Howard Markel

Howard Markel (born April 23, 1960) is an American physician and medical historian. Markel is the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan and Director of the University of Michigan's Center for the History of Medicine. He is also professor of Psychiatry, Health Management and Policy, History, and Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases. Markel writes extensively on major topics and figures in the history of medicine and public health.

Howard Markel
Howard Markel
Born (1960-04-23) April 23, 1960
Detroit, Michigan, United States
NationalityAmerican
Education
OccupationAuthor, editor, pediatrician, professor, medical historian

Early life and education

Markel was born in Detroit and grew up in Oak Park and Southfield, Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree (summa cum laude) in English from the University of Michigan in 1982 and earned his M.D. degree (cum laude) from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1986, before completing his internship, residency, and fellowship in pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1993. Markel then joined the University of Michigan faculty as a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of the History of Medicine. A medical historian by training, Markel earned his Ph.D. in the History of Medicine, Science and Technology from Johns Hopkins in 1994.[1]

Publications

Quarantine!

Markel's writing focuses on major topics and figures in the history of medicine. A consistent theme in his work has been the historical relationship between epidemics, social stigma and immigration, and public health. His book Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892, focuses on the complex interaction between anti-immigrant prejudices in the United States and the ways such prejudices were mobilized during the typhus and cholera outbreaks of 1892 in New York City.[2][3] Markel's argument about the tension between isolating disease and the potential for social scapegoating[4] acquired new urgency during the 2014 Ebola epidemic. "Ebola is jerking us back to the 19th century", he stated in The New York Times.[5]

When Germs Travel

When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed expands the scope of Quarantine! by chronicling American epidemics during the two "great waves of immigration" that helped shape the 20th century. Markel argues that the association of immigrants with infectious disease is a key component of that history,[6] and that their stigmatization during 20th century American epidemics "reveal[s] much about our predispositions for dealing with the perpetual threat of contagious disease".[7]

An Anatomy of Addiction

Markel's An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine explores the lives and careers of Freud and Halsted through their relationship to cocaine. Having treated patients suffering from various forms of substance abuse, Markel thought that sharing Freud and Halsted's struggles (both personal and scientific) with cocaine would raise awareness of the perniciousness of addiction while illuminating an important chapter in medical history. Discussing his work with Science Friday's Ira Flatow, Markel said "they were so compelling, and I thought using their lives and their struggles I could really put a human face on this terrible disease."[8]

The Kelloggs

In August 2017, Pantheon Books published Markel's latest book, The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek. The book tells the story of the lives and times of the Kellogg Brothers of Battle Creek, Michigan.

The Milbank Quarterly

From 2013 to 2017, Markel was the editor-in-chief of the Milbank Quarterly, a peer-reviewed public health journal of population health and health policy.

Markel has also contributed over 450 articles to scholarly publications and popular periodicals.

Government advice and media appearances

Influenza

From 2005 to 2006, Markel served as a historical consultant on pandemic influenza preparedness planning for the United States Department of Defense. From 2006 to 2016 he served as principal historical consultant on pandemic preparedness for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[9] Markel was one of many who advised the federal government's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on the CDC Director's "Novel A/H1N1 Influenza Team B" real-time think tank. He and a team of researchers at the Center for the History of Medicine collaborated with the CDC to publish a digital encyclopedia of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the largest available digital collection of materials pertaining to the deadliest pandemic of the 20th century and one of the largest collections of historical documents ever assembled on a single epidemic.[10] The collaboration between Markel and the CDC continued with analysis and documentation of non-pharmaceutical interventions deployed during the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic.

Ebola

During the 2014 Ebola epidemic, Markel contributed his expertise on the history of epidemics and quarantines to public forums such as NPR's All Things Considered,[11] the BBC World Service,[12] CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD,[13] PBS NewsHour,[14] and The New Yorker.[15] He reminded readers in The New York Times that "we are a global village. Germs have always traveled. The problem now is they can travel with the speed of a jet plane."[16] Markel additionally sought to enhance public understanding of the Ebola outbreak through op-eds for Reuters Opinion[17] and The New Republic.[18]

SARS-CoV-2

Markel wrote a piece in the New York Times criticizing the Chinese government for their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. He argued that the Wuhan lockdown, which had completely shut all transportation in Wuhan and surrounding cities, was "too much too late", and that "Incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[19]

Honors and awards

Markel's historical, medical, and health policy research has been recognized with numerous grants, honors and awards. In 1996 he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Generalist Physician Faculty Scholar for his work on American Doctors and Foreign Patients; Health Care Delivery for Russian, Jewish, Mexican, and Chinese Immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1995, while his work titled U.S. Immigration Policy and the Public Health, 1880-1995 received the National Institutes of Health's James A. Shannon Director's Award for 1997–1999.[20] He was named a Centennial Historian of the City of New York in 1998 for his role in advising and planning the New York City 100: Greater New York Centennial Celebration.[21] Markel was also an inaugural fellow at the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers from 1999–2000.[22][23]

In 2003 Markel's Quarantine!—by that time established as "a classic in the history of public health"—was recognized by the American Public Health Association with The Arthur J. Viseltear Prize "for the outstanding book in the History of Public Health in America".[24] In 2007, he received the Theodore Woodward Award from the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his presentation on "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic"[25] and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy, also awarded on the basis of Markel's work on the 1918-1919 pandemic.[26]

In 2008, in recognition of contributions made throughout his career to the fields of medicine and public health, Markel was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.[27] In 2011 he was appointed to the Institute of Medicine's Board of Population Health and Public Health Practices and was Chair of its Section on Social Sciences from 2013–2015. In 2015, the Institute of Medicine was renamed the National Academy of Medicine, of which Dr. Markel is an elected member.[28]

In 2015 Markel was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for demonstrating "exceptional capacity for productive scholarship.[29]

Books
  • Markel, Howard; Oski, Frank A. (1990). The H.L. Mencken Baby Book: Comprising the Contents of H.L. Mencken's 'What You Ought to Know About Your Baby', with commentaries. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 9780932883223. OCLC 20353016.
  • —— (1992). The Portable Pediatrician. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 9781560530077. OCLC 26060532.
  • ——; Oski, Frank A. (1996). The Practical Pediatrician: the A-to-Z Guide to Your Child's Health, Behavior, and Safety. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 9780716728979. OCLC 34564899.
  • —— (1997). Quarantine!: East-European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801855122. OCLC 35566332.
  • —— (2004). Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America and the Fears They Have Unleashed (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375420955. OCLC 52980646.
  • —— (2011). An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780307379818. OCLC 759513453.
  • —— (2017). The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9780307907288. OCLC 964624787.
gollark: This is annoying, apparently 6GB of VRAM isn't enough to finetune the 125M GPT-Neo even with a batch size of 1. I might just use Colab.
gollark: Geese are fearsome beings.
gollark: It would take ages to download so I'd prefer not to if it probably won't work.
gollark: Speaking of somewhat underpowered hardware, can I use the 2.7B GPT-Neo model on my RTX 2060 (6GB VRAM) in half precision? Multiplication leads me to think it's possible just considering the parameters, but some internet things imply it won't work presumably because of storing other stuff.
gollark: https://github.com/AeroScripts/HiddenEngrams

References
  1. "LDI Seminar Series". The University of Pennsylvania. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  2. Markel 2004, p.68
  3. Tomes, Nancy (April 23, 1988). "Book Reviews: Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (17): 1235. doi:10.1056/NEJM199804233381720.
  4. Markel 1997, p. 12.
  5. Sack, Kevin; Healy, Jack; Robles, Frances (October 18, 2014). "Life in Quarantine for Ebola Exposure: 21 Days of Fear and Loathing". The New York Times.
  6. Barrett, Mike (September 11, 2004). "In brief". The Lancet. 364 (9438): 928. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17005-0.
  7. Markel 2004, p. 6, p. 210
  8. "A Tale Of Two Addicts: Freud, Halsted And Cocaine". Talk of the Nation. NPR. November 25, 2011.
  9. "Howard Markel - Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Investigator Awards in Health Policy Research". www.investigatorawards.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  10. "The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia". www.influenzaarchive.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  11. "A History of Quarantine". NPR.
  12. "Ebola Fears Grow After US Death". BBC.
  13. "CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD".
  14. "Before Ebola, Ellis Island's terrifying medical inspections". PBS Newshour. 2014-10-15.
  15. "The Talk of the Town: Midterm Anxieties". The New Yorker.
  16. "Newly Vigilant, U.S. Will Screen Fliers for Ebola". The New York Times. October 8, 2014.
  17. "How the Ebola quarantine became a 'states' rights' issue". Reuters.
  18. "What a Past Epidemic Teaches Us About Ebola". The New Republic.
  19. Markel, Howard (27 January 2020). "Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  20. "News and Events". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. The Johns Hopkins University Press Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 71 (2): 320–327. 2007. doi:10.1353/bhm.1997.0094.
  21. "Centennial Historians". www.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
  22. "Past Fellows 1999-2013".
  23. "Scholars and Writers Conclude Year-Long Fellowships at The New York Public Library with Free Public Presentations". New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
  24. "The 131st Annual Meeting of APHA". November 17, 2003.
  25. Markel, H; Stern, AM; Cetron, MS (2008). "Theodore E. Woodward Award Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 119: 129–38, discussion 138–42. PMC 2394704. PMID 18596866.
  26. "History Informing Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: A Qualitative Study of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Community Experiences during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  27. "Two Medical School faculty elected to Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science". U-M Health System. October 13, 2008.
  28. "Howard Markel - Institute of Medicine". Iom.edu. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  29. "Guggenheim Howard Markel". Guggenheim Fellowship. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
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