Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries and regions have imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions for citizens of or recent travelers to the most affected areas.[1] Other countries and regions have imposed global restrictions that apply to all foreign countries and territories, or prevent their own citizens from travelling overseas.[2]
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Together with a decreased willingness to travel, the restrictions have had a negative economic and social impact on the travel sector in those regions. A possible long-term impact has been a decline of business travel and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents.[3] Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19.[4]
The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the Schengen free travel zone and introducing border controls with Italy,[5] a decision which has been criticised by some European politicians.[6][7] After some EU member states announced complete closure of their national borders to foreign nationals,[8] the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization."[9] A few days later the EU closed its external borders.[10]
A study in Science found that travel restrictions had only modest effects, delaying the initial spread of COVID-19, unless combined with infection prevention and control measures to considerably reduce transmissions.[11] Researchers came to the conclusion that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".[12]
Some countries, such as Norway and Denmark, are planning to create mutual "travel bubbles" allowing less restricted travel between them.[13]
Countries and territories implementing a global travel ban
Africa
- Algeria: All international flights to Algeria are suspended.[14] Sea travel with Europe has also been suspended.[15]
- Benin: Benin Republic shuts borders.[16] 14-day quarantine.[17]
- Cape Verde: On 17 March, as a contingency measure, Prime Minister José Ulisses Correia e Silva announced[18][19][20] the suspension of all incoming flights from the US, Brazil, Senegal, Nigeria, Portugal, and all European countries affected by the coronavirus. Since at the time Cape Verde had no air travel connections to other countries, in practice, this results in a lockdown.
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: The DRC government declared a State of Emergency effective 24 March to limit the spread of COVID-19. All international passenger flights are suspended (except for limited special commercial flights, organized by embassies). All domestic passenger flights, as well as road and river transport, between Kinshasa and the provinces are suspended. Goods transport continues with controlled checkpoints.[21]
- The Gambia: Closed its sole land border with Senegal, and closed its airspace to most flights.[22]
- Ghana: Effective 17 March 2020, Ghana will ban anyone that has been to a country with more than 200 cases in the previous 14 days, unless they are an official resident or a Ghanaian national. Citizens and resident-permit holders will be required to self-isolate for 14 days on arrival.[23]
- Kenya: Effective 17 March 2020, Kenya halted the entry of foreigners from countries that have confirmed coronavirus cases. Only Kenyan citizens, and any foreigners with valid residence permits will be allowed to come in provided they proceed on self-quarantine or to a government designated quarantine facility.[24] The restrictions were extended to 6 June, with President Uhuru Kenyatta extending the travel ban on 16 May for a further 3 weeks. Effective on Sunday 17 May, there was a cessation of movement of persons and vehicle transporting passengers into and out of the Republic of Kenya through the Kenya-Tanzania and Kenya-Somalia international borders with cargo movers being exempt but subject to testing. A nationwide dusk to dawn curfew was further extended for a period of 21 days until 6 June. Cessation of movement into and out of the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NaMA), the counties of Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi and Mandera had been extended until 6 June 2020. As of 1 August, all arriving passengers on international flights whose body temperature is NOT above 37.5° C (99.5°F); do NOT have a persistent cough, difficulty in breathing or other flu-like symptoms; have negative PCR based COVID – 19 test carried out within 96 hours before travel and are from countries considered low to medium risk COVID – 19 transmission areas would be exempt from quarantine.[25]
- Madagascar: All flights to Madagascar were suspended until 20 April 2020.[26] On 16 May 2020, the restrictions were extended to 1 June 2020.[27]
- Mali: On 18 March 2020, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita suspended flights from affected countries, closed schools, and banned large public gatherings.[28]
- Mauritius: Passengers are not allowed to transit or enter Mauritius.[29]
- Morocco: On 15 March 2020, Morocco suspended all international passenger flights to and from the country.[30]
- Namibia: Namibia's borders were closed until 23 April 2020.[31]
- Nigeria: On 26 March 2020, Nigeria ordered the immediate closure of international airports and land borders for a period of four weeks.[32]
- Seychelles: Effective 30 March 2020, Passengers are not allowed to enter Seychelles except specified categories of passengers.[33]
- South Africa: A ban on all international travel is in place. Exceptions include repatriation flights either bringing back South Africans stranded in foreign countries or transporting foreign nationals to their home countries.[34]
- Sudan: Effective 17 March 2020, Sudan declared a state of emergency and closed all airports and land borders, this after one person died of COVID-19 in the country.[35]
- Tunisia: All flights to Tunisia were suspended until 19 April 2020.[36]
Americas
- Argentina: Borders closed to non-residents, effective 15 March through 1 September. [37]
- Belize: Borders closed to all travellers, including Belizean nationals except for emergency situations.[38][39]
- Bolivia: Effective 20 March, Borders closed to foreigners and international flights were cancelled.[40]
- Canada: Borders are closed to all travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or U.S. citizens. Exceptions are placed for diplomats, crew and immediate family members of citizens with clearing a basic health assessment by air operators.[41] The U.S. and Canada later agreed to close the Canada–United States border to non-essential traffic.[42] Effective midnight 25 March 2020, the Canadian government announced an Emergency Order under the Quarantine Act that requires any person entering Canada by air, sea or land to self-isolate for 14 days whether or not they have symptoms of COVID-19.[43]
- Chile: Passengers are not allowed to enter Chile.[44]
- Costa Rica: Admission refused until 1 August.[45] Exceptions in place for crews and residents. All returning nationals and residents are subject to mandatory 14-day quarantine.[46] Border restrictions are likely to be extended.[47]
- Colombia: Effective 17 March, Colombia closed its borders completely until 1 September. Cargo will be permitted, but no persons will be allowed to enter or exit.[48]
- Cuba: Effective 24 March 2020, borders closed to all non-residents; only Cuban and foreign residents will be allowed to enter the country.[49][50]
- El Salvador: On 11 March, the President of El Salvador announced an Executive Order barring the entry of foreigners.[51] The General Directorate of Migration will deny entry to all foreigners, excluding accredited diplomats and legal residents of El Salvador.[51]
- Guatemala: The Guatemalan Government announced on 16 March that the country was closing its borders for two weeks, starting on midnight 17 March.[52]
- Guyana: Airports in Guyana were closed to all international passenger flights until 1 May 2020.[53]
- Honduras: Borders closed to all traffic, aside from the movement of goods, effective 15 March, 23:59.[54]
- Panama: From 11.59 p.m on Monday night (16 March), only Panamanians and foreign residents would be allowed to enter Panama.[55] From 11.59 pm on Sunday 22 March, all international flights will be halted.[56]
- Paraguay: Paraguay has restricted all flights into the country.[57]
- Peru: Peru restricted access to the interior of the country, effective 12:00 on 17 March.[58]
- Suriname: Closed its borders for all persons and flights starting 14 March.[59]
- Trinidad and Tobago: On 16 March, Trinidad and Tobago announced that it would close its borders to all except Trinidad and Tobago nationals and certain medical personnel,[60] by midnight on 17 March.[61] Airports in Trinidad and Tobago were closed until 30 April 2020.[62]
- Uruguay: Borders closed to non-residents, effective 1 April.[63]
- Venezuela: Effective 10 April 2020, flights to Venezuela are suspended.[64]
Asia
- Azerbaijan: Effective 23 March 2020, passengers are not allowed to enter Azerbaijan except passengers with a work permit and passengers with a special permission issued by the government of Azerbaijan.[65]
- Armenia: Armenia has restricted the entry of all foreign nationals.[66]
- Bhutan: Effective 24 March 2020, all foreigners are not allowed to enter Bhutan on all border checkpoints.[67]
- Brunei: Effective 24 March 2020, all foreigners are not allowed to enter Brunei on all border checkpoints, including those on transit purposes.[68][69]
- Georgia: The Georgian government imposed a ban on all foreign citizens entering the country and closed its borders. Georgia also halted all air travel with other countries on 20 March.[70][71]
- Hong Kong: Closed its borders to all non-residents.[72] All non-Hong Kong residents who have been in overseas countries/territories (i.e. excluding mainland China, Macau and Taiwan) in the past 14 days are barred from entering Hong Kong, with exceptions provided for certain groups of non-Hong Kong residents such as spouses and minor children of Hong Kong residents as well as Macao residents who are registered under the Macao scheme under agreement between the Macau and the Hong Kong Government, and passengers are no longer allowed to transit through Hong Kong International Airport until further notice starting from 25 March 2020. Non-Hong Kong residents arriving from mainland China, Macau and Taiwan who have not been in any overseas countries/territories in the past 14 days are exempted from the ban, but they are still subject to compulsory quarantine for 14 days same as all other arrivals to Hong Kong.[73] Since Chinese tourists are only allowed to stay in Hong Kong with a valid visa for maximum 7 days, they are also banned from entering the territory. Effective 19 March 2020, all persons arriving in Hong Kong who have been to Mainland China or any overseas countries/territories (excluding Macao and Taiwan) in the past 14 days, regardless of whether they are Hong Kong residents, are subject to compulsory quarantine.[74] Effective 25 March 2020, all persons arriving in Hong Kong, regardless of whether they are Hong Kong residents, are subject to compulsory quarantine.[75]
- India: Flights to India are suspended from 00:01 GMT 22 March 2020 until further notice.[76][77] This does not apply to flights that carry goods for trade or essential goods and supplies, and their crew members, helpers, cleaners etc.
- Indonesia: Effective 1 April 2020, all foreigners (except residents, family connection, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods) are not allowed to enter Indonesia on all border checkpoints, including those on transit purposes.[78]
- Iraq: Effective 24 March 2020, all flights to Iraq were suspended.[79]
- Israel: Effective 12 March 2020, foreign travellers from any country are denied entry, unless a specific permit is given by the Foreign Ministry and the person can prove the ability to remain under home isolation for 14 days. Israeli citizens and permanent residents are required to enter 14-day home isolation.[80]
- Jordan: Effective 17 March 2020, all flights to Jordan were suspended, non-citizens are prohibited to enter.[81]
- Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan has restricted the entry of most foreign nationals and suspended most flights except for state flights.[82]
- Kuwait: Effective 13 March 2020, Kuwait closed its borders to all non-residents. All flights to Kuwait were suspended.[83]
- Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyzstan has restricted the entry of all non-Kyrgyzstan nationals including permanent residents, and temporarily suspended visa-free entry for travelers from most countries.[84]
- Laos: Closed its borders to all non-residents. All flights to Laos and visa applications were suspended.[85]
- Malaysia: All citizens are prohibited from leaving the country while foreigners are prohibited from entering the country effective 18 March 2020. Malaysians are allowed to return to the country. Airports and airspace remain open.[86]
- Mongolia: Effective 12 March, non-citizens are prohibited to enter.[87]
- Myanmar: Closed its borders to all non-residents. All flights to Myanmar and visa applications were suspended.[88]
- Nepal: Effective 24 March 2020, Nepal closed its borders to all non-residents. Nepal had suspended all international flights until at least 21 July.[89] This was later rescheduled to 17 August.[90]
- North Korea: Closed its borders to all international tourists on 21 January 2020, one of the first countries to do so. Chinese visitors make up the bulk of foreign tourists to North Korea.[91] Also tightened/closed their border with mainland China.[92]
- Oman: Closed its borders to all non-residents. All flights to Oman and visa applications were suspended.[93]
- Pakistan: Closed its airports for both arrivals and departures on 21 March 2020 for two weeks. The date was later postponed to 31 May 2020.[94]
- Palestine: Tourist ban of West Bank from 5 March 2020 for 14 days.[95]
- Philippines: Visa issuance and visa-free entry for all foreign nationals are temporarily suspended as of 19 March 2020.[96] As of 22 March, all foreign visitors are barred from entry, with exceptions for foreign spouses and children of Filipino citizens, diplomatic officials, and workers for international organizations.[97][98] Foreigners with long term visas will be allowed entry with restriction starting 1 August.[99]
- Qatar: On 15 March, Qatar said it would ban inbound flights, except for cargo and transit flights, starting from 18 March. The entry ban does not apply to Qatari citizens. Nationals of Qatar are not allowed to exit the country.
- Saudi Arabia: All international flights suspended, except in exceptional cases, for a period of two weeks, as of 15 March 2020.[100] The Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs recently issued a statement announcing that all religious visits (Umrah) to the sacred Muslim sites of Mecca and Medina have to be cancelled or postponed for the time being.
- Singapore: Effective 20 March 2020, all arrivals from abroad will be issued Stay-Home Notices lasting 14 days.[101] All foreigners are prohibited entry and transit starting from 23 March, 11.59 pm. Only people working in essential services like healthcare services and transport will be allowed into Singapore during this time.[102]
- Sri Lanka: Effective 8 April 2020, visas and ETAs issued by Sri Lanka have been invalidated.[103] All airports in Sri Lanka are closed.[104]
- Taiwan: Effective 19 March, non-citizens are prohibited to enter unless specifically approved.[105]
- Tajikistan: Flights to and from the country have been suspended since March 20. On April 12, Tajik authorities announced a ban on the entry and exit of all foreign nationals.[106][107]
- Thailand: Effective 26 March 2020, all non-residents are prohibited to enter Thailand, except airline crew with pre-existing schedules, diplomats and their family members, passengers with a work permit and passengers with a waiver from PM or PIC of State of Emergency.[108] All passengers arriving from outside Thailand are subject to a 14-day home quarantine.[109]
- Timor-Leste: Timor-Leste has restricted the entry of all travelers except for nationals and residents of Timor-Leste.[110]
- Turkmenistan: Starting 20 March, the national border of Turkmenistan is restricted to foreign citizens and stateless persons. If necessary, during the specified period, the following categories of persons can enter the territory of Turkmenistan in accordance with applicable norms and rules: diplomats of foreign countries, representatives of international organizations, crews of aircraft and ships, freight transport drivers engaged in international transit transport, members of work crews on railway ways and foreign representatives working at business facilities; located in the territory of Turkmenistan.[111]
- Vietnam: Effective 22 March 2020, entry of all foreigners is suspended until further notice. Temporary suspension of entry will also be applied to all overseas Vietnamese and their spouses and children who have been granted with certificate of visa exemption.[112]
- Yemen: On 17 March 2020, Yemen suspended all flights and closed land crossings.[113]
Europe
- Isle of Man: The Isle of Man closed its borders for all incoming transport on 25 March.[114]
- Russia: Borders closed to foreigners with some exceptions, effective 18 March and until the end of the coronavirus epidemic in the country.[115][116]
Oceania
- Australia: Borders closed to all non-citizens and non-residents of Australia, effective 21:00 March 20.[117] Australian citizens and permanent residents are not permitted to depart Australia without being granted an exemption from the Australian Border Force. The Australian Government has announced that any person – regardless of citizenship or residency status – travelling to Australia from any international destination will be required to undergo a compulsory 14-day quarantine, beginning from their date of arrival. The regulations, effective from 16 March 2020, also ban cruise ships arriving from international waters from docking at any Australian port.[118]
- Marshall Islands: Passengers were not allowed to enter Marshall Islands until 5 May 2020.[119]
- New Caledonia: Passengers except parents of a French minor and spouses of a national of France are not allowed to enter New Caledonia. Flights to New Caledonia were suspended until 31 May 2020.[120]
- New Zealand: Borders closed to all non-citizens and non-residents including the previously exempt Pacific Islands or temporary visa holders (such as students) from 23:59 19 March 2020.[121][122] Beginning 15 March, any person entering New Zealand from overseas, including New Zealand citizens, would be required to self-isolate for 14 days following entry, except for those travelling from the Pacific Islands unless they are displaying symptoms. All cruise ships were banned until 30 June 2020.[123]
- Fiji: Borders closed to all non-citizens.[124]
- Tuvalu: Tuvalu's borders are closed.[125]
- Vanuatu: Vanuatu ports of entry are closed from 20 March 2020.[126]
Non-global restrictions
Many countries have implemented measures that affect citizens of, or recent travellers to, a particular country or set of countries. Many of these countries later expanded their restrictions, with some later implementing global restrictions that may be listed above.
Africa
Americas
- Aruba: As of 1 July 2020, Aruba has reopen borders for citizens of the Caribbean, Europe, United States and Canada.[127]
- The Bahamas: As of 1 July 2020, The Bahamas is officially open for tourism. All international commercial flights are banned from entering the Bahamas, effective Wednesday, July 22. The only exemptions are visitors from the United Kingdom, European Union and Canada who have tested negative. [128] On 31 July 2020, the Bahamas lifted its ban on travelers from the United States, and announced that travelers will be required to present a negative COVID-19 test or quarantine for 14 days.[129]
- United States: On 31 January 2020, the United States declared the virus a public health emergency. On 2 February, all inbound passengers who had been to Hubei in the previous 14 days were placed under quarantine for up to 14 days. American citizens who have travelled to the rest of mainland China were allowed to continue their travel home if they were asymptomatic, but would be monitored by local health departments.[130] From 2 March, foreign nationals who have travelled to Iran within the past 14 days were denied permission to enter the U.S.[131] American citizens and permanent residents returning to the United States who had travelled to Iran within the previous 14 days had to enter through an approved airport.[131][17] On 13 March at 23:59 ET, incoming travel from the Schengen area in Europe was suspended.[132] The official proclamation on 11 March stated that this restriction applied only to foreign nationals traveling to the United States, if they have been to a country within the Schengen area in the past 14 days. The ban does not apply to, for example, legal permanent residents and most immediate family members of U.S. citizens.[132] Also, cargo and trading goods were not affected.[133][134] On 14 March, the Trump administration extended the ban to include the United Kingdom and Ireland.[135] The restrictions were put in place for a period of 30 days,[136] however the official proclamation did not contain that time limit, stating; "This proclamation shall remain in effect until terminated by the President."[132] The move was criticized by EU leaders.[137] Effective 29 May, foreigners coming from Brazil were restricted from entering the US.[138] Overall, The United States has restricted the entry of all foreign nationals who have visited Brazil, China, Iran, the Schengen Area, Ireland, or the United Kingdom in the past 14 days. On 6 August the U.S. Department of State lifted a Level 4 Global health travel advisory issued on 19 March which advised all American Citizens to avoid all international travel.[139][140]
Asia
- Cambodia: Visitors from France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Spain or USA are not allowed to enter Cambodia.[17]
- China: Effective 5 August 2020, South Korea became the first and only country China has lifted entry restriction since refusing entry to non-Chinese citizens since 26 March. Visa applications from South Korean students and workers are currently accepted and South Koreans with a valid residence permit for China are also allowed to apply for re-entry.[141] On 10 August 2020, the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Denmark announcing that people of 36 European countries, namely Italy, Albania, Ireland, Estonia, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Belgium, Iceland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland, Denmark, Germany, France, Finland, Netherlands, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Romania, Malta, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Cyprus, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Greece, Hungary, and the United Kingdom can apply for a Chinese visa free of charge if their Chinese residence permit is still valid [142]. Other Chinese Embassies in European countries have made similar announcements the day after, such as the Embassy of China in Berlin, Paris and Rome. [143][144][145]
- Japan: Passengers who have been in Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People's Rep.), Congo (Dem. Rep.), Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong (SAR China), Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Korea (Rep.), Kosovo (Rep.), Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao (SAR China), Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova (Rep.), Monaco, Morocco, Montenegro, Netherlands (The), New Zealand, North Macedonia, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican or Viet Nam in the past 14 days are subject to an entry ban (foreign citizens incl. residents of Japan) or quarantine (Japanese citizens and Special Permanent Residents).[146]
- Macau: Entry denied to all travellers except residents of mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan.[147] Previously, restrictions were implemented for travellers coming from a smaller set of countries. On 5 April 2020, the Macanese government announced the closure of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge which meant all public transportation between Macao and Hong Kong would be suspended;[148] only dual licence plate (HK/Macau) and freight vehicles would be allowed to use the bridge.[148]Effective on 17 March, all arrivals who had been to countries/areas outside mainland China, Hong Kong or Taiwan within the past 14 days prior to their entry into Macao must have underwent medical observation at a designated venue for 14 days. Effective 25 March, all persons who had been to Hong Kong or Taiwan within the past 14 days prior to their entry into Macao must have underwent medical observation at a designated venue for 14 days. Effective 17 June 2020, all persons who had been to Beijing within the past 14 days prior to their entry into Macao must have underwent medical observation at a designated venue for 14 days.[149]
- South Korea: Effective 1 April 2020, all passengers were subject to mandatory self-quarantine for 14 days. This did not apply to airline crew.[150] Effective 13 April, citizens of countries that restricted visa-free travel for South Koreans would not be allowed visa-free travel in South Korea.[151] Visas issued on or before 5 April are invalidated.[152] South Korea had restricted the entry of all travelers who have been in the Hubei Province of China in the past 14 days. Chinese nationals with passports issued in the Hubei Province were also not allowed to enter the country.
- Uzbekistan: Uzbekistan has resumed international flights for certain categories of travelers from countries deemed to have a stable epidemiological situation. The complete list of countries includes the EU, Japan, South Korea, China, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Russia and CIS countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Tajikistan). Quarantine rules apply differently depending on which country the traveler is arriving from: Japan, South Korea, China and Israel: No quarantine required. European Union, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore: 14-day self-quarantine at home. UAE, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Russia and CIS countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan): Government quarantine[153]
Europe
- European Union/Schengen Area: The European Council agreed on 17 March to ban incoming travel other than citizens from countries in the European Union, European Economic Area, Switzerland and United Kingdom, long-term residents and people with long-term visa or residence permits, family members of EU and EEA citizens, medical personnel and people responsible for transport of goods for 30 days.[10][154][155] Each country has to implement the decision on the national level. Ireland choose to opt out from the decision due to the Common Travel Area. The agreement was to close borders for 30 days starting at noon on 17 March, though enforcement did not begin immediately as planned.[156] By the end of March, all EU member states (except Ireland) and all associated Schengen states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) had introduced the travel restriction.[157] The restriction was later repeatedly prolonged until 30 June.[158][159][160] Some member states went even further and also prohibited EU and EEA citizens from entering, unless they are permanently living in the country or transiting to their home country, which is generally still possible. On 1 July, global travel ban was replaced by non-global.[161] The EU Council recommends a gradual lifting of the temporary restrictions on travel into the EU (including Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) from 1 July 2020. Travelers from the following countries are again allowed to cross EU-borders and the Schengen area: Algeria, Australia, Canada, Georgia, Japan, Jordan, Morocco, Montenegro, New Zealand, Rwanda, Serbia, South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia and Uruguay. Traveling citizens from China will be allowed entry based on the re-opening of its borders to European travelers.[162] British nationals are considered EU-citizens until the end of 2020, and for the purpose of the recommendation should residents of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican also be considered as EU residents. The recommendation is not a legally binding instrument and the member states are responsible for implementing it.[161]
- Austria: Closed land borders for persons not having medical certificate confirming negative test for SARS-CoV-2 within the last four days. Visitors arriving by air without proof of recently testing negative will be allowed into the country, but then placed in mandatory quarantine for 14 days or until they test negative.[163] Travel restrictions between Hungary], Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were lifted for their citizens on 5 June.[164][165] Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland: On 15 June the four neighbouring countries fully reopened borders with one another.[166]
- Belgium: Closed its borders to non-essential travel on 20 March.[167]
- Bulgaria: A temporary ban on entry imposed on all persons arriving from Italy, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and non-EU/Schengen countries. Visitors from some countries can transit through Bulgaria to return home.[168] The government agreed with the Greek and Serbian governments on opening borders for all travel starting 1 June, with no self-quarantine requirement.[169][170]
- Croatia: Closed its borders to non-citizens on 19 March.[171] The country reopened its borders to travellers from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Germany and Slovakia on 29 May.[172][172]
- Czech Republic: Partially closed its borders to travellers from high-risk countries on 14 March.[173] Closed its borders to all non-residents on 16 March.[174] From 24 April, EU nationals were allowed to enter for short business trips or study, but only with a recent negative COVID-19 test.[175][176] On 26 May, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary mutually reopened their borders to each other's citizens, whose stay in the other country does not exceed 48 hours, without the imposed quarantine.[177] On 4 June, Czech Republic and Slovakia fully reopened mutual border to their citizens;[178] a day later, the Czech Republic lifted border restrictions for residents of Austria, Germany, and Hungary.[179] On 15 June, opened its borders to citizens of most EU/Schengen countries.[180]
- Cyprus: The Cypriot government announced that only its citizens, along with other Europeans working on the island and people with special permits will be allowed into the country for a 15-day period beginning on 15 March.[181] This ban was extended until 30 April 2020.[182] Commercial flights in and out of the country have been banned until 28 May.[183] The government has declared a two-phased travel resumption for two groups of selected European countries. Starting from 9 June, passengers from either group can enter the country with a virus-negative certificate issued three days prior to their departure. From 20 June, the first group will be exempt from this health requirement.[169]
- Denmark: Closed its borders to all non-citizens 14 March.[184] This includes a ban on crossing the border for all tourism, but exempts travellers with "credible purpose" such as non-citizen Danish residents.[184] On 15 June, Denmark and Norway opened its borders with one another.[185] Denmark also opened up to people travelling from Iceland and Germany. Denmark opened its borders to the remaining EU/Schengen countries with low infection rates starting 27 June. To qualify, a country must have had less than 20 infected out of 100 000 per week. Special rules apply to the other Nordic countries; if a country does not qualify as a whole, the borders will be open to regions qualifying. Special rules also apply to border regions in Sweden and Germany; even if the regions do not qualify it will still be possible to enter Denmark after submitting a negative test result.[186] From 4 July, all of Norway is considered a border region.[187] Travelers must have booked a stay for at least six nights to enter Denmark, people living in the border regions (as listed above) are exempted from the requirement.[188]
- Estonia: Effective 17 March 2020, foreign travellers are not allowed to enter. Right of entry will remain for citizens and those with a right of residence, and foreign citizens whose next of kin live in Estonia. Transit is allowed for foreigners not showing signs of the coronavirus. A mandatory two-week quarantine will be set for anyone entering the country, with the exception of Latvians and Lithuanians from 15 May.[189] On 15 May, the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all opened their borders to each other's citizens. There was no border check between Latvia and Lithuania, effective from 1 June.[169] Estonia reopened its borders to the rest of the EU and the UK on June 1; those travelling from countries with a high infection rate will have to self-isolate for two weeks.[190]
- Finland: Closed its borders on 19 March 2020, except for Finnish citizens returning to Finland, foreigners returning to their countries of origin, essential work-related travel, and goods. Finnish citizens returning home are recommended to quarantine themselves for 14 days after arrival.[191] Finland reopened its borders to workers from the Schengen zone on 14 May.[192] Finland welcomes leisure travelers from Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania and Norway beginning 15 June, travelers from these countries do not need to self-quarantine. Work-related, essential travel and return traffic is possible from EU and Schengen countries and the UK.[193] Finland reopen its borders to the Netherlands, Andorra, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Greece, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Malta, Germany, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Hungary and the Vatican from 13 July. Work-related, essential travel and return traffic is possible from EU/Schengen/UK and Algeria, Australia, Georgia, Japan, New Zealand, Rwanda, South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia, Uruguay and China.[194]
- France: Banned all non-essential travel into the country on 6 April.[195] Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland: On 15 June the four neighbouring countries fully reopened borders with one another.[166]
- Germany: Effective 16 March 2020, Germany has partially closed its borders with Austria, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. However, goods will continue to flow between the countries to curb panic-buying.[196] Non-essential travel from Austria, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Switzerland, and non-EU/Schengen countries was banned.[197] The authorities of Germany and Luxembourg announced a complete border opening for citizens, effective from 15 May.[198] Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland: On 15 June the four neighbouring countries fully reopened borders with one another.[166] Germany opened its borders to the nationals of the European Union, UK, Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland on 15 June.[199]
- Greece: Initially suspended all passenger flights to and from Italy on 14 March, excluding cargo and sanitary ones.[200] On 16 March, Greece closed its borders with Albania and North Macedonia, only permitting the transportation of goods and the entry of Greek nationals and permanent residents, suspended ferry services to and from Italy and air links to Spain and prohibited all cruise ships and sailboats docking in Greek ports.[201] The same day it was announced that a 14-day home restriction will be mandatory for those who enter the country.[202] On 23 March, Greece suspended all passenger flights from the UK as well as all air, sea, rail and road connections with Turkey, with an exception for Greek citizens and those who have residence permits, as well as trucks and ships that transport goods.[203] On 28 March, Greece suspended all commercial flights to and from Germany and the Netherlands[204] and on 15 April the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority extended, until 15 May, the ban on passenger flights to and from Italy, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany. Exemptions include cargo, sanitary, humanitarian, state, military, ferry and Frontex flights, as well as flights in support of the Hellenic National Healthcare System, those for repatriation of Greek citizens and emergency flights.[205][206] Greece opened its borders to tourists from 29 countries on 15 June; the country will also reopen its land borders with Albania, Bulgaria and North Macedonia on the same day.[207] Greece allowed international flights to land at all its airports and arrivals by sea from 1 July.[190]
- Greenland: Greenland had restricted the entry of all travelers who were not Danish citizens or returning residents since the 13 March.[208] On 14 May, 2020 Greenland presented a 3 phase plan for opening up country, and on 21 July entered phase 2 which is valid until 31 December. All travelers are required to show a negative COVID-19 test no older than 5 days and submit a personal "Sumut" location form. The country was divided up into "open", where you would be able to travel freely, and "vulnerable" areas, where one must quarantine and be re-tested for the virus.[209][210]
- Hungary: Hungary closed its borders for all passenger transport on 17 March and only Hungarian citizens and permanent residents from the EEA were allowed to enter.[211] On 21 May, Hungary and Romania mutually reopened their border's checkpoints.[212] Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic mutually reopened their borders to each other's citizens, whose stay in the other country does not exceed 48 hours, from midnight on 26 May, without the imposed quarantine.[177] Travel restrictions between Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were lifted for their citizens on 5 June.[164][165]
- Iceland allowed tourists to arrive from 15 June, however, COVID-19 tests is mandatory.[213]
- Italy: Banned non-essential travel into the country on 28 March. Only travelling for health needs, work requirements and reasons of absolute necessity was allowed.[214] On 3 June, the country opened its borders to people arriving from member countries of the European Union, countries within the Schengen Area, as well as the United Kingdom, and the microstates and principalities of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican.[215][216]
- Latvia: Effective 17 March 2020 all international passenger connections by air, railway, sea and road, were to be cancelled. Only Latvians and foreigners with residency rights in Latvia will be able to enter the country from outside the Schengen Area,[217] but entry of foreign citizens by private vehicle from other Schengen member countries was still allowed.[218] On 15 May, the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all opened their borders to each other's citizens. There was no border check between Latvia and Lithuania, effective from 1 June.[169]
- Lithuania: Closed the border for foreigners, except for those with residence permits, effective 00:00 (UTC+02:00) 16 March.[219] On 15 May, the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all opened their borders to each other's citizens. There was no border check between Latvia and Lithuania, effective from 1 June.[169]
- Malta: As of 21 March 2020, island of Malta has closed air borders, except ferry flights, cargo flights, humanitarian flights and repatriation flights.[220] Malta resumed international tourism from 1 July for a select group of countries.[221]
- Norway: Effective 16 March 2020, Norway closed its airports temporarily. Foreigners are turned away, and exemptions are made for Norwegians returning from abroad, and for goods.[222] Beginning 17 March 2020, Norway introduced a quarantine obligation for all who arrive in Norway.[223] On 15 June, Denmark and Norway opened its borders with one another.[185] Norway also opened the borders to regions with low infection rates in the remaining Nordic countries; in addition to Denmark (including the Faroe Islands and Greenland: Iceland, Finland (including Åland Islands) and Sweden. All regions in all Nordic countries were deemed to have low infection rates except in Sweden, where only Gotland qualified.[224] Norway reopeedn its borders to the remaining EEA/Schengen countries starting 15 July. Travelers arriving from a country/region with high infection rates, will need self quarantine for 10 days.[225] Currently all EEA/Schengen countries except Portugal, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Luxembourg and Sweden qualify. In Sweden only the regions Blekinge, Kronoberg and Skåne qualifies (Gotland no longer satisfies the requirements).[226]
- Poland: Effective 15 March, entry ban for all foreigners except for those with residential or work permits, and 14 days' quarantine on all people entering.[227][228][229][230] Poland restored full border traffic within the internal borders of the European Union (Schengen Area, also non-EU member countries included[231]) on 13 June. Borders that are also EU external borders, remain closed but may be crossed by some, notably Polish/EU/EEA/EFTA citizens and their family members, as well as other foreign citizens and their family members with permanent residency in Poland/EU/EEA/EFTA.
- Portugal: Closed its border with Spain to non-essential travel such as tourism on 16 March.[232]
- Romania: Effective 22 March 2020, Romania banned foreign citizens from entering the country with the exception of official residents or those who are transiting the country.[233]
- Slovakia: Closed its borders to all non-residents on 13 March.[234] Closed all three international airports and required all residents returning from abroad to 14 days quarantine in government designated quarantine facility.[234] Violators may be fined up to 1659 EUR.[235] Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic mutually reopened their borders to each other's citizens, whose stay in the other country does not exceed 48 hours, from midnight on 26 May, without the imposed quarantine.[177] Slovakia reopened its border checkpoints with Ukraine on 1 June.[236] On 4 June, Czech Republic and Slovakia fully reopened mutual border to their citizens.[178] Travel restrictions between Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were lifted for their citizens on 5 June.[164][165] The country opened its borders to visitors from Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Norway, Denmark and Iceland on 10 June.
- Slovenia: On 11 March, Slovenia restricted movement at the borders with Italy and later with Austria. Non-residents with symptoms needed negative COVID test, not older than three days. Cross-border public transport was suspended. Banned international commercial flights on 17 March.[237][238][239] Slovenia reopened its borders (without quarantine) to Croatian citizens and other persons who have a confirmed booking of overnight accommodation in a tourist facility in Slovenia and don't have signs of infection on 26 May.[240]
- Spain: Closed borders to non-residents on 17 March.[241] Spain reopen its borders with Schengen zone countries on 22 June; the exception is the border with Portugal which was reopen on 1 July.[242]
- Sweden: Beginning 19 March 2020, there is an entry ban which applies to all foreign citizens attempting to enter Sweden from all countries except those in the EEA, the UK and Switzerland.[243]
- Switzerland: Borders closed to foreigners without residential visas or commercial deliveries, unless they are immediately transiting the country, starting 17 March 2020.[244] Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland: On 15 June the four neighbouring countries fully reopened borders with one another.[166]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: As of 16 July 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina has reopen borders for citizens of European Union with a negative test for coronavirus not older than 48 hours.[245]
- Moldova: Closed its airspace and terrestrial borders for all foreigners, except for diplomats and permanent residents, effective from 00:00 (UTC+02:00) 17 March 2020.[246] Moldova reopened its border with Ukraine on 1 June.[236]
Countries and territories without entry restrictions
Africa
Americas
- Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua and Barbuda has officially reopened to international visitors on June 4th. A negative COVID-19 test is not required in order to enter Antigua and Barbuda, testing will be done upon arrival to all incoming passengers. There is no quarantine required upon arrival.[250]
- Barbados: Barbados does not have any entry restrictions. On arrival in Barbados, travelers are required to present evidence of a negative result of a PCR COVID-19 test. If an arriving passenger, does not have a negative test within 72 hours, they will need to get a test at the airport, and then quarantine for up to two days at their own expense until test results come in. If a passenger tests positive, will be put into isolation.[251]
- Bermuda: As of 1 July 2020, Bermuda has opened its international airport to regular air traffic. All tourists are charged a US$75 fee to cover COVID-19 tests on arrival.[252]
- Brazil: As of 29 July 2020, Brazil is officially open for tourism.[253]
- Dominica: As of 7 August 2020, Dominica is officially open for tourism, but all new arrivals must take a coronavirus test 24-72 hours prior to arrival hours before they travel.[254]
- Dominican Republic: As of 8 July 2020, Dominican Republic is officially open for tourism.[255]
- Ecuador: As of 1 June 2020, Ecuador has opened its international airport to regular air traffic.[256]
- Haiti: As of 1 July 2020, Haiti reopened its two international airports in Port-au-Prince and Cape Haitian, as well as four official border crossings.[257]
- Jamaica: As of 15 June 2020, Jamaica is officially open for tourism.[258]
- Martinique: Martinique does not have any entry restrictions, but all arriving passengers, must quarantine for 14 days.[259]
- Mexico: Mexico does not have any entry restrictions. The land border between Mexico and the US has been closed to non-essential traffic until at least 20 August.[260]
- Nicaragua: Nicaragua has not implemented any entry restrictions.[261]
- Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico has not implemented any entry restrictions, but all new arrivals must take a coronavirus test 72 hours before they travel.[262]
- Saint Lucia: As of 4 June 2020, Saint Lucia is officially open for tourism. Arriving passengers must provide the results of a negative COVID-19 test taken within 48 hours of arrival.[263]
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: As of 1 July 2020, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is officially open for tourism. Arriving passengers will be tested upon arrival and must wait 24-hours in hotel for the results.[264]
- Sint Maarten: As of 1 August 2020, Sint Maarten is officially open for tourism.[265]
- Turks and Caicos Islands: As of 22 July 2020, Turks And Caicos is officially open for tourism.[266]
- United States Virgin Islands: As of 1 June 2020, United States Virgin Islands are officially open for tourism. Tourists must undergo temperature checks and health screenings upon entry.[263]
Asia
- Afghanistan: As of 24 June 2020, Afghanistan resumed international air travel.[267]
- Lebanon: As of 1 July 2020, Lebanon resumed international air travel. Travelers arriving from countries that do not provide PCR tests ahead of boarding will be tested upon arrival in Lebanon at the airline's expense.[268]
- Maldives: As of 15 July 2020, Maldives is allowing visitors to travel to the country under normal ‘pre-Covid’ regulations. That includes no mandatory testing and no isolation period for arriving tourists.[269]
- Turkey: All passengers, of all nationalities, who meet Turkish immigration rules are permitted entry to Turkey from 12 June.[270]
- United Arab Emirates: As of 7 July 2020, United Arab Emirates is officially open for tourism. Arriving passengers must provide the results of a negative COVID-19 test taken within 96 hours of arrival or undergo a mandatory PCR test at the Dubai airports.[271]
Europe
- Albania: Albania officially reopened its borders for tourism on July 1, 2020 allowing tourists from all countries and nations to enter without restrictions. All normal ‘pre-covid’ entry requirements apply.[272]
- Belarus: Belarus has not implemented any entry restrictions.[273]
- Guernsey: Guernsey has not implemented any entry restrictions, but imposed a requirement on all persons arriving in the Bailiwick from anywhere in the world (including Jersey and the UK) to self-isolate for 14 days on arrival. This is a legal requirement, and failure to comply is a criminal offence.[274]
- Ireland: Ireland is not currently implementing any entry restrictions, but any person entering Ireland from abroad, including Irish citizens and residents of Ireland, must self-isolate for 14 days upon arrival. This includes Great Britain but not Northern Ireland.[275][276] A green list of 15 countries was published by the Government on 21 July from which people can travel without having to quarantine for 14 days upon arriving in Ireland, and will be reviewed on a fortnightly basis.[277] People who arrive in Ireland from countries not on the green list will still have to restrict their movements.[278]
- Jersey: Jersey has not implemented any entry restrictions. From Friday 20 March, all travellers arriving in Jersey must now self-isolate for 14 days. This includes the UK, Guernsey, Europe and the rest of the world.[279]
- North Macedonia: Closed its borders on 17 March.[280] North Macedonia reopened its land borders on June 26 and its airports on July 1 for commercial traffic. Those entering the country will not be obliged to observe home quarantine for two weeks.[281]
- Serbia: Closed its borders on 16 March.[282] As of 22 May 2020, Serbia is allowing visitors to travel to the country under normal ‘pre-Covid’ regulations. That includes no mandatory testing and no isolation period for arriving tourists.[283]
- Ukraine: Starting 15 March, Ukraine closed its borders to foreigners. Returning Ukrainian citizens were required to submit to health observation procedures. Effective 17 March, Ukraine suspended all commercial passenger services, including flights, trains and passenger buses, to and from Ukraine.[284] Ukraine reopened its land borders with Hungary, Moldova, Poland, and Slovakia on 20 May.[236] Since 15 June, all border crossing points across the state border of Ukraine have been opened. The foreigner's entry into the territory of Ukraine is also allowed.[285] People entering Ukraine from high-risk countries need to undergo self-isolation or observation for 14 days. Entering country without an insurance policy is prohibited.[286]
- United Kingdom: The United Kingdom does not have entry restrictions, but from the 8 June, other than for certain exemptions and passengers from the common travel area, anyone arriving in the UK will have to self isolate at home or at government provided accommodation for 14 days and fill out a locator form before travel.[287] The United Kingdom is easing quarantine rules from 10 July. Passengers from the common travel area, British overseas territories, as well as Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Croatia, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Réunion, San Marino, Seychelles, South Korea, Spain, St Barthélemy, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Pierre and Miquelon, Switzerland, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Vatican City and Vietnam will not have to self isolate upon arrival in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Scotland exempts the same countries/territories except from Spain and Serbia.[288][289][290]
Oceania
- French Polynesia: As of 15 July 2020, French Polynesia is officially open for tourism. Arriving passengers must provide the results of a negative COVID-19 test taken within three days of arrival.[291]
See also
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic |
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema
- COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television
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