COVID-19 apps

COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications for digital contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.

COVID-19 apps

Example proposal for a location-based COVID-19 contact tracing app: Contacts of individual A (and all individuals using the app) are traced using GPS co-localizations with other app users, supplemented by scanning QR codes displayed on high-traffic public amenities where GPS is too coarse. Individual A requests a SARS-COV-2 test (using the app) and their positive test result triggers an instant notification to individuals who have been in close contact. The app advises isolation for the case (individual A) and quarantine of their contacts.[2]

Type

Mobile software applications

Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.

Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems. India's Covid-19 tracking app Aarogya Setu became the world's fastest growing application, beating Pokemon Go with 50 million users in the first 13 days of its release.

In August 2020, the ACLU called the apps a "sideshow" and "unlikely to help".[3]

Rationale

See also: COVID-19 surveillance

Contact tracing is an important tool in infectious disease control, but as the number of cases rises time constraints make it more challenging to effectively control transmission.[4][5] Digital contact tracing, especially if widely deployed, may be more effective than traditional methods of contact tracing. In a March 2020 model by the Oxford University Big Data Institute team of Professor Christophe Fraser, a coronavirus outbreak in a city of one million people is halted if 80% of all smartphone users take part in a tracking system; in the model, the elderly are still expected to self-isolate en masse, but individuals who are neither symptomatic nor elderly are exempt from isolation unless they receive an alert that they are at risk of carrying the disease.[6][7] Some proponents advocate for legislation exempting certain COVID-19 apps from general privacy restrictions.[8]

Issues

Uptake

Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.[9] In Singapore, only one person in three downloaded the TraceTogether App by end-June 2020, despite legal requirements for most workers;[10] the app was also underused due to the fact that it required users to keep the app open at all times on Apple iOS.[11]

The proposed Google/Apple contact tracing plan intends to mitigate the take-up problem by incorporating the tracing mechanism in their device operating systems, distributed by standard software update mechanisms. By phase two, the operating system would be able to track exposure without the need to download a separate COVID-19 app.[12]

A team at the University of Oxford simulated the effect of a contact tracing app on a city of 1 million. They estimated that if the app was used in conjunction with the shielding of over-70s, then 56% of the population would have to be using the app for it to suppress the virus.[13] This would be equivalent to 80% of smartphone users in the United Kingdom. They found that the app could still slow the spread of the virus if fewer people downloaded it, with one infection being prevented for every one or two users.[13]

App store restrictions

Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful apps, Apple, Google and Amazon set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.[14][15]

Privacy, discrimination and marginalisation concerns

Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.[16] American Civil Liberties Union has published a set of principles for technology-assisted contact tracing and [17] Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement[18] calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.[19] The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:[18]

1. surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
2. extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
3. the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
4. data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
5. digital surveillance would have to address the risk of exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
6. any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
7. there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
8. "meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.

The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC)[20] and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF)[21] also issued checklists.

The proposed Google/Apple contact tracing plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.[12]

On 20 April 2020, it was reported that over 300 academics had signed a statement favouring decentralised proximity tracing applications over centralised models, given the difficulty in precluding centralised options being used "to enable unwarranted discrimination and surveillance."[22][23] In a centralised model, a central database records the ID codes of meetings between users. In a decentralised model, this information is recorded on individual phones, with the role of the central database being limited to identifying phones by their ID code when an alert needs to be sent.

Human Rights Watch suggests that national mobile applications for COVID-19 contact tracing could potentially pose a serious threat to human rights.[24]

In May 2020, it was reported that the authorities in Moscow wrongly fined hundreds of Moscovites for breaching self-quarantine. The dubious behavioral interpretations recorded by the social monitoring tracking application led to the mistaken fining of hundreds of people in Moscow.[25]

Accuracy of proximity reports

According to ZDNet, Bluetooth-based proximity detection carries a risk of over-reporting interactions and leading to "a huge amount of false positives"; hypothetically, a system could flag an interaction with "(a) person waiting for the bus on the (opposite) side of the road". One problem is that using Bluetooth signal strength to infer distance can be unreliable; the range of a given Bluetooth device can vary due to the environment or the way the device is held. False positives could result in needless self-isolation, or could cause users to ignore warnings if the warnings are perceived as unreliable.[26] GPS-based proximity detection can also be unreliable: according to the United States' GPS.gov, "GPS-enabled smartphones are typically accurate to within a 4.9 meter (16 ft.) radius under open sky", with accuracy decreasing further in the presence of signal blockage. In contrast, social distancing guidelines are usually 2 m (6 ft).[27][28]

In the Google/Apple mechanism, a log entry is only added on the phone if Bluetooth proximity persists for five minutes (or possibly longer, depending on app configuration). Logs are retained for 14 days.[29] Bluetooth tracking is prone to false negatives; for example, unlike time-stamped GPS matching, Bluetooth cannot detect that a user has entered a possibly-infected space that an infected person has just left.[30]

General approaches

Centralized contact tracing

Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking. In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.[31] Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.[32] However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).

In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing. Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.[33] In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.[34] This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.[34]

Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems. As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.[35]

Decentralized contact tracing

A simplified explanation of how DP-3T and TCN Protocol (and similar protocols, such as the Exposure Notification API[36][37]) can anonymously warn users about contact with an infected person.

Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.[38][39][40]

Covid Watch was the first organization to develop[41] and open source[42][43] an anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth digital contact tracing protocol, publishing their white paper on the subject on 20 March 2020.[44][45][46][47][48] The group was founded as a research collaboration between Stanford University and the University of Waterloo.[49][50][51] The protocol they developed, the CEN Protocol, later renamed the TCN Protocol, was first released on 17 March 2020[52][53][54] and presented at Stanford HAI's COVID-19 and AI virtual conference on 1 April 2020.[55][56][57]

As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.[19] Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.[19]

A group of European researchers, including from the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), were under the umbrella of the Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project,[58] developing a BLE-based app to serve this purpose that is designed to avoid the need for intrusive surveillance by the state.[59][60][61] However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches.[62] On April 17, 2020, EPFL and the ETH Zurich pulled out of the project, criticizing PEPP-PT for a lack of transparency and openness, and for not respecting personal privacy enough.[63] Later it was reported that KU Leuven, the CISPA Helmholz Center for Information Security, the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems and the Technical University of Denmark, also withdrew from the project.[64][65][66][67] On April 26, 2020, Germany switched to decentralised approach to support solutions like DP-3T.[68]

Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T),[35][69] The Coalition Network's Whisper Tracing Protocol,[70] the global TCN Coalition's TCN ("Temporary Contact Numbers") Protocol,[71][72] and the MIT Media Lab's SafePaths.[73][74] The goal of decentralization is to reduce the loss of privacy, by exchanging anonymous keys that do not include identifiable information.[75]

COCOVID[76] is being developed as a common effort of several European companies and institutions. The Mobile Application, the Big Data and the Artificial Intelligence components will be available to any government. The COCOVID app is Open Source and the backend is based on a highly scalable solution that is already used by several of the largest financial institutions in Europe. COCOVID will support the coordination of tests at medical institutions, allowing users with a high infection risk to book a test slot directly from the app. This will reduce the effort and increase the efficiency of the medical test processes. COCOVID will use both location and Bluetooth contact data, allowing a high level of effectiveness. The solution is designed following the EU data privacy recommendations. The team working on the project includes persons from Orange, Ericsson, Proventa AG, Stratio, TH Köln and Charta digitale Vernetzung.

On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced a reference implementation of the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.[77]

Google / Apple Exposure Notification protocol

On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they stated would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.[78][79] They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.[80][81] According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:[82][83]

• API specification and publication
• rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
• integration of this functionality directly into iOS and Android

Google and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.[12]

The ACLU stated the Google and Apple's approach "appears to mitigate the worst privacy and centralization risks, but there is still room for improvement".[84]

By 20 April 2020, Google and Apple described the systems as "Exposure Notification" rather than "contact tracing", stating the system should be "in service of broader contact tracing efforts by public health authorities".[85] The name change was received positively by journalists in Vox/Recode[86] and Salon, who stated "Exposure notification schemes like the Apple-Google system aren't true contact tracing systems because they don't allow public health authorities to identify people who have been exposed to infected individuals."[87]

List of frameworks

Name	Centralized / Decentralized	Author/promoter	Licence	Homepage	Ref
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project	partially-centralized	Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Robert Koch Institute, Technical University of Berlin, TU Dresden, University of Erfurt, Vodafone Germany	multiple protocols, closed source, private specifications, MPL	https://www.pepp-pt.org/, https://github.com/pepp-pt/pepp-pt-documentation, https://nadim.computer/res/pdf/PEPP-PT_NTK_High_Level_Overview.pdf	[88]
Coalition Network		Coalition Foundation, Nodle, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, Berkeley, California	GPL 3	https://www.coalitionnetwork.org/	[89][90]
Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	decentralized	Google, Apple Inc.	public specification	https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing	[91]
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T)	decentralized	EPFL, ETHZ, KU Leuven, TU Delft, University College London, CISPA, University of Oxford, University of Torino / ISI Foundation	publicly-developed Apache 2.0 reference implementation, MPL 2.0 iOS/Android code.	https://github.com/DP-3T	[92]
BlueTrace / OpenTrace	partially-centralized	Singapore Government Digital Services	public specification, GPL 3 code	bluetrace.io, https://github.com/opentrace-community	[93]
Privacy-Sensitive Protocols And Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) / CovidSafe		Microsoft volunteers, University of Washington	public specification, MIT License code	https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03544, https://github.com/covidsafe	[94] [95][96]
PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing		MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, MIT Media Lab, Boston University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Brown University	public specification, MIT License code	https://pact.mit.edu	[97] [98] [99] [100]
Covid Watch / TCN Coalition / TCN Protocol	decentralized	Covid Watch, CoEpi, ITO, Commons Project, Zcash Foundation, Openmined, Coalition Network	public developed specification, MIT License code	https://tcn-coalition.org, https://github.com/TCNCoalition/TCN	[91]
OpenCovidTrace	decentralized	Nebula Ventures, open source community[101], Quantstellation, MLM Holdings, Evocativideas, 1Checkin	public developed specification, LGPL iOS/Android code.	https://opencovidtrace.org, https://github.com/OpenCovidTrace	[102]

List of countries with official contact tracing apps

Australia

COVIDSafe is a digital contact tracing app announced by the Australian Government on 14 April 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app is based on the BlueTrace protocol developed by the Singaporean Government, and was first released on 26 April 2020.

Austria

Stopp Corona is the contact tracing app published by the Austrian red cross on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Health. The app is supported both on Android and IOS platforms. The source code was released on 24 April 2020 as open source on Github.

Azerbaijan

e-Tabib is an official contact tracing and informational mobile app, prepared by Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan. ‘e-Tabib’ is designed to be an application which will inform the users in real-time about the number of patients (both sick and recovered from COVID-19) in Azerbaijan. The app will provide daily updates on the status of COVID-19 from the Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan (or other applicable authorities designed in the Republic of Azerbaijan). 'e-Tabib' application was created with the assistance of “The Association for the Management of Medical Territorial Units” public entity (TƏBİB), which was established by the decree of the president of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated December 20, 2018[103][104].

Bahrain

BeAware Bahrain is the official mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by The Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA), in collaboration with the National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19). The application aims to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by implementing contact tracing efforts to identify and keep track of all active cases and their contacts. It also uses location data of citizens to alert individuals in the event they approach an active case or a location an active case has visited, as well as track the movement of quarantine cases for a duration of 14 days. It also posts health recommendations and live data of global COVID-19 developments; iGA Chief Executive Mohammed Ali Al Qaed said: “The application deploys a tamper-proof GPS Tracking Bracelet to share real time-tracking information with health workers. Health workers are notified when quarantine cases exit their pre-set area by 15 meters, in which case the team will respond by reminding individuals of the importance of following procedures to safeguard the well-being of citizens and residents.”[105]

Bangladesh

People's Republic of Bangladesh Government announced & launched a mobile app named Corona Tracer BD on May 2020 in Google Play Store. But there are also some real effective non-government mobile apps & websites which are used to notify the people of Bangladesh which places are COVID affected and how many COVID patients are there in a place. Robi, a telecom company of Bangladesh recently launched a COVID service by which anyone from anywhere from the world can know the probable answer that he/she is affected or not by coronavirus. You can get the COVID service of Robi by visiting their official site robi.com.bd.

Canada

The government of Canada launched "COVID Alert", an exposure notification app, for limited release in Ontario starting 31 July 2020. [106] After testing in that province, it is expected to be rolled out across the country.[107]

China

The Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay and WeChat, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19. It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.[108]

Expatriates taking flights to China are also required to present QR code proving their health eligibility to board before the flight.[109][110]

Colombia

CoronApp is the mobile app for Android and iOS –and available for the Huawei AppGallery– developed by the Colombian government. The app, downloaded more than 1.2 million users, is a free application, which does not consume data; it helps detect affected areas and nearby people with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19. CoronApp facilitates the real-time monitoring of data collected to the Emergency Operations Center of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Health Institute, INS). It incorporates technologies such as those developed by the Governments of Singapore and South Korea, as well as Apple.[111] Privacy, the major concern with these applications from organizations around the world, has not been the exception for Colombia: FunExdación Karisma points out some vulnerabilities of CoronApp.[112] As an additional benefit of the app, the Colombian Government will finance 1 gigabyte per month and 100 minutes for users of prepaid lines that install it.[113]

Croatia

Stop COVID-19 is a mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by an agency of the Croatian government.

Czech Republic

The government launched a Singapore-inspired tracing app called eRouška (eFacemask). The app was developed by the local IT community, released as open-source software and will be handed over to the government.[114]

Denmark

Smittestop is a digital contact tracing app developed by the Ministry of Health and the Elderly, the Danish Agency for Patient Safety, the National Board of Health, the Danish Serum Institute, the National Board of Digitization and Netcompany. It was released on 18 June 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app uses Bluetooth technology to alert the user if they have been within one meter for more than fifteen minutes of a person who tested positive. Available on the Google Play store and Apple store.

France

The French National Assembly approved the release of StopCovid on 27 May 2020 to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. StopCovid is a digital contact tracing app based on a bluetooth tracing protocol developed specially for the app. It was released on 2 June 2020.[115]

Germany

The official app called "Corona-Warn-App" was made available for download on June 16th, 2020 and presented in a press conference the same day. It was developed as open-source software jointly by Deutsche Telekom and SAP with scientific advice from the federal Robert Koch Institute and uses the Exposure Notification APIs from Google and Apple.[116]

Ghana

The government launched "GH Covid-19 Tracker App", an Android and IOS app equipped with location tracking technology to provide detailed information about people who have been at the same event, location, country or other defined locations in order to provide accurate information to health authorities overtime to know who to screen and provide needed assistance. The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.[117] As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store.[118]

Hungary

VírusRadar, an Android app, was launched on May 13 and an iOS version on May 30, 2020. The app uses Bluetooth technology to track unique, random application IDs within a proximity of 2 meters for more than 20 minutes in the previous 14 days. The system has been developed by Nextsense, based on the company's contact tracing technology.[119] According to the developer, a version of the application integrating Google and Apple’s API is currently under testing.[120] The app is operated under the umbrella of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology of Hungary, operated by the Governmental Agency for IT Development and supported by Biztributor.[121]

Iceland

Rakning C-19 route tracking is a GPS logger app for Android and iOS, with a user interface and content from the national COVID-19 web page Upplýsingar um Covid-19 á Íslandi. When infection is confirmed the route data is used to support more traditional contact tracing. According to MIT Technology Review as of May 11, 2020 it had the largest national market penetration rate of contact trackers in the world, having been downloaded by 38% of Icelanders.[122]

India

The Aarogya Setu app is developed by the National Informatics Centre that comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.[123]

Ireland

The official COVID Tracker app was launched by the Irish government on 7 July 2020. Within two days of launch, the app had been downloaded by one million people.[124]

Israel

On March 22, 2020 the Ministry of Health launched "HaMagen", an iOS and Android contact tracing app.[125] Hamagen tracks a user's whereabouts using standard location APIs and then compares them to known movements of those diagnosed with COVID-19, in order to check if their paths crossed within the previous 14 days. The Hamagen app was specifically designed with a privacy-first approach where information about locations and times is cross-referenced on the user's device, and not transmitted on to the cloud database.[126]

Italy

On June 1, 2020 the Ministry of Health launched the Italian Government’s exposure notification solution, "Immuni," an iOS and Android contact tracing app build on top of the Google/Apple API. The solution was realized by the Special Commissioner for the COVID-19 emergency (Presidency of the Council of Ministers), in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization. It only uses public infrastructures located within the national borders. It is exclusively managed by the public company Sogei S.p.A. The source code has been developed for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers by Bending Spoons S.p.A., and it is released under a GNU Affero General Public License version 3.[127][128]

Japan

On June 19, 2020 the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare released COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ, Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri, COCOA).[129] It is available on iOS 13.5 or above and Android 6 or above.[129]

Jordan

The AMAN App - Jordan app is developed for Jordan's Ministry of Health by COVID-19 JOTECH COMMUNITY, a group of tech-savvy volunteers who aim to leverage Jordan’s tech talent in fighting the coronavirus pandemic. AMAN is a privacy-conscious exposure detection App. The App was released on May 21, 2020 and is currently available on Google Play Store and App Store. It will be released on AppGallery for download soon. Downloading the App is voluntary and is considered as a moral and human obligation toward the others and the country.[130]

Latvia

A consortium of IT companies and volunteers launched decentralized proximity tracing Apturi Covid application on May 29th, 2020. It is Android and Apple compatible. The county's president and government ministers installed the application on their phones on the launch day. Application developers hoped to reach 400 000 users, approximately 20% of the country's population.[131]

Malaysia

The government launched MyTrace on May 3, 2020,[132] one of three tracing app that released alongside Gerak Malaysia and MySejahtera. Gerak Malaysia is a tracing app which allows police and the Ministry of Health to track and analyze users movement, and register for permission to allow state border crossing. MySejahtera is an app introduced by the National Security Council and the Ministry of Health to retrieve updated information and statistics of the pandemic. MyTrace is a tracing app that utilizes Bluetooth to detect how long a user smartphone are in close proximity with other smartphone users with a similar app installed, and is currently available on Android.[133] In the state of Selangor, the state government introduced the SELangkah app in May, a contact tracing app which utilizes QR code scanning. [134] The Selangor government later announced in June that it had merged the SELangkah contact tracing system with the MySejahtera application developed by the federal government. [135]

Nepal

Nepal Engineers Association Launched COVIRA app, developed by Science Hub on 22 June, 2020,[136]. COVIRA has been developed on a multidisciplinary framework where several facctors are considered to provide the risk level [137]. It can be used for individual risk assessment which can be assessed from all over the world, and regional risk are provided for Nepal in palika level[138]. This is available on web application platform.[139]

New Zealand

The Health Ministry launched the NZ COVID Tracer on 20 May, though some users reported being able to access the App on 19 May.[140] The app is available on Apple's App Store and Google Play. NZ COVID Tracer allows users to scan their own QR codes at businesses, public buildings and other organisations to track where they have been for contract tracing purposes.[141][142]

North Macedonia

The government launched "StopKorona!" on April 13, 2020, becoming the first country in the Western Balkans to launch a COVID-19 tracing app. The Bluetooth-based app traces exposure with potentially infected persons and is designed to help healthcare authorities provide a fast response. The app was developed and donated by Skopje-based Software company Nextsense. To comply with laws on data protection, the app does not use the users' locations nor personal information. The users' mobile phone numbers are the only user-related data, stored on servers managed by the Ministry of Health.[143][144][145]

Norway

The Smittestopp app is developed by the Norwegian government, and uses Bluetooth and GPS signals.[146] On June 15, 2020 the country halted the app over privacy concerns after the Norwegian Data Protection Authority said low infections could no longer justify the risk of privacy invasion by the end user. The app ceased collecting new data and plans to delete all data collected so far with any additional collections effectively paused indefinitely.[147]

Qatar

Ehteraz application (app) has allowed Qatar citizens and residents to move with ease and responsibly in the country while helping the authorities prevent the spread of coronavirus (Covid-19). A Cabinet decision, which came into effect on May 22, requires citizens and residents to mandatorily install and activate the mobile app on their smartphones when leaving the house for any reason. Since then, more and more entities in the country have made it compulsory for clients and visitors to show the green status on the Ehteraz app to be allowed entry into their premises. Apart from hypermarkets and other retail outlets, banks, as well as several commercial buildings and offices, in Qatar have put in place similar measures to help prevent the spread of Covid-19. [148]

Saudi Arabia

Corona Map Saudi Arabia is the official mobile app for Web, Android and iOS, developed by the National Health Information Center (NHIC). It is an interactive map application that allows users to track all COVID-19 cases in the world with statistics and charts and the ability to talk to a chatbot called BashairBot to answer questions about COVID-19. More than 130,000 users have downloaded the app.

Singapore

An app called TraceTogether is being used.[149] It uses a digital contact tracing protocol called BlueTrace, developed with an open source reference implementation called OpenTrace.[150]

Spain

The official app called Radar COVID has been released by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation for Android and iOS for a pilot test in La Gomera. The app is based on the DP-3T protocol and uses the Apple/Google API for contact tracing and it is expected to be rolled out to further spanish regions in September. An additional app called OpenCoronavirus has been developed by a group of volunteers. It uses an uncentralized contact tracing protocol called MFP-3T, based on DP-3T protocol but improved to avoid a few security issues.

Switzerland

An app called SwissCovid which uses the DP-3T protocol and is build top of Apple/Google bluetooth API. Application is licenced under Mozilla Public License 2.0.[151][152]

Countries considering deployment

Centralized approaches

In the United Kingdom, Matthew Gould, chief executive of NHSX, the government body responsible for policy regarding technology in the NHS, said in late March 2020 that the organisation was looking seriously at an app that would alert people if they had recently been in contact with someone testing positive for the virus after scientists advising the government suggested it "could play a critical role" in limiting lockdowns.[153] On 22 April, the government announced that alpha testing of a prototype of the app was in progress at RAF Leeming.[154] Beta testing began on the Isle of Wight on 5 May for council staff and NHS workers before a wider rollout to all residents on 7 May.[155] By 15 May, over 72,000 had downloaded the app, equivalent to more than half of the island's population.[156]

On June 18, following reports that the app was only detecting 75% of contacts on Android devices and 4% of contacts on iPhones,[157] the UK government announced that it would cease the development of its centralized system, and move to a decentralized system based on the Apple/Google Exposure Notification system.[158]

Decentralized approaches

Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol as of April 2020.[159]

Many countries have announced the official development, trial or adoption of decentralized proximity tracing systems, where the matching of proximity encounters happens locally on individuals' devices, such as the Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) protocol or the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. These include Austria,[160] Switzerland,[161] Estonia,[162] Latvia,[163] Canada,[164] Italy,[165][166] Germany,[167] Finland,[163] the Netherlands,[168] Ireland[169] and Denmark.[170]

In the United States, as of 10 June 2020, three states, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Dakota, have committed to using the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. The U.S. state of Arizona is testing the Covid Watch app developed with the Apple/Google protocol.[171] At least nineteen states have not yet decided, and at least seventeen other states stated there were no plans to use smartphone-based contact tracing.[172]

Geofencing

Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.[173]

List of apps by country

Note: This table should list only apps which are either supported by citations from third-party reliable sources, or are from, or supported by, independently notable organizations such as national governments, industrial collaborations, major universities or NGOs, or one of the framework collaborations listed above.

Country	Name	Functionality	Platform	Author/supporter	Status	Licence	Protocol	Homepage	Downloads	Ref
Angola	COVID-19 AO	self diagnostic, information and quarantine enforcement	Web	Ravelino de Castro		Proprietary		https://covid19ao.com/		[174][175][176][177]
Australia	Coronavirus Australia	information, isolation registration	Android, iOS	Delv Pty Ltd / Australian Department of Health	in use	Proprietary		health.gov.au	27/04, 1.89 million; 26/04: 1 million	[178][179]
	COVIDSafe	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Australian Department of Health	in use	Proprietary	BlueTrace	covidsafe.gov.au	07/05, 4 million	[180][181][182][183]
Austria	Stopp Corona	contact tracing, medical reporting	Android, iOS	Austrian Red Cross	in use	Apache License 2.0	DP-3T[160]	www.roteskreuz.at		[184]
Brazil	The Spread Project	contact tracing, medical reporting	Android, iOS	Manoel Lemos	APK file released	Proprietary
Canada	COVID Alert	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Shopify, Blackberry, Canadian Government	in use	Apache License 2.0	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/covid-alert.html		[185][186][187][188]
	TeamSense	Employee pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard	Web	TeamSense	In Use	Proprietary		https://www.teamsense.com
China	"Health Code"	contact tracing	Android, iOS	integrated into Alipay and WeChat apps		Proprietary				[189][190][191][192]
Czech Republic	eRouška	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Czech Ministry of Health and Hygiene	in use	MIT License	own	erouska.cz		[193][114][194][195]
Denmark	smitte|stop	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Health (Denmark)	in use	Proprietary	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	smittestop.dk
Finland	Koronavilkku	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, THL, Solita, Kela, SoteDigi	Pilot tests started beginning of August. Scheduled for release on August 31st.	unknown	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	koronavilkku.fi		[196]
France	StopCovid	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Government of France / INRIA, ANNSI, Cap Gemini, Dassault Systèmes, INSERM, Lunabee studio, Orange, Santé publique France, Withings,[197] Coalition Network[198]	in use since 2 June 2020	MPL-2.0 and ad hoc	ROBERT	gitlab.inria.fr/stopcovid19		[199][200]
	ROBERT (ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity Tracing protocol)	contact tracing	unknown	INRIA			PEPP-PT	github.com/ROBERT-proximity-tracing		,[201]
Georgia	Stop Covid	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Novid20 / Georgian Ministry of Health	in use	GPL	PEPP-PT	novid20.org		[202][203][204]
Germany	Ito	contact tracing	Android	Partners like TUM	APK file released	GPL3	TCN	www.ito-app.org		[205]
	OHIOH Framework	contact tracing, scientific research	Android, OS	FH Kiel]	APK file released	MIT	TCN	ohioh.de		[206][207][208]
	Corona-Warn-App	contact tracing	Android & Apple	Robert Koch Institute	published	Apache License	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	https://coronawarn.app/	17/06: 6.5m, 18/06: 8m, 20/06: 10.6m, 25/06: 13.0m, 02/07: 14.4m	[209]
Greece	DOCANDU Covid Checker	self diagnostic, information and 24/7 online doctor	Android, Web-based / Web-site Widget	DOCANDU, Region of Attica (Greece), Athens Medical Association (Greece)	in use (2020-03-26)			https://www.docandu.com/en	27/04, 18,000 users	[210][211][212]
Ghana	GH COVID-19 Tracker App		Android, iOS: awaiting app store approvals	Ministry of Communication and Technology, Ministry of Health						[118][117]
Hong Kong	Stay Home Safe	quarantine enforcement	Unknown	The Government Of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region		Unknown				[213]
Hungary	VírusRadar	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Innovation and Technology and NextSense	in use (2020-05-13-)			https://virusradar.hu
Iceland	Rakning C-19	route tracking	Android, IOS	Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management and Directorate of Health	in use (2020-04-01)	MIT License	GPS	https://www.covid.is/app/en	26/04, 50%	[214] [215]
India	Aarogya Setu	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Union Government of India / National Informatics Centre	(Android version open-sourced)			mygov.in/aarogya-setu-app	50million +	[216]
	COVA Punjab	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Government of Punjab						[217]
	COVID-19 Feedback	feedback	Android	Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare						[217]
	COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor	contact tracing, geofencing	TBA	Government of Tamil Nadu / Pixxon AI Solutions						[217]
	Corona Kavach	information	Android (discontinued)	Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare						[217][218]
	GoK Direct	information	Android, iOS	Government of Kerala / Qkopy (for Android), MuseON Communications (for iOS)		Proprietary				[217][219][220]
	Mahakavach	contact tracing	Android	Government of Maharashtra						[217]
	Quarantine Watch	contact tracing	Android	Government of Karnataka						[217]
	Test Yourself Goa	self diagnostic	Android	Government of Goa / Innovaccer						[217][221]
	Trackcovid-19.org	self diagnostic, syndromic surveillance	Web	Trackcovid-19.org	In Use	Open		https://www.trackcovid-19.org/	NA	[222]
	Test Yourself Puducherry	self diagnostic	Android	Government of Puducherry / Innovaccer						[217][221]
Indonesia	PeduliLindungi	contact tracing	Android, Apple	Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology	in use (2020-06-16)			https://pedulilindungi.id/
Ireland	COVID Tracker Ireland	contact tracing, health info	Android, iOS	Health Service Executive (HSE)	in use (2020-07-07)	MIT License	Bluetooth(LE) Exposure Notification	https://covidtracker.gov.ie https://github.com/HSEIreland/covid-tracker-app	1,560,000+	[223]
Israel	Hamagen (Hebrew: המגן‎ "the shield")	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Israeli Health Ministry	in use, open source	MIT License		https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/download-en/		[224][225][226][227]
Italy	Covid Community Alert	CovidApp for citizens (proximity tracing and exposure notification, optional GPS location sharing), CovidDoc for doctors (scan patient QR code, log patient health status), web dashboard for epidemiologists (set parameters that trigger notifications)	Android, iOS, web	Coronavirus Outbreak Control	Released	Open source, unclear	TCN	https://coronavirus-outbreak-control.github.io/web/		[228]
	diAry “Digital Arianna”	GPS location tracing, exposure notification, awareness raising	Android, iOS	University of Urbino / DIGIT srl	Released, open beta	MIT License	GPS, own	https://covid19app.uniurb.it/		[229]
	Immuni	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri	Released	GNU AGPLv3	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	https://www.immuni.italia.it/		[230][231]
	SM-COVID-19	Contact Tracing	Android, iOS	SoftMining	Released	Closed source, private specifications	ReCoVer	smcovid19.org		[232]
Japan	COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ, Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri)	Contact Tracing	Android, iOS	COVID-19 Radar Japan[233]	Released	Proprietary[234] Core: MPL 2.0[235]	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html
Jordan	AMAN (أمان "Safety")	Exposure Detection	Android, iOS	Jordan's Ministry of Health	Released		GPS	https://www.amanapp.jo/en	600,000	[236]
Latvia	Apturi Covid	Exposure Detection	Android, iOS	Consortium of volunteers, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia	Released			apturicovid.lv		[237]
Malaysia	Gerak Malaysia	contact tracing, border crossing registration	Android, iOS	Royal Malaysia Police / Ministry of Health	Discontinued as of July 31, 2020 [238]	Proprietary		www.gerakmalaysia.gov.my	1 million	[133][239]
	MySejahtera	information	Android, iOS	National Security Council / Ministry of Health	In use	Proprietary	QR code	mysejahtera.malaysia.gov.my/intro		[133]
	MyTrace	contact tracing	Android, iOS	MOSTI	In use	Proprietary	Bluetooth			[133][239]
	SELangkah	Contact tracing	Android, iOS	Government of Selangor	In use, integrated with MySejahtera and Maybank app [240]	Proprietary	QR code	https://www.selangkah.my/web/		[241]
Morocco	Wiqaytna (وقايتنا "Our prevention")	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Interior	In use	GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace	Bluetooth	https://www.wiqaytna.ma		[242]
Netherlands	PrivateTracer	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Milvum, YES!Delft, Odyssey, Hague		MIT Licence	DP-3T	privatetracer.org
Nepal	COVIRA ("COVID-19 Risk Assessment tool")	Individual and regional risk assessment	web	Science Hub	In use	GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace		https://www.covira.info		[243]
New Zealand	NZ COVID Tracer	Point-of-interest journal	Android, iOS	Ministry of Health	in use	Proprietary	QR code	https://tracing.covid19.govt.nz/	May 20	[141][140][142]
North Macedonia	StopKorona!	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Health (North Macedonia), Nextsense		Proprietary		stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/en		[244][245]
Norway	Smittestopp	contact tracing, route tracking	Android, iOS	Simula Research Laboratory / Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI)	in use	Proprietary		https://helsenorge.no/smittestopp	April 20, 1.2m	[246][247]
Poland	ProteGO Safe	contact tracing, medical reporting, information	Android, iOS	authors: Jakub Lipinski, Karol Kostrzewa, Dariusz Aniszewski; supporter: Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland	in use	GNU GPLv3 + GNU AGPLv3	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	github.com/ProteGO-safe		[248][249][250]
Russia	"Social Monitoring"	contact tracing	under development	Infogorod / Gaskar						[251][252]
	Contact Tracer	Digital Contact Tracing and Alerting	Android	SoftTree				https://contacttracer.ru		[253]
Saudi Arabia	Corona Map	Self Diagnostic Information	Android, iOS, Web	National Health Information Center	in use			https://coronamap.sa/ Apple Store Google Play		[254]
	Tabaud - تباعد	Contact Tracing	iOS	Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)	in use		Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	App Store
Singapore	TraceTogether	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Government Digital Services agency of Government Technology Agency of Singapore	in use	compatible with open source OpenTrace / BlueTrace framework	BlueTrace	https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/	18/06 2m, 15/5 1.4m, 27/4 1.1m, 9/4 1000k, 2/4 950k, 30/3 910k, 27/03 830k, 26/03 735k, 22/3 600k, 21/03 500k users	[255][256]
South Korea	Corona 100m	contact tracing	Android (no longer available)	Bae Won-Seok / TINA3D						[257][258][259]
	Self-Diagnosis app	self-diagnostic	Android, iOS	Ministry of Health and Welfare				ncov.mohw.go.kr/selfcheck		[260][261]
	Self-Quarantine app	isolation registration	Android, iOS	Ministry of the Interior and Safety				www.safekorea.go.kr		[262][263]
South Africa	Covi-ID	contact tracing, health credential management	Android, iOS, Web	Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,University of Cape Town, The Delta Studio	in use	compatible with open source	PACT,GDPR,California Consumer Privacy Act, POPI	https://coviid.me/		[264][265]
Spain	Radar COVID	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation, Indra Sistemas	Available in Play Store and App Store		DP-3T, Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	Apple Store, Google Play		[266]
Sri Lanka	Self Shield (Formerly COVID Shield)	Self-Health Checking and monitoring, AI driven breathing performance assessment, Quarantine Monitoring and Support, reporting test state, demographic mapping	Android	Commonwealth Centre for Digital Health	Available in Play Store	Proprietary		https://sshield.org		[267]
Switzerland	SwissCovid	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ubique, EPFL, ETH Zurich	in use	MPL 2.0	DP-3T, Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project	https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch		[268]
United Kingdom	COVID Symptom Study, formerly Covid Symptom Tracker	self-diagnostic	Android, iOS	King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Zoe Global Limited				https://covid.joinzoe.com/	May 4, 3 million	[269][270]
	NHS COVID-19	multipurpose	Android, iOS	Pivotal Software for NHSX		MIT License		www.nhs.uk		[271]
United States	COVID-19 Screening Tool	self-diagnostic	Web	Apple Inc. / U.S. Federal Government						[272]
	CovidSafe	self-diagnostic, contact tracing	Android, iOS	Microsoft volunteers, University of Washington		MIT License	PACT	https://covidsafe.cs.washington.edu/		[273]
	Covid Watch	exposure alerts / anonymous contact tracing	Android, iOS	Covid Watch	piloting	Apache 2.0	Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project, TCN	https://www.covidwatch.org/		[73][274][171][275]</ref>[276]
	coEpi	self-reporting	Android, iOS	coEpi			TCN	https://www.coepi.org		[73] >[277]
	How We Feel	self-diagnostic	Android, iOS	Pinterest and others						[278]
	NOVID	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Expii, CMU			TCN	https://www.novid.org/		[279]
	Preworkscreen	Employee pre-shift screening, reporting, and documenting	Android, iOS, Web	Preworkscreen	Released on App Store and Play Store	Proprietary		https://preworkscreen.com/
	Private Kit: Safe Paths	contact tracing	Android, iOS	MIT		MIT License		safepaths.mit.edu		[280]
	PathCheck	contact tracing	Android, iOS	MIT		MIT License		pathcheck.org		[281]
	TeamSense	Employee pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard	Web	TeamSense	In Use	Proprietary		https://www.teamsense.com
	ProjectCovid	self diagnostic, information	Android, iOS	LFR International	Released					[282]
Việt Nam	NCOVI	medical reporting	Android, iOS	VNPT, Ministry of Health Vietnam Ministry of Information and Communications		Proprietary		MINISTRY OF HEALTH VIETNAM MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS		[283]
	Bluezone	contact tracing	Android, iOS	Ministry of Health Vietnam Ministry of Information and Communications	Available in Play Store	Licence GNU License		MINISTRY OF HEALTH VIETNAM MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
global	World Health Organization COVID-19 App	information	Android, iOS	World Health Organization	under development	MIT Licence		WorldHealthOrganization/app		[284]
global	Coalition App	contact tracing	Android, iOS, third party hardware	Coalition Network	Live	GPL 3	Whisper Tracing Protocol	https://www.coalitionnetwork.org/		[70]

See also

• General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

References

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External links

• "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic", PrivateKit:MIT, 2020-03-19.
• "COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Mobile Apps: Evaluation and Assessment for Decision Makers", PathCheck Foundation, April 2020.
• "SafePaths Encryption Proposals for GPS + Bluetooth", Camera Culture Group, MIT Media Lab, 2020-04-26.
• "Projects using personal data to combat SARS-CoV-2". GDPR Hub. NOYB – European Center for Digital Rights. April 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
• "Mobile applications to support contact tracing in the EU's fight against COVID-19 Common EU Toolbox for Member States" (PDF). European Commission. 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
• "My thoughts on the adoption of Covid-19 contact tracing apps, by Wahab Hamou-Lhadj from". Concordia University. April 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-29.