas Wunderwaffe" – via taz.de.
- "China appoints 'Terminator of Ebola' in Wuhan -- Major General Chen Wei, China's foremost bio-warfare expert". www.timesnownews.com.
- "Chinese army takes over drive to find coronavirus cure". RFI. 17 February 2020.
- "Notice on Further Reducing International passenger Flights during the Epidemic Prevention and Control Period". Civil Aviation Administration of China. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, National Immigration Administration Announcement on the Temporary Suspension of Entry by Foreign Nationals Holding Valid Chinese Visas or Residence Permits". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 26 March 2020.
- Bradsher, Keith (26 March 2020). "To Slow Virus, China Bars Entry by Almost All Foreigners". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- "China to divert Beijing-bound international flights to other airports". Reuters. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- "Chinese county goes into coronavirus lockdown amid fear of second wave". Politico. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- "Chinese County Back Under Lockdown After Coronavirus Cases Re-Emerge". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- "China suspends imports of poultry from Arizona Tyson plant over coronavirus concerns". CNBC. 21 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- 人民银行副行长潘功胜就《关于进一步强化金融支持防控新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情的通知》接受媒体采访. 央行网站 (in Chinese). 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- 两部委：疫情防控医护人员每天补助300元或200元. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- 三部门：用于疫情防控的进口物资可享税收优惠. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 习近平对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 央视网. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- 李克強召開國務院會議 要求有力有效遏制新型肺炎疫情. RTHK. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- 国家医保局：对确诊为新型肺炎患者采取特殊报销政策. 澎湃新聞. 国家医保局微信公号. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- 孙春兰在武汉考察新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控工作时强调 压实责任 严格落实 坚决遏制疫情扩散蔓延. Xinhua News Agency. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 李克强主持召开中央应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情工作领导小组会议. Xinhua News Agency. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- 受习近平总书记委托，李克强总理来到武汉考察指导疫情防控工作. Xinhua News Agency. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 李克强来到武汉. 中国政府网 (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 【武漢肺炎】國務院總理李克強到達武漢 考察指導疫情防控工作. HK01 (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- "In coronavirus outbreak, China's leaders scramble to avert a Chernobyl moment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Page, Jeremy (27 January 2020). "China's Xi Gives His No. 2 a Rare Chance to Shine in Coronavirus Fight, With Risks for Both". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Kuo, Lily (4 February 2020). "Taking credit, avoiding blame? Xi Jinping's absence from coronavirus frontline". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Steger, Isabella. "Xi Jinping emerges to meet the people for the first time in China's coronavirus outbreak". Quartz. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- "China's Xi Seen in Public After Doctor's Death Sparks Anger". Bloomberg. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- "'A friend in need is a friend indeed,' Xi tells visiting Hun Sen". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- Yew Lun Tian, Se Young Lee (10 March 2020). "Xi visits Wuhan, signaling tide turning in China's coronavirus battle". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- 赵承 (11 March 2020). 顾天成 (ed.). 习近平总书记武汉之行传递战"疫"新信号 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- 沙雪良 (29 January 2020). 从副厅到村官，六省市多名干部防疫失职被问责. 新京报. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 唐主任被问责，为谁敲响警钟？. 参考消息. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020 – via 新浪军事.
- 黄冈问责党员干部337人，3名正县级免职，黄冈市长"感到内疚和自责". 上观新闻. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 每日防控综述|黄冈问责防控疫情不力党员干部337人. 中央纪委国家监委网站. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020 – via 新浪.
- 省纪委监委通报一起疫情防控排查工作不力问题. 河北省纪委监委网站. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 【武汉疫情】多地官员遭处理 武汉市长陷名表疑云[图]【武汉疫情】多地官员遭处理 武汉市长陷名表疑云[图].
- 袁杰 (2 February 2020). 江苏响水多人因疫情防控不力被问责，含当地疾控中心主任. 澎湃新闻. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 湖北省红十字会专职副会长失职失责被免职 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 4 February 2020.
- 违规发放口罩，武汉市三名职能部门领导被问责. 湖北日报. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "U.S. Says It Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship". The New York Times. 6 March 2020.
- "習近平「1月7日に感染対策指示」は虚偽か". Yahoo! Japan News. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
According to the issue of Chinese Communist Party Central Magazine "Qiushi" printed on February 15, Xi Jinping wrote, in the February 3rd meeting, he claimed he had already warned about the novel coronavirus pneumonia on the January 7th meeting. However, there are no records of such in neither the February 3 meeting minute nor the January 7 meeting minute. Which indicate this is a retrospectively made excuse and Xi Jinping have made a lie.
- Griffiths, James (17 February 2020). "Did Xi Jinping know about the coronavirus outbreak earlier than first suggested?". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus: China to stage day of mourning on Saturday for thousands killed by Covid-19". South China Morning Post. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- Technical Brief on the Implications of COVID-19 on Census (PDF). UNFPA. 2020.
- "Rapid Data Sharing and Genomics Vital to China Virus Response". Yale School of Public Health. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- Normile, Dennis; Cohen, Jon; Kupferschmidt, Kai (9 January 2020). "Scientists urge China to quickly share data on virus linked to pneumonia outbreak". Science. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- Apuzzo, Matt; Kirkpatrick, David D. (1 April 2020). "Covid-19 Changed How the World Does Science, Together". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on January 21, 2020". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Delfs, Arne; Lacqua, Francine (n.d.). "China Praised By Germany For Transparency in Combating Virus". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Karlin-Smith, Sarah. "U.S. officials praise Chinese transparency on virus – up to a point". Politico. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "世界卫生组织总干事抵达北京 与中国方面讨论新型冠状病毒疫情". Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- "Hong Kong to slash border travel as virus spreads". BBC News. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Riordan, Primrose; Wong, Sue-Lin (5 February 2020). "WHO expert says China too slow to report coronavirus cases". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- Press Trust of India. "'Little upset with China' over coronavirus info sharing: Trump | Business Standard News". Business-standard.com. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- Javier C. Hernández (4 April 2020). "Trump Slammed the W.H.O. Over Coronavirus. He's Not Alone. - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- Cheng, Evelyn (18 May 2020). "China's Xi pledges $2 billion to help fight coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- "Australia welcomes growing support for COVID-19 inquiry at WHO meeting". Reuters. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- "Factbox: Countries evacuating nationals from China virus areas". Reuters. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "擔心各國撤僑「掃顏面」 韓媒：大陸要求半夜才能撤 | ETtoday新聞雲". ETtoday (in Chinese). 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "British evacuation flight out of Wuhan delayed". BBC News. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "'One China' dispute means one big headache for Taiwan in coronavirus crisis". The Washington Post. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Everington, Keoni (n.d.). "China finally to allow evacuation of 200 Taiwanese from Wuhan tonight". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Taiwan evacuates first group from Wuhan, announces limit on mask purchases". The Straits Times. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "Taiwan's latest Wuhan virus patient was not listed for evacuation from China". Focus Taiwan. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "Taiwan Hits Out at China's Management of Evacuation Flight, Quarantine". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- 第二批滯留武漢台商返台生變 兩岸再互嗆. Union Daily News (in Chinese). 6 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "China-Taiwan Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "mainland urges Taiwan authority to stop impeding Taiwan compatriots returning from Hubei". Xinhua News Agency. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "Taiwan bars return of residents from mainland, says Beijing – Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- 武汉台办：台卫生机构应对台胞确诊病例相关情况作出说明. Xinhua News Agency. n.d. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- "出入境健康申报指引". 中央广播电视总台国际在线. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- 国家移民管理局：武汉已4天无人员出境. 北京日报客户端 (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- "海关总署公告2020年第16号（关于重新启动出入境人员填写健康申明卡制度的公告）". 海关总署. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- 外交部：決定派包機接海外湖北公民回國 (in Chinese). RTHK. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- 防武汉肺炎 台湾扩大管制大陆人士赴台. Duowei News (in Chinese). 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 台灣嚴防疫情 海外大陸籍人士也禁止入境. World Journal (in Chinese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Andone, Dakin. "US travel restrictions go into effect to combat coronavirus spread". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- "Countries close borders as coronavirus spreads". BBC News. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Stevenson, Alexandra (1 February 2020). "China Increasingly Walled Off as Countries Seek to Stem Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Newey, Sarah; Smith, Nicola; Yan, Sophia (28 January 2020). "Hong Kong to close borders with mainland China as global alarm spreads over coronavirus". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 国家移民管理局暂停办理内地居民往来港澳地区旅游签注. 国家移民管理局 (in Chinese). 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- Wang, Sam Meredith, Weizhen Tan, Evelyn Cheng, Christine (2 February 2020). "Hong Kong closes most border crossings with mainland China, coronavirus death toll at 362". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "Hong Kong closes most crossings to China as coronavirus spreads". Financial Times. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "Hong Kong hospital strike over virus border fears". BBC News. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "21 countries donate medical supplies to China: spokesperson". www.xinhuanet.com. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- "United Front groups in Canada helped Beijing stockpile coronavirus safety supplies - National". Globalnews.ca. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- "China's fight against the coronavirus opens up diplomatic opportunities". TRT World. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Chinese aid to the EU delivered to Italy". European Commission. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- "With U.S. hit by virus, China courts Latin America with medical diplomacy". Reuters. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- "Despite calls for global cooperation, US and China fight over leading coronavirus response". ABC News. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- Gorce, Tammy La (5 April 2020). "Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- Pelosi, Gerardo (11 March 2020). "Coronavirus, attese per oggi un milione di mascherine". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
Only China has responded bilaterally. This is not a good sign of EU solidarity
- "China sends essential coronavirus supplies to Italy". Al Jazeera. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- Balmer, Crispian (13 March 2020). "China sends medical supplies, experts to help Italy battle coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- Giulia Pompili (12 March 2020). "But what help from China against the virus, it's all stuff we purchase". Il Foglio (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
confermano al Foglio fonti della Farnesina e la Protezione civile, non c’è nessuna donazione, niente di gratis
- Myers, Steven; Rubin, Alissa (18 March 2020). "Its Coronavirus Cases Dwindling, China Turns Focus Outward". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- Blenkinsop, Philip (14 March 2020). "Jack Ma donates two million masks for coronavirus crisis in Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "President Xi Jinping Talked with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte over the Phone". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 16 March 2020.
- Athey, Amber (4 April 2020). "Italy gave China PPE to help with coronavirus — then China made them buy it back". The Spectator USA. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- Policy, Foreign (21 April 2020). "The Wuhan Virus Is Finally Awakening Europe To China's Imperialism". The Federalist.
- Weinthal, Benjamin (20 April 2020). "Germany's largest paper to China's president: You're endangering the world - The Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Countries reject Chinese-made equipment". BBC. 30 March 2020.
- Moynihan, Adam Payne, Sinéad Baker, Ruqayyah. "The Netherlands has recalled 600,000 coronavirus face masks it imported from China after discovering they were faulty". Business Insider.
- Kirkpatrick, David D.; Bradley, Jane (16 April 2020). "U.K. Paid $20 Million for New Coronavirus Tests. They Didn't Work". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Tales of solidarity from China's virus-hit Wuhan". BBC. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- 恐慌擴散！機上有武漢人…上海旅客拒登機. World Journal (in Chinese). 29 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- Gan, Nectar. "Wuhan people outcasts in their own country amid coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- 疫情嚴峻 多省圍堵驅趕武漢人 武漢網民投訴上海人拒同機 央視籲勿歧視 – 20200129 – 中國. 明報新聞網 (in Chinese). Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- 鼓勵舉報湖北人 廣東這個鎮懸賞30個口罩. World Journal (in Chinese). 5 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- 上海人拒與發燒武漢人同機 旅客怒：不是同胞嗎？. World Journal (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- 武漢肺炎》上海人拒同機 武漢人嗆「沒同胞愛」反遭中網友罵爆. Liberty Times (in Chinese). 28 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- Rich, Motoko (30 January 2020). "As Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Anti-Chinese Sentiment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- "Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide". ABC News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Peel, Michael; Mallet, Victor (1 February 2020). "'Why don't you stay home?' — coronavirus sparks racism fears". Financial Times. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- "Fear of coronavirus fuels racist sentiment targeting Asians". Los Angeles Times. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- "US warns African-Americans to avoid Guangzhou after reports black people are being targeted in coronavirus clampdown | South China Morning Post". Scmp.com. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- "'Unacceptable': Nigeria condemns treatment of citizens in China | News". Al Jazeera. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- Jenni Marsh; Shawn Deng; Nectar Gan. "Africans in Guangzhou on edge as coronavirus fears spark anti-foreigner sentiment in China". CNN. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- "US warns African-Americans to avoid Guangzhou due to discrimination fears". South China Morning Post. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- "China downplays African evictions on coronavirus, blames US media â€" Quartz Africa". Qz.com. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- Hangwei Li (17 April 2020). "Mistreatment of Africans in Guangzhou threatens China's coronavirus diplomacy". Theconversation.com. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- Marsh, Jenni (12 April 2020). "Africans in Guangzhou left homeless amid rising xenophobia as China fights a second wave of coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- "'If you're black you can't go out': Africans in China face racism in Covid-19 crackdown". France24.com. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Remarks on Guangdong's Anti-epidemic Measures Concerning African Citizens in China". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "Africa reassesses its relations with China as Covid-19 exposes racial tensions". North Africa Journal. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
On Sunday, as international pressure mounted, the foreign ministry in Beijing issued a statement saying the country attached “great importance to the life and health of foreign nationals” and rejected all “racist and discriminatory” remarks.
- "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on April 13, 2020". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- Chambers, Alice; Davies, Guy (29 April 2020). "How foreigners, especially black people, became unwelcome in parts of China amid COVID crisis". ABC News. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- Davidson, Helen (13 April 2020). "Chinese official: claims of racial targeting are 'reasonable concerns'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- Li, Hangwei. "The mistreatment of Africans in Guangzhou is a big threat to China's coronavirus diplomacy". Quartz. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- Brown, Matthew. "Fact check: Black people being targeted in Guangzhou, China, over COVID-19 fears". USA TODAY. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- "Ringing the alarm". Global Times. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- "Doctor who treated first 7 coronavirus patients in Wuhan now a hero in China". Hindustan Times. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- 新冠肺炎吹哨醫師 李文亮病逝 民眾激憤. World Journal (in Chinese). 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Kristof, Nicholas (29 January 2020). "Coronavirus Spreads, and the World Pays for China's Dictatorship". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "China's slow response to coronavirus has shown the weakness of its centralised model". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- "The true cost of China's coronavirus cover-up: How state censorship let the outbreak spread | National Post". 7 February 2020.
- Griffiths, James. "Wuhan is the latest crisis to face China's Xi, and it's exposing major flaws in his model of control". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- "With Outbreaks Come Misinformation. Covid-19 Is No Exception". Undark Magazine. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "Xi orders resolute efforts to curb virus spread". Xinhua News Agency. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- "Chinese premier stresses curbing viral pneumonia epidemic". China Daily. Beijing. Xinhua News Agency. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- Fifield, Anna; Sun, Lina H.; Bernstein, Lenny (22 January 2020). "Chinese officials try to contain virus outbreak as first case confirmed in U.S." The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- Zheng, William; Lau, Mimi (21 January 2020). "China's credibility on the line as it tries to dispels fears it will cover up spread of Wuhan virus". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- Wei, Lingling (28 January 2020). "China Strains to Stamp Out Coronavirus Criticisms at Home". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- "In coronavirus outbreak, China's leaders scramble to avert a Chernobyl moment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- "China's online censors tighten grip after brief coronavirus respite". Reuters. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- Griffiths, James. "China is waking up to the dangers of knee-jerk censorship in a crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Gilbert, David (30 January 2020). "You Can Now Go to Jail in China for Criticizing Beijing's Coronavirus Response". Vice. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Zhong, Raymond (27 January 2020). "As Virus Spreads, Anger Floods Chinese Social Media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Li, Jane. "China is dispatching journalists to tell the coronavirus story it wants its people to hear". Quartz. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Yuan, Li (26 February 2020). "Coronavirus Weakens China's Powerful Propaganda Machine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- "China's online censors tighten grip after brief coronavirus respite". Reuters. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- Gayle, Alison Rourke (now); Molly Blackall Damien; Weaver, Matthew; Murray, Jessica; Rourke (earlier), Alison; Doherty, Ben; Doherty, Ben (31 January 2020). "Virus death toll reaches 213 in China – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "China: Respect Rights in Coronavirus Response". Human Rights Watch. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- "Authorities in Tibetan Capital Lhasa Arrest 10 for Breaching Coronavirus Protocol". Radio Free Asia. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- Kuo, Lily (11 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Wuhan doctor speaks out against authorities". The Guardian.
- 龚菁琦 (10 March 2020). 发哨子的人. 人物周刊 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2020 – via WeChat.
- "China Is Using Fears Of Online Misinformation About The Coronavirus To Arrest People". Buzzfeed News. 29 January 2020.
- "Police in Central China's Wuhan arrested 8 people spreading rumors about local outbreak of unidentifiable #pneumonia. Previous online posts said it was SARS". Global Times. 2 January 2020.
- ◤武汉肺炎◢ 中国最高法院为8网民平反 当初若听"谣言" 或是幸事|中國報. 中國報 China Press (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 武漢市長稱疫情延誤肇因法規 中國疾控中心不認同. 中央社 CNA (in Chinese). n.d. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 武汉医生李文亮的2020开年. 华西都市报. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Lin, Tripti Lahiri, Tony. "Questions swirl after China attempts to censor news of whistleblowing doctor's death". Quartz. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- "Li Wenliang: Coronavirus death of Wuhan doctor sparks outpouring of anger". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Graham-Harrison, Emma (6 February 2020). "'Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus Whistleblower Dies From The Disease in China". NPR. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- "Li Wenliang's death is a new crisis for China's rulers". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- Kuo, Lily (11 February 2020). "Coronavirus: outspoken academic blames Xi Jinping for 'catastrophe' sweeping China". The Guardian.
- "As the coronavirus spreads, China is losing its control online". The Globe and Mail.
- "The Coronavirus Story is Too Big for China to Spin". twnews.us. 14 February 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Wuhan police apologise to family of whistle-blowing doctor Li Wenliang". South China Morning Post. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "Chinese Authorities Admit Improper Response To Coronavirus Whistleblower". NPR. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- 武漢市長暗示疫情披露不及時中央有責任. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Breuninger, Kevin (1 April 2020). "China hid extent of coronavirus outbreak, US intelligence reportedly says". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- "China Concealed Extent of Virus Outbreak, U.S. Intelligence Says". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- Barnes, Julian E. (2 April 2020). "C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- Zheng, William (27 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Wuhan opens its funeral homes, cemeteries so families can bury their dead". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- "Chinese families should be sweeping graves now. But thousands still haven't buried their dead". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- "Urns in Wuhan Prompt New Questions of Virus's Toll". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- "Experts are questioning China's reported coronavirus case and death counts. Here's why it's so important to get the data right". Business Insider. 4 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
experts and locals are questioning China's case counts.
- "China deploys measures to curb imported COVID-19 cases, rebound in indigenous cases". State Council Information Office of China. 24 March 2020.
- "Doubts over China's claim of beating coronavirus".
Don't lift quarantine measures too fast: government expert
- "China's Wuhan is touting 'zero' new coronavirus cases. But is the battle over?". The Washington Post. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "Hidden infections challenge China's claim coronavirus is under control". Financial Times. 27 March 2020.
- "China did not count coronavirus positives if patient had no symptoms: report". The Hill. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
experts and locals are questioning China's case counts.
- "Covid-19: four fifths of cases are asymptomatic, China figures indicate". The BMJ. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
experts and locals are questioning China's case counts.
- Kenneth Rapoza. "China Revising Wuhan Coronavirus Death Toll". Forbes.com. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- "Beijing's pandemic response is China's 'Chornobyl moment,' critics say". cbc.ca. 15 April 2020.
- "Beijing tightens grip over coronavirus research amid US-China row on virus origin". www.msn.com.
- Nectar Gan; Caitlin Hu; Ivan Watson. "China imposes restrictions on research into origins of coronavirus". CNN.
- "China Coronavirus: Chinese Govt bars research on coronavirus origin | International - Times of India Videos". The Times of India.
- Chan, Athena (13 April 2020). "Coronavirus Origin Cover-Up: China Stifles Research, Instructions Posted Online Deleted". International Business Times.
- "Who is Shi Zhengli? The Chinese virologist was 'silenced' after she decoded Coronavirus strain in December". International Business Times, Singapore Edition. 12 April 2020.
- "Trump says U.S. investigating whether virus came from Wuhan lab". Reuters. 16 April 2020.
- Makichuk, Dave (6 April 2020). "Wuhan lab virus leak 'no longer discounted': Cobra". Asia Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- Tan, Huileng (29 January 2020). "China's Xi faces his 'greatest political challenge' with coronavirus outbreak, says analyst". CNBC. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Gilbert, David (30 January 2020). "You Can Now Go to Jail in China for Criticizing Beijing's Coronavirus Response". Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Jankowicz, Mia (19 February 2020). "The 1,600-bed Wuhan coronavirus hospital that China panic-built in a few days is less than half full 11 days after it opened". Business Insider.
- Perper, Rosie. "China boasted that it built 2 new coronavirus hospitals in 12 days. But they're treating less than half the people they're supposed to". Business Insider.
- Montgomery, Blake (28 January 2020). "The Chinese Government Is Spreading Coronavirus Disinformation". The Daily Beast – via thedailybeast.com.
- "How concerned should we be about the coronavirus outbreak? It's complicated | National Post". 28 January 2020.
- Lapin, Tamar (30 January 2020). "China residents face jail if they slam country's coronavirus response". Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Jiang, Steven. "The Wuhan coronavirus is Chinese President Xi Jinping's ultimate test". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- Myers, Steven Lee; Buckley, Chris (26 January 2020). "In Coronavirus, a 'Battle' That Could Humble China's Strongman". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- "China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war". Politico. 18 March 2020.
- "China Is Fighting the Coronavirus Propaganda War to Win". Foreign Policy. 20 March 2020.
- "EU toned down report on Chinese disinformation after Beijing threatened 'repercussions', diplomatic sources say | South China Morning Post". Scmp.com. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- Jan van der Made. "China furious over German newspaper claims that China caused Covid-19 outbreak". Rfi.fr. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- Hutt, David (29 April 2020). "Covid-19 trouble brewing behind EU-China ties". Asia Times. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- "Wuhan lockdown: China takes extreme measures to stop virus spread | DW | 23 January 2020". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- "Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China". Reuters. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- "How is China coping with the coronavirus outbreak?". United Kingdom: BBC. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- "China stocks slump 3% on Wuhan lockdown over virus outbreak". The Economic Times. India. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- Levenson, Michael (22 January 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- MacDougall, Clair (12 May 2015). "Liberia's Military Tries to Remedy Tension Over Ebola Quarantine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- Markel, Howard (27 January 2020). "Opinion | Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- "Wuhan quarantine bought the world time to prepare for Covid-19". STAT. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- Oddone, Elisa. "Italy struggles with virus 'that doesn't respect borders'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- "Fears mount as coronavirus outbreak worsens in sanctions-hit Iran". South China Morning Post. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- 孟嘗君 (29 January 2020). 武漢肺炎：疫情從可控到失控的三十天. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 武汉"封城"背后：确认病毒"人传人"的21天. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- Xu, Bingqing; Chen, Rui (1 February 2020). 特别报道：1月6日之后，12天病例零新增之谜. YiMagazine. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Imai, Natsuko; Dorigatti, Ilaria; Cori, Anne; Riley, Steven; Ferguson, Neil M (17 January 2020). "Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus cases in Wuhan City, China (report 1)" (PDF). Imperial College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- Gallagher, James (18 January 2020). "New Chinese virus 'will have infected hundreds'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- "HKUMed WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control releases real-time nowcast on the likely extent of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, domestic and international spread with the forecast for chunyun". HKUMed School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- 中国 武漢の新型ウイルス肺炎でネット上に疑問の声, NHKニュース, archived from the original on 21 January 2020, retrieved 11 February 2020
- Years after SARS, a more confident China faces a new virus, Associated Press, retrieved 11 February 2020
- 网民讥"只出国不出省，是个爱国病毒". Sinchew Daily. 19 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 武汉新型病毒：1700+和45 | DW | 18 January 2020 (in Chinese). Deutsche Welle. 18 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Kuo, Lily (21 January 2020). "China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- China confirms sharp rise in cases of SARS-like virus across the country. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- 武汉肺炎两日激增136宗病例，北京深圳首现感染者. New York Times Chinese (in Chinese). 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Chen, Baocheng; Zhao, Jinzhao (20 January 2020). 钟南山：新型冠状病毒肺炎"肯定人传人". Caixin (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- 武汉成立新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控指挥部 升级防控措施--央视. 路透社. 21 January 2020.
- 武汉新型冠状病毒感染患者救治均由政府买单. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- 王瑞文; 王亚会 (21 January 2020). 武汉一社区办万家宴，社区负责人：目前一切正常. The Beijing News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Li, Weiao (6 February 2020). "万家宴"所在社区卫生中心医生：百步亭确诊新冠肺炎患者比例不比其他社区高. The Economic Observer. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- 中国处理疫情无方引发民怨 湖北官员成箭靶 (in Chinese). Radio France Internationale. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- 武汉社区19日还在搞万家宴 市长回应：对这件事预警不够. Guancha.com. n.d. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- 管轶：武汉肺炎发展曲线与SARS高度相似. Caixin. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 勞顯亮; 勞顯亮 (23 January 2020). 【武漢肺炎】管軼：病源被毀、不歡迎專家 估感染規模大沙士十倍. 香港01 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 管轶：去过武汉请自我隔离. Caixin. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 港大专家管轶：传播源已全面铺开 感染规模或沙斯10倍. Zaobao (in Chinese). 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 梓鹏 (29 January 2020). 武汉疫情与中港"一国两制"下的医护镜像. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 武汉肺炎"车祸现场"发布会 公众愤怒中国官员管治能力低下. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- 科技部：疫情防控任务完成前不应将精力放在发论文上. Caixin (in Chinese). n.d. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Chen, Jiayuan; Shi, Jinsong; Yau, Tungon; Liu, Chang; Li, Xin; Zhao, Qiang; Ruan, Jishou; Gao, Shan (21 January 2020). "Bioinformatics analysis of the Wuhan 2019 human coronavirus genome". Chinese Journal of Bioinformatics (in Chinese). doi:10.12113/202001007 (inactive 29 May 2020). ISSN 1672-5565. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- Liu, Yan (31 January 2020). 【武汉肺炎】抢发科研论文引风波 中国科技部此时发声意在何指. Duowei News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen (29 January 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ISSN 0028-4793.
- 独家|中国疾控中心高福、冯子健回应论文风波. Caixin (in Chinese). 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- 中疾控论文为何发表快？期刊回应新冠相关论文发表仅48小时. The Paper. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- Stoye, Emma (30 January 2020). "China coronavirus: how many papers have been published?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00253-8. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- 吃一堑能长一智吗？国际著名公卫专家评武汉疫情. 知识分子. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- "China's rulers see the coronavirus as a chance to tighten their grip". The Economist. 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- 朋友圈智商鉴定，冠状病毒是美国投的毒？ (in Chinese). 中华网. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- 中國家長指稱「武漢肺炎是美國投放病毒」 網友傻爆眼 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 19 February 2020.
- 武汉病毒4个关键蛋白被替换，可精准攻击华人_西陆网. xilu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- 为什么武汉这场瘟疫，必须得靠解放军？ (in Chinese). 红歌会网. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- Wang, Zhoulun. "Official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "China's apology theory" is groundless and unreasonable". Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- Cheng, Ching-Tse. "China's foreign ministry accuses US military of bringing virus to Wuhan". Taiwan News. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- BUDRYK, ZACK (12 March 2020). "China, pushing conspiracy theory, accuses US Army of bringing coronavirus to Wuhan". The Hill. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- Tang, Didi. "China accuses US of bringing coronavirus to Wuhan". The Times. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- "US summons China's ambassador to Washington over coronavirus conspiracy theory". Al Arabiya English. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- "Top Chinese official disowns U.S. Military lab coronavirus conspiracy". Axios. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- "Pompeo admits the US can't be certain coronavirus outbreak originated in Wuhan lab". CNN. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- 新型冠状病毒肺炎流行病学特征分析. 中华流行病学杂志 (in Chinese). 41(2): 145–151. n.d.
- "Coronavirus Live Updates: Olympics Postponed; New York City Braces for a Deluge of Patients". The New York Times. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "A third of virus cases may be 'silent carriers', classified data suggests". South China Morning Post. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- Kuo, Lily (23 March 2020). "Life after lockdown: has China really beaten coronavirus?". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "截至7月26日24时新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情最新情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mainland China at 24:00 26 July 2020)". National Health Commision of PR China (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- "新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情实时大数据报告". baidu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- "疫情通报 (historical information on the COVID-19 pandemic) in Mainland China". National Health Commision of PR China (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- "2020年6月22日湖北省新冠肺炎疫情情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei at 24:00 22 June 2020)". hubei.gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- "2020年7月27日广东省新冠肺炎疫情情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Guangdong at 24:00 26 July 2020)" (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- "2020年7月16日浙江省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Zhejiang at 24:00 16 July 2020)" (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- "2020年7月16日北京市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing at 24:00 26 July 2020)" (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
External links
 |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China |
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University
- Reports on the COVID-19 pandemic in China, by the PRC National Health Commission
- Coronavirus China updates and news. China in Coronavirus Global international portal. Available in English, French, Spanish, Russian and more.
