Yichang

Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌), alternatively romanized as Ichang, is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, China. It is the second largest city in the province after the capital, Wuhan. The Three Gorges Dam is located within its administrative area, in Yiling District.[4] As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,059,686 inhabitants of whom 1,350,150 lived in the built-up (or metro) area consisting of Yiling, Xiling, Wujiagang and Dianjun urban districts. The Xiaoting District has not yet been urbanized.

"Yi Chang" redirects here. For the Hong Kong actor surnamed Chang, see Chang Yi (actor).
Yichang

宜昌市

Ichang
Prefecture-level city
Yichang skyline
Location of Yichang City jurisdiction in Hubei
Yichang
Location of the city in Hubei
Coordinates (Yichang municipal government): 30°41′31″N 111°17′13″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHubei
Municipal seatXiling District
Government
 • CPC Party SecretaryHuang Chuping
 • MayorMa Xuming
Area
 • Prefecture-level city21,338 km2 (8,239 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)[2]
91.40 km2 (35.29 sq mi)
 • Districts[2]4,234.3 km2 (1,634.9 sq mi)
Elevation
58 m (191 ft)
Highest elevation
2,427 m (7,963 ft)
Lowest elevation
35 m (115 ft)
Population
 (2010)[3][1]
 • Prefecture-level city4,059,686
 • Density190/km2 (490/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)[2]
1,698,400
 • Districts[2]
5,410,000
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal codes
443000
Area code(s)0717
ISO 3166 codeCN-HB-05
Licence plate prefixes鄂E
Websiteen.yichang.gov.cn
Yichang
"Yichang", as written in Chinese
Chinese宜昌
PostalIchang

History

In ancient times Yichang was known as Yiling. Historical records indicate that in the year 278 BC, during the Warring States period, the Qin general Bai Qi set fire to Yiling. In 222 AD Yichang was also the site of the Battle of Yiling, during the Three Kingdoms Period.

Under the Qing Guangxu Emperor, Yichang was opened to foreign commerce as a trading port after the Qing and Great Britain agreed to the Chefoo Convention, which was signed by Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang in Chefoo on 21 August 1876. The imperial government set up a navigation company there and began building facilities. Since 1949, more than 50 wharves (with a total combined length of over 15 kilometers (9.3 mi)) have been constructed at the port.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yichang was a primary supply depot for the defending Chinese army. In October 1938, as the Japanese moved up the Yangtze River towards the strategic city of Chongqing, it became clear that Yichang needed to be evacuated. In 40 days, under the direction of businessman Lu Zuofu, more than 100,000 tons of equipment and 30,000 personnel were transported upstream by steamship or by porters pulling smaller vessels through the Three Gorges rapids to Chongqing.[5][6]

In 1940, the Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang took place in the area.

Administrative divisions

Administratively, it is a prefecture-level city; its municipal government has jurisdiction over five counties, five urban districts, and three satellite county-level cities (Yidu, Dangyang, Zhijiang).[1][7][8]

Administrative map

The prefecture-level city of Yichang has direct jurisdiction over 14 divisions: 5 districts (区; qū), 3 county-level cities (县级市; xiànjí shì), 3 counties (县; xiàn), and 3 autonomous counties (自治县; zìzhì xiàn).:

Map
Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2010 census) [9]		 Area
(/km²) [10]		 Density
(/km²)
Districts
Xiling District 西陵区 Xīlíng Qū 512,074 68.14 7,515.03
Wujiagang District 伍家岗区 Wǔjiāgǎng Qū 214,194 84.03 2549.02
Dianjun District 点军区 Diǎnjūn Qū 103,696 533.23 194.47
Xiaoting District 猇亭区 Xiāotíng Qū 61,230 130.40 469.55
Yiling District 夷陵区 Yílíng Qū 520,186 3,416.57 152.25
County-level cities
Yidu 宜都市 Yídū Shì 384,598 1,354.83 283.87
Dangyang 当阳市 Dāngyáng Shì 468,293 2,148.82 217.93
Zhijiang 枝江市 Zhījiāng Shì 644,835 2,010.00 321
Counties
Yuan'an County 远安县 Yuǎn'ān Xiàn 184,532 1,741.06 105.99
Xingshan County 兴山县 Xīngshān Xiàn 2,315.36 480.20 73.69
Zigui County 秭归县 Zǐguī Xiàn 367,107 2,273.80 161.45
Autonomous counties
Changyang Tujia
Autonomous County		 长阳土家族自治县 Chángyáng Tǔjiāzú
Zìzhìxiàn		 388,228 3418.82 113.56
Wufeng Tujia
Autonomous County		 五峰土家族自治县 Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú
Zìzhìxiàn		 188,923 2,370.41 79.70
A sand table in Yichang Planning Exhibition Hall.

Geography

Like most prefecture-level cities, Yichang includes both an urban area (which is labeled on less detailed maps as "Yichang") and the surrounding country area. It covers 21,084 square kilometers (8,141 sq mi) in Western Hubei Province, on both sides of the Yangtze River. The Xiling Gorge, the easternmost of the Three Gorges on the Yangtze, is located within the prefecture-level city.

Within the prefecture-level city of Yichang, the Yangtze is joined by a number of tributaries, including the Qing River (right), Xiang Xi and Huangbo Rivers (left).

The central urban area of Yichang is split between several districts. On the right (northeastern) bank of the Yangtze are located Xiling District (where the city center is located), Yiling District (neighborhoods north of the center) and Wujiagang District (southern area). The city area on the opposite (southeastern) bank of the river is included into Dianjun District. All these districts, with the exception of the central Xiling, also include a fair amount of suburban/rural area outside of the city urban core.

Climate

Yichang has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with cool, damp and generally overcast winters, and hot, humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F) in January to 27.7 °C (81.9 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 17.08 °C (62.7 °F). Close to 70% of the annual precipitation of 1,160 mm (46 in) occurs from May to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24% in January to 49% in August, the city receives 1,568 hours of bright sunshine annually, and summer is the sunniest season.

Transport

By Plane

Yichang Sanxia Airport is located in the Xiaoting District of Yichang City, 26 km (16 mi) away from the city center and 55 km (34 mi) from the Three Gorges Dam site. The airport is conveniently located, which borders Yihuang Highway in the north, Long River Golden Waterway in the south and Jiaozhi Railway in the east.

Roads and bridges
Yiling Bridge

Several provincial highways connect Yichang center city with most counties.

Several bridges span the Yangtze River within the prefecture-level city of Yichang, including (upstream to downstream):

  • Xiling Bridge, connecting Letianxi and Sandouping in Yiling District, a few km downstream from the Three Gorges Dam.
  • Yiling Bridge, downtown Yichang (a few km downstream from the Gezhouba Dam). It connects the urban Xiling and Dianjun Districts.
  • Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge, on the Hu-Rong Expressway, downstream of Yichang center city
  • Yiwan Bridge: A Railway Bridge for Yiwan Railway which connects Yichang to Chongqing by high speed trains, almost 5 km (3.1 mi)downstream from the Yiling Bridge.

There are several ferry crossings as well.

Waterways
The Three Gorges Dam is located near Sandouping and Maoping within Yichang prefecture-level city (some 40 km (25 mi) from Yichang central city)

Yichang is an important river port on the Yangtze river. Maoping Town (the county seat of Zigui County), has an active passenger wharf as well.

The Qing River in the southern part of the prefecture, with its cascade of dams, is an important waterway as well.

Railway

Yichang is served by several railway lines.

Yichang Railway Station, located in downtown Yichang, opened in 1971, was the city's first railway station. In 2012 it closed for a renovation project.[13]

The Yichang East Railway Station, opened in the late 2010 in the eastern suburbs of Yichang,[14] is presently the city's main train station. It is the junction point of two segments of the Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, one of China's new east–west rail mainlines. To the east, the Hanyi Railway[15] (opened June 29, 2012) provides frequent service to Wuhan, with some trains continuing to Nanjing and Shanghai. To the west, the Yiwan Railway (Yichang-Wanzhou; opened December 2010) serves as the gateway to Hubei's southwestern panhandle (Enshi), with some service continuing to Chongqing and Chengdu.

The Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway, a north–south line, crosses the eastern part of the prefecture-level city. It crosses the Yangtze at Zhicheng in Yidu County-level City.

Demographics
Huangling Temple, Sandouping

Yichang has a population of 4,150,000 with urban population of 1,338,000.[16] Yichang prefecture-level city, is home to many members of the Tujia ethnic group, who mostly live in several counties in the south-west of the prefecture.

Yichang also formed the border between the cultures of Ba in the west (an ancient state in the eastern part of what is now Sichuan Province) and the Chu State in the east (an ancient state in what is now Hubei Province and northern Hunan Province).

Education

Since 2002, Yichang City has been home of the China Three Gorges University (the result of the merger of the University of Hydraulic & Electric Engineering, Yichang and of Hubei Sanxia University), the largest comprehensive university in Hubei Province outside Wuhan, with over 20,400 full-time students.

  • China Three Gorges University
  • Three Gorges Vocational College of Electric Power

There are 170 secondary schools in Yichang enrolling 150,700 students. 53,900 of the citizens in Yichang hold a secondary school degree. There are 282 elementary schools being located in Yichang enrolling 156,900. 27,600 of the citizens hold secondary school degrees. 383 kindergartens located in Yichang with 78,500 children.

Economy

Yichang has long been a major transit port and distribution center of goods, and serves as the economic hub of western Hubei province and an intermediary between the major cities of Chongqing and Wuhan. Its primary industries are shipping and shipbuilding, taking advantage of its location on the Yangtze River.

Yichang prefecture is the site of many major hydroelectricity projects. The best known of them are the two huge dams on the Yangtze River: the Gezhouba Dam (located just upstream of Yichang central city) and Three Gorges Dam, which is 40 kilometers (25 mi) upstream. The Geheyan Dam and Gaobazhou Dam on the Qing River are important as well. Besides those, a huge number of medium-sized and small power plants operate on smaller rivers and streams within the prefecture.

Yichang skyline
Night view of Yichang
  • Moji Hill
  • Yiling Square
  • Wuyi Square
  • Riverside Park
  • Wenfo mountain
  • Yangtze River
  • Qing River
  • Guanzhuang Reservoir
  • Huangbo River
  • Gezhouba Water Control Project Sanjiang
  • Tribe of Three Gorges
  • Three Gorges Waterfall
  • Boats on the Yangtze River, upstream from the Three Gorges
  • Christianity in Yichang
  • Roman Catholic Diocese of Yichang
  • Government of Yichang and Standing Committee of Yichang People's Congress
  • Sanxia Airport
  • Yichang East Railway Station
  • Yichang Intercity Bus Station
  • Yichang Yangtze River Railway Bridge
  • Three Travelers' Cave
  • Gezhouba Dam Park elephant slide
  • Taxicab in Yichang
  • Sandouping ferry
  • Mandarin orange,orange (fruit) and pomelo in Chinese calligraphy
  • Yichang city tree Koelreuteria paniculata
  • CSCEC Star of Yichang Sales Department
  • Zhenjiang Pavilion
  • Tianran Pagoda
  • Statue of Quyuan
  • Three Gorges University
  • Yiling High School
  • Yichang No.1 Senior High School
  • Yichang Museum
  • Yichang new Museum
  • Yichang Planning Exhibition Hall
  • Yichang Military Sub-command
  • Geheyan Dam
  • Old city
  • Wujiagang District Buildings
  • Wujiagang District sunset after storm
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See also

References
  1. 宜昌市历史沿革 [Yichang City Historical Development] (in Chinese). XZQH. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2018. 1996年，宜昌市面积21338平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，宜昌市常住总人口4059686人，其中：西陵区512074人，伍家岗区214194人，点军区103696人，猇亭区61230人，夷陵区520186人，远安县184532人，兴山县170630人，秭归县367107人，长阳土家族自治县388228人，五峰土家族自治县188923人，宜都市384598人，当阳市468293人，枝江市495995人。
  2. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 66. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  3. http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-hubei-admin.php
  4. Yichang Information
  5. 'Yichang Evacuation Monument'; http://easternjourney.com/2009/10/yichang-evacuation-monument/ retvd 12 7 17
  6. 抗战中的宜昌大撤退：保留中国抗战工业命脉的壮举. 15 April 2015.
  7. 2017年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：宜昌市 [2017 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Yichang City]. National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2018. 统计用区划代码 名称 420501000000 市辖区 420502000000 西陵区 420503000000 伍家岗区 420504000000 点军区 420505000000 猇亭区 420506000000 夷陵区 420525000000 远安县 420526000000 兴山县 420527000000 秭归县 420528000000 长阳土家族自治县 420529000000 五峰土家族自治县 420581000000 宜都市 420582000000 当阳市 420583000000 枝江市
  8. 吴月, ed. (21 May 2018). 宜昌概况 [Description of Yichang] (in Chinese). Yichang People's Government. Retrieved 5 October 2018. 【行政区划】2016年，宜昌市辖13个县市区，即远安县、兴山县、秭归县、长阳土家族自治县、五峰土家族自治县、宜都市、枝江市、当阳市、夷陵区、西陵区、伍家岗区、点军区、猇亭区，共设20个乡、67个镇、23个街道。2016年，全市行政区划及其名称未作调整。
  9. 宜昌市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 (in Chinese). Yichang Statistics Bureau. May 30, 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  10. 宜昌市土地利用总体规划（2006－2020年） (in Chinese). Yichang Bureau of Land Resources. Nov 18, 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  11. 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  12. 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  13. 3个月后宜昌火车站可进出动车 低站台改造成高站台. huochepiao.com. October 2012.
  14. "Yichang". Discover China. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  15. Construction of Hanyi Railway to Kick off, Wuhan City Government web site, 2008-07-10
  16. "History of Yichang" (in Chinese). Official website of Yichang Government. 2007-09-19. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-06-06.

Further reading
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