Tianshui

Tianshui is the second-largest city in Gansu Province, China. Its population is approximately 3.5 million. The city and its surroundings have played an important role in the early history of China, as still visible in the form of historic sites.

Tianshui

天水市
Prefecture-level city
Tianshui Fuyi pedestrian street
Location of Tianshui City jurisdiction in Gansu
Coordinates (Tianshui municipal government): 34°34′53″N 105°43′29″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceGansu
Municipal seatQinzhou District
Area
 • Total14,300 km2 (5,500 sq mi)
Elevation
1,171 m (3,842 ft)
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total3,262,548
 • Density230/km2 (590/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
741000
Area code(s)0938
ISO 3166 codeCN-GS-05
Licence plate prefixes甘E
Websitetianshui.gov.cn
Tianshui
The entrance to the Fuxi Temple in Tianshui
Chinese天水市
Literal meaningCity of Sky and Water
Qinzhou
Chinese秦州
PostalTsinchow
Literal meaningQin Province
Tianshui Commandery
Chinese天水郡
Literal meaningCommandery of Heaven and Water
Hanyang Commandery
Simplified Chinese汉阳郡
Traditional Chinese漢陽郡
Hanyang County
Simplified Chinese汉阳县
Traditional Chinese漢陽縣

History

Qin, whose House of Ying were the founding dynasty of the Chinese empire, developed from Quanqiu (present-day Lixian) to the south. After the invasions of the Rong which unseated the Western Zhou, Qin recovered the territory of Tianshui from the nomads. It became an important region of their duchy and, later, kingdom.[2] Characteristically Qin tombs have been excavated at Fangmatan nearby, including one 2200-year-old map of Qin's Gui County.[3]

Under the Qin Empire, the area was part of Longxi Commandery but the Emperor Wu of the Han separated the region as the Tianshui Commandery as part of his expansion towards the Tarim Basin. The general Li Guang came from the city. The Han conquests and explorations eventually resulted in the development of the Northern Silk Road: Tianshui formed its junction with the Wei River, after which it followed the road past Mount Long to Chang'an (present-day Xi'an).[4] Nearby are the Maijishan Grottoes, filled with thousands of Buddhist sculptures representing figures such as Buddha and the original male form of Guanyin, produced between the Wei and Song dynasties by monks travelling along the road and by local Buddhists.[5]

During the Northern Wei, the city was known as Hanyang and was the center of the Hanyang Commandery. During the Western Wei, this name was changed to Hanyang County. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, the city of Tianshui was known as Shanggui (上邽). It alternated with Chengji (present-day Qin'an) as the capital of the province of Qinzhou (秦州).[6] Li County was separated from Tianshui's jurisdiction during the ninth year of Chenghua (AD 1473) during the Ming dynasty.

Under Qinzhou's former romanization of Tsinchow, Tianshui is a (currently vacant) diocese (Latin: DIŒCESIS ZINCEUVENSIS) of the Roman Catholic church.[7]

Subdivisions
Map
Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2004 est.)		 Area (km²) Density
(/km²)
Qinzhou District 秦州区 Qínzhōu Qū 650,000 2,442 266
Maiji District 麦积区 Màijī Qū 580,000 3,452 188
Qingshui County 清水县 Qīngshuǐ Xiàn 310,000 2,003 155
Qin'an County 秦安县 Qín'ān Xiàn 600,000 1,601 375
Gangu County 甘谷县 Gāngǔ Xiàn 600,000 1,572 382
Wushan County 武山县 Wǔshān Xiàn 440,000 2,011 219
Zhangjiachuan Hui
Autonomous County		 张家川回族自治县 Zhāngjiāchuān
Huízú Zìzhìxiàn		 320,000 1,311 244

Geography
Map including Tianshui (labeled as T'IEN-SHUI (CH'IN-CHOU) (walled) 天水(秦州)) (AMS, 1955)

Tianshui is located in the valley of the Jie River, a major tributary of the Wei River. The city has a monsoon-influenced, cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), with four distinct seasons of comparatively equal length. Winters are cold but dry, with January 24-hour average temperature of −1.5 °C (29.3 °F), while summers are warm and somewhat humid, with July 24-hour average temperature of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). Much of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September, and the annual mean temperature is 11.44 °C (52.6 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in September to 50% in December, the city receives 1,911 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Climate data for Tianshui (1981−2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8)		 20.2
(68.4)		 27.0
(80.6)		 31.8
(89.2)		 33.9
(93.0)		 37.2
(99.0)		 38.2
(100.8)		 36.1
(97.0)		 36.2
(97.2)		 28.5
(83.3)		 21.6
(70.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 38.2
(100.8)
Average high °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.0
(55.4)		 19.7
(67.5)		 24.3
(75.7)		 27.5
(81.5)		 29.3
(84.7)		 27.9
(82.2)		 22.6
(72.7)		 16.8
(62.2)		 10.9
(51.6)		 5.2
(41.4)		 17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3)		 1.9
(35.4)		 6.9
(44.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 17.5
(63.5)		 21.1
(70.0)		 23.2
(73.8)		 22.0
(71.6)		 17.2
(63.0)		 11.3
(52.3)		 5.1
(41.2)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 11.4
(52.6)
Average low °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 2.2
(36.0)		 7.4
(45.3)		 11.8
(53.2)		 15.6
(60.1)		 18.2
(64.8)		 17.4
(63.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 7.5
(45.5)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 6.9
(44.4)
Record low °C (°F) −19.2
(−2.6)		 −16.6
(2.1)		 −10.0
(14.0)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 1.8
(35.2)		 5.5
(41.9)		 10.6
(51.1)		 8.4
(47.1)		 1.2
(34.2)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 −11.6
(11.1)		 −17.4
(0.7)		 −19.2
(−2.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.9
(0.19)		 6.8
(0.27)		 17.8
(0.70)		 34.9
(1.37)		 53.1
(2.09)		 71.4
(2.81)		 87.2
(3.43)		 86.9
(3.42)		 76.9
(3.03)		 46.5
(1.83)		 10.7
(0.42)		 3.7
(0.15)		 500.8
(19.71)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.0 5.2 7.9 8.9 10.5 11.2 11.8 10.7 11.2 10.6 5.4 3.0 101.4
Average relative humidity (%) 61 60 59 57 60 64 68 71 76 76 70 64 66
Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.3 128.4 142.2 182.0 201.7 190.0 195.7 193.4 125.4 123.7 133.4 151.0 1,911.2
Percent possible sunshine 46 42 39 47 47 44 45 47 34 35 43 50 43
Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[8][9]

Economy

Tianshui is a major industrial centre in Gansu province. Some major industries include:

  • AVIC Tianshui Aviation Industry[10]
  • Tianshui Pneumatic Machinery Corporation[11]
  • Tianshui Tractor Factory
  • Spark Machine Tools[12]

Transportation

Airlines

Tianshui Maijishan Airport is located near the built up area.

Railway

Tianshui is currently serviced by Tianshui railway station on the Longhai Railway.

A new high-speed railway station, Tianshui South Railway Station, opened in 2017.

Highways

The Expressway connect Tianshui to Baoji/Xi'an in the east and Dingxi, Lanzhou towards the northwest and supersedes highway G310. G310 runs as a grade separated through road within the urban centre.

Tourism

Education
  • Tianshui Normal University
  • Gansu Electric Science Research Institute[13]
gollark: A platformer esolang is a neat idea.
gollark: A 4D language.
gollark: Then pick randomly.
gollark: 1. make 1D language2. add extra dimension
gollark: So basically a lower-level Verilog-or-whatever-they-program-FPGAs-in?

See also

References
  1. Main data bulletin of the sixth national census in 2010 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-09(in Chinese)
  2. People's Daily Online. "Chinese surname history: Qin".
  3. Xinhua Online. "Over 2,200-Year-old Map Discovered in NW China Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine".
  4. Hogan, C. Michael. The Megalithic Portal. "Silk Road, North China".
  5. Shrotriya, Alok & al. "Artistic treasures of Maiji Mountain caves".
  6. Dudbridge, Glen. A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956), pp. 8 ff. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013. Accessed 14 Dec 2013.
  7. Catholic Hierarchy.org. "Diocese of Tsinchow [Tianshui]".
  8. 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  9. 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  10. http://www.tsplane.com/
  11. http://www.tsfd.com.cn/
  12. "Spark machine tool homepage". www.sparkcnc.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  13. 甘肃电器科学研究院. www.tsccs.com.cn. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
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