Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching consequences beyond the spread of the [[Coronavirus disease ne it. As the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread around the globe, concerns have shifted from supply-side manufacturing issues to decreased business in the services sector.[1] The pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown.[2]

Supply shortages are expected to affect a number of sectors due to panic buying, increased usage of goods to fight the pandemic, and disruption to factories and logistics in mainland China. There have been instances of price gouging.[3] There have been widespread reports of shortages of pharmaceuticals,[4] with many areas seeing panic buying and consequent shortages of food and other essential grocery items.[5][6][7] The technology industry, in particular, has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods.[8]

Global stock markets fell on 24 February 2020 due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China.[9][10] By 28 February 2020, stock markets worldwide saw their largest single-week declines since the 2008 financial crisis.[11][12][13] Global stock markets crashed in March 2020, with falls of several percent in the world's major indices.

Possible instability generated by an outbreak and associated behavioural changes could result in temporary food shortages, price spikes, and disruption to markets. Such price rises would be felt most by vulnerable populations who depend on markets for their food as well as those already depending on humanitarian assistance to maintain their livelihoods and food access. As observed in the 2007–2008 food prices crisis, the additional inflationary effect of protectionist policies through import tariffs and export bans could cause a significant increase in the number of people facing severe food insecurity worldwide.[14]

As the pandemic spreads, global conferences and events across technology, fashion, and sports are being cancelled or postponed.[15] While the monetary impact on the travel and trade industry is yet to be estimated, it is likely to be in the billions and increasing.

Background

Movement of WTI price from 2019. The crash started in mid-February 2020. On 20 April 2020, prices dropped below zero for the first time in recorded history.[16]

The pandemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland.[17][18] Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions were closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs.[19] In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date.[20][21] These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports.[21] Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.[22][23]

The demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold, according to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom. This demand has led to an increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months.[24][25]

Overall economic contraction

The coronavirus recession is an economic recession happening across the world economy in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[26][27][28][29]

Some economists suggest that China's economy may contract for the first time since the 1970s. Caixin's purchasing managers index for the services sector of China's economy fell to 26.5 in February 2020, the lowest figure recorded since the survey's advent in 2005,[30] and car sales dropped 86% in China in February.[31] As the coronavirus spreads around the world, the stock markets have experienced their worst crash since 1987.[31]

Economic recovery programmes

Nations, cities and other collectives with governance mechanisms worldwide have announced the development and implementation of programmes for guided economic recovery.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Agriculture

Food crisis contexts

In food crisis countries, up to 80 percent of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihoods. Therefore, any further disruptions to food production and related value chains, for example in the form of reduced availability of critical inputs or restricted access to lands or markets, could be catastrophic for vulnerable populations.[14]

The agriculture sector plays an important role in influencing migratory patterns. Transhumant pastoral populations are likely to be hard hit by any border closures, as they rely on seasonal movements of livestock for their food and income. The disruption of traditional transhumance patterns and the creation of new ones may lead to tensions and even violent conflicts between resident and pastoralist communities, resulting in local displacement and increased levels of poverty and food insecurity.[14]

According to FAO, it is crucial to maintain and support the continuous functioning of local food markets, value chains and agri-food systems in food crisis contexts, including through ongoing and scaled up support to food processing, transport, marketing, and so forth; strengthening of local producers’ groups to maintain negotiation power and access to markets; and, advocating for trade corridors to remain open as much as possible during COVID-19 related movement restrictions.[14]

Financial markets

Economic turmoil associated with the coronavirus pandemic has wide-ranging and severe impacts upon financial markets, including stock, bond and commodity (including crude oil and gold) markets. Major events included the Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war that resulted in a collapse of crude oil prices and a stock market crash in March 2020. The United Nations Development Programme expects a US$220 billion reduction in revenue in developing countries, and expects COVID-19's economic impact to last for months or even years.[40][31] Some expect natural gas prices to fall.[41]

Manufacturing

New vehicle sales in the United States have declined by 40%.[42] The American Big Three have all shut down their US factories.[43] The German automotive industry came into the crisis after having already suffered from the Dieselgate-scandal, as well as competition from electric cars.[44] Boeing and Airbus suspended production at some factories. A survey conducted by the British Plastics Federation (BPF) explored how COVID-19 is impacting manufacturing businesses in the United Kingdom (UK). Over 80% of respondents anticipated a decline in turnover over the next 2 quarters, with 98% admitting concern about the negative impact of the pandemic on business operations.[45][46]

The arts, entertainment and sport

The epidemic had a sudden and substantial impact on the arts and cultural heritage (GLAM) sectors worldwide. The global health crisis and the uncertainty resulting from it profoundly affected organisations' operations as well as individuals – both employed and independent – across the sector. By March 2020, across the world most cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed (or at least with their services radically curtailed) exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed. Many individuals temporarily or permanently lost contracts or employment with varying degrees of warning and financial assistance available. Equally, financial stimulus from governments and charities for artists, have provided greatly differing levels of support, depending on the sector and the country. In countries such as Australia, where the arts contributed to about 6.4% of GDP, effects on individuals and the economy have been significant.[47][48]

Cinema

The pandemic has impacted the film industry. Across the world and to varying degrees, cinemas have been closed, festivals have been cancelled or postponed, and film releases have been moved to future dates. As cinemas closed, the global box office dropped by billions of dollars, while streaming became more popular and the stock of Netflix rose; the stock of film exhibitors dropped dramatically. Almost all blockbusters to be released after the March opening weekend were postponed or cancelled around the world, with film productions also halted. Massive losses in the industry have been predicted.

Sport

Most major sporting events were cancelled or postponed,[49] including the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which were postponed on 24 March 2020 until 2021.[50][51]

Television

The COVID-19 pandemic has shut down or delayed production of television programs in several countries. However, a joint report from Apptopia and Braze[52] showed a 30.7% increase in streaming sessions worldwide on platforms such as Disney+, Netflix, and Hulu during the month of March.[53]

Video games

The pandemic also affected the video game sector to a smaller degree. As the outbreak appeared in China first, supply chains affected the manufacturing and production of some video game consoles, delaying their releases and making current supplies scarcer. As the outbreak and pandemic spread, several keystone trade events, including E3 2020, were cancelled over concerns of further spread. The economic impact on the video game sector is not expected to be as large as in film or other entertainment sectors as much of the work in video game production can be decentralised and performed remotely, and products distributed digitally to consumers regardless of various national and regional lockdowns on businesses and services.[54]

Publishing

The pandemic is predicted to have a dire effect on local newspapers in the United States, where many were already severely struggling beforehand.[55]

In light of the public health situation in which includes afflicted regions where retail sectors deemed non-essential have been ordered closed for the interim,[56] Diamond Comic Distributors announced on 24 March 2020 a full suspension of distributing published material and related merchandise as 1 April 2020 until further notice.[57] As Diamond has a near-monopoly on printed comic book distribution, this is described as an "extinction-level event" that threatens to drive the entire specialized comic book retail sector out of business with that one move.[58] As a result, publishers like IDW Publishing and Dark Horse Comics have suspended publication of their periodicals while DC Comics is exploring distribution alternatives including an increased focus on online retail of digital material.[59]

Retail

Best Buy was only letting a limited number of people into their Union Square store in New York City, 18 March 2020

The pandemic has impacted the retail sector. Shopping centres around the world responded by reducing hours or closing down temporarily. As of 18 March 2020, the footfall to shopping centres fell by up to 30%, with significant impact in every continent.[60] Additionally, product demand exceeded supply for many consumables, resulting in empty retail shelves.[61][62] In Australia, the pandemic has provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to re-sell into the China market. "The virus crisis, while frightening, has a silver lining".[63][64]

Some retailers have employed contactless home delivery or curbside pickup for items purchased through e-commerce sites.[65][66] By April, retailers had started implementing "retail to go" models where consumers could pick up their orders. An estimated 40% of shoppers were shopping online and choosing to pick up in-store, a behaviour that had suddenly doubled as compared to the previous year.[67]

Small-scale farmers have been embracing digital technologies as a way to directly sell produce, and community-supported agriculture and direct-sell delivery systems are on the rise.[68]

Retail suffered 40-60% drop in footfall in Mar 2020[69]

In mid-April, Amazon confirmed that workers at over half of its 110 U.S. warehouses had been diagnosed with coronavirus.[70]

On 16 June, the United States Department of Commerce announced that retail sales for the month of May had seen an increase of 17.7% from April as states began to reopen and lift restrictions. According to CNBC, This marks the biggest one month jump in the history of retailing in the United States.[71]

Business closures

By April, department store retailers JCPenney, Nordstrom, Macy's and Kohl's had lost $12.3 billion combined in market caps. Neiman Marcus and JCPenney defaulted on bond payments in April, preparing internally for bankruptcy court and bankruptcy protection.[72] J.Crew and Neiman Marcus filed for bankruptcy during the first week of May; they were reportedly the first two major retailers to do so during the pandemic.[73][74] JCPenney filed for bankruptcy on 15 May.[75]

In May, Pier 1 announced it would close as soon as possible. It had sought court protection in February and had hoped that someone would buy the business, but the subsequent recession made this seem unlikely.[76]

Restaurant sector

Signs on a Thai Restaurant in Crofton MD

The pandemic has impacted the restaurant business. In the beginning of March 2020, some major cities in the US announced that bars and restaurants would be closed to sit-down dinners and limited to takeout orders and delivery.[77] Later in the month, many states put in place restrictions that required restaurants to be takeout or delivery only.[78] Some employees were fired, and more employees lacked sick leave in the sector compared to similar sectors.[79][80] With only carry-out and delivery services, most servers and bartenders were laid off, prompting these employees creating "virtual tip jars" across 23 U.S. cities.[81] In the United States, an initiative known as the "Great American Takeout" called on people under quarantine to support local restaurants each Tuesday by ordering takeout for curbside pickup or using food delivery services. It began in late March 2020.[82]

Science and technology

The pandemic has impacted productivity of science, space and technology projects, and to the world's leading space agencies – including NASA and the European Space Agency having to halt production of the Space Launch System, James Webb Space Telescope, and put space science probes into hibernation or low power mode. Most of both agencies' field centers have directed most personnel to telework.[83][84][85][86] The pandemic may have improved scientific communication or established new forms of it. For instance a lot of data is being released on preprint servers and is getting dissected on social Internet platforms and sometimes in the media before entering formal peer review. Scientists are reviewing, editing, analyzing and publishing manuscripts and data at record speeds and in large numbers. This intense communication may have allowed an unusual level of collaboration and efficiency among scientists.[87]

Tourism

A branch of SESC Hotels in São João da Barra, Brazil, had to close down due to the financial crisis caused by the pandemic.[88][89][90][91]

Philia Tounta summarised likely effects of COVID-19 on global tourism early in March 2020:[92]

severe effects because tourism depends on travel
quarantine restrictions
fear of airports and other places of mass gathering
fears of illness abroad
issues with cross-border medical insurance
tourism enterprise bankruptcies
tourism industry unemployment
airfare cost increases
damage to the image of the cruise industry

Events and institutions

The pandemic has caused the cancellation or postponement of major events around the world. Some public venues and institutions have closed.[93]

Transportation

A nearly empty flight from Beijing to Los Angeles during the pandemic

The cruise ship industry has also been heavily affected by a downturn, with the share prices of the major cruise lines down 70–80%.[94]

In many of the world's cities, planned travel went down by 80–90%.[95]

Aviation

Delta Air Lines planes parked on a taxiway at Kansas City International Airport. The planes are parked due to the sharp decrease in demand for air travel.

The pandemic has had a significant impact on the aviation industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as a slump in demand among travellers. Significant reductions in passenger numbers have resulted in planes flying empty between airports and the cancellation of flights.

United States passenger airlines can expect about $50 billion in subsidies from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act.[96]

Cruise lines

Cruise lines had to cancel sailings after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bookings and cancellations grew as extensive media coverage of ill passengers on quarantined ships hurt the industry's image.[96]

Cruise line stock fell sharply on 27 March 2020 when the $2 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act excluded companies that are not "organized" under United States law. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) tweeted: "The giant cruise companies incorporate overseas to dodge US taxes, flag vessels overseas to avoid US taxes and laws, and pollute without offset. Why should we bail them out?" Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO) tweeted that cruise lines should register and pay taxes in the United States if they expect a financial bailout. U.S-based employees and small, American-owned companies are eligible for financial assistance.[96]

Gambling and betting

According to the American Gaming Association, the industry will be hit by losses up to $43.5 billion in economic activity in the following months. Some projection was that the sports gambling industry may lose $140 million alone in the fourth weekend of March (21–22 March 2020) on lost NCAA basketball tournament bets.[97] Gambling companies are eager to shift customers from retail into online casino and poker games in order to fight the loss of revenue due to the cancellation of sports fixtures and the shutdown of betting shops. Gambling groups increased the advertising of online casino games and play on social media. Some argue that virtual racing, as well as draw based games, are also proving popular.[98][99] Some software betting providers have specially designed campaigns promoting online betting solutions in order to attract betting companies. Long term consequences to the betting and gambling industry might be: Death of small retail operators and providers, increase in M&A, more focus on online, innovation in online meaning that even the existing products like the sportsbook will pay closer attention to obscure sports like soap soccer or quidditch and more prominent spot for virtual games online.[100]

In Macau, the world's top gambling destination by revenue, all casinos were closed for 15 days in February 2020[101] and suffered a year-on-year revenue drop of 88%, the worst ever recorded in the territory.[102]

Unemployment

The International Labour Organization stated on 7 April that it predicted a 6.7% loss of job hours globally in the second quarter of 2020, equivalent to 195 million full-time jobs. They also estimated that 30 million jobs were lost in the first quarter alone, compared to 25 million during the 2008 financial crisis.[103]

In January and February 2020, during the height of the epidemic in Wuhan, about 5 million people in China lost their jobs.[104] Many of China's nearly 300 million rural migrant workers have been stranded at home in inland provinces or trapped in Hubei province.[105][106]

In March 2020, more than 10 million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid.[107] The coronavirus outbreak could cost 47 million jobs in the United States and unemployment rate may hit 32%, according to estimates by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.[108]

The lockdown in India has left tens of millions of migrant workers unemployed.[109][110]

The survey from the Angus Reid Institute found that 44% of Canadian households have experienced some type of job loss.[111][112]

Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.[113] During the second half of March, 4 million French workers applied for temporary unemployment benefits and 1 million British workers applied for a universal credit scheme.[114]

Almost half a million companies in Germany have sent their workers on a government-subsidized short-time working schemes known as Kurzarbeit.[115][116] The German short-time work compensation scheme has been copied by France and Britain.[117]

The pandemic’s economic impacts are likely to increase sexual exploitation and child marriage, leaving women and girls in fragile economies and refugee contexts particularly vulnerable.[118][119][120]

The potential combined impact of COVID-19 on unemployment, households’ purchasing power, food prices, and food availability in local markets could severely jeopardize access to food in the most vulnerable countries.[14]

Impact by gender

When crises strike, women and girls are harder hit by economic impacts than men. Around the world, women generally earn less and save less, are the majority of single-parent households and disproportionately hold more insecure jobs in the informal economy or service sector with less access to social protections. This leaves them less able to absorb the economic shocks than men.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127] For many families, school closures and social distancing measures have increased the unpaid care and domestic load of women at home, making them less able to take on or balance paid work. The situation is worse in developing economies, where a larger share of people are employed in the informal economy in which there are far fewer social protections for health insurance, paid sick leave and more. Although globally informal employment is a greater source of employment for men (63 per cent) than for women (58 per cent), in low and lower-middle income countries a higher proportion of women are in informal employment than men.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127] In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, around 92 per cent of employed women are in informal employment compared to 86 per cent of men. It is likely that the pandemic could result in a prolonged dip in women’s incomes and labour force participation. The ILO estimates global unemployment to rise between 5.3 million (“low” scenario) and 24.7 million (“high” scenario) from a base level of 188 million in 2019 as a result of COVID-19’s impact on global GDP growth. By comparison, global unemployment went up by 22 million during the 2008-9 global financial crisis. Women informal workers, migrants, youth and the world's poorest, among other vulnerable groups, are more susceptible to lay-offs and job cuts. For example, UN Women survey results from Asia and the Pacific are showing that women are losing their livelihoods faster than men and have fewer alternatives to generate income. And, in the U.S., men’s unemployment went up from 3.55 million in February to 11 million in April in 2020 while women’s unemployment – which was lower than men’s before the crisis – went up from 2.7 million to 11.5 million over the same period, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The picture is even bleaker for young women and men aged 16–19, whose unemployment rate jumped from 11.5 per cent in February to 32.2 per cent in April.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127]

Economic impact by region and country

East Asia

Mainland China

The economy of China was anticipated to generate billions in economic output. Morgan Stanley expected the economy of China to grow by between 5.6% (worst-case scenario) to 5.9% for 2020.[128] For reference, China generated US$143 billion in February 2019, the month of Chinese New Year.[129] The Chinese Ministry of Transport reported that trips on trains dropped 73% to 190 million trips from the previous year. Factories, retailers, and restaurant chains closed.[130]

All 70,000 theatre screens in the country were shuttered, wiping out the entire box office. This is drastically in stark difference from the week of Chinese New Year in 2019 that generated $836 million.[131]

Though cautioning that the economic impact would be short-term, PRC National Development and Reform Commission party secretary Cong Liang views small and medium businesses encountering more difficulties in their operations. Human Resources and Social Security Assistant Minister You Jun specified that agricultural workers and college graduates would have difficulties.[132]

Tourism in China has been hit hard by travel restrictions and fears of contagion, including a ban on both domestic and international tour groups.[133] Many airlines have either cancelled or greatly reduced flights to China and several travel advisories now warn against travel to China. Many countries, including France, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, have evacuated their nationals from the Wuhan and Hubei provinces.[134]

The majority of schools and universities have extended their annual holidays to mid-February.[135] Overseas students enrolled at Chinese universities have been returning home over fears of being infected—the first cases to be reported by Nepal and Kerala, a southern state of India, were both of students who had returned home.[136][136][137] Nearly 200 million students have been affected by the in-school closures, with the second semester after the Chunyun resuming on 17 February through online classes for students to follow from their homes instead. The Ministry of Education has introduced a 7,000-server supported "national Internet cloud classroom" to cater to the 50 million elementary and middle school student populations.[138]

The Finance Ministry of China announced it would fully subsidise personal medical costs incurred by patients.[139]

CNN reported that some people from Wuhan "have become outcasts in their own country, shunned by hotels, neighbors and – in some areas – placed under controversial quarantine measures."[140]

The sale of new cars in China has been affected due to the outbreak. There was a 92% reduction on the volume of cars sold during the first two weeks of February 2020.[141]

On 24 February, China's Standing Committee declared an immediate and "comprehensive" ban on its US$74 billion wildlife trade industry, citing the "prominent problem of excessive consumption of wild animals, and the huge hidden dangers to public health and safety" that has been revealed by the outbreak. This permanently extends the temporary ban already in place since the end of January.[142][143]

According to Carbon Brief, the coronavirus pandemic has resulted in China's greenhouse gas emissions being reduced by 25%.[144] In March 2020, satellite images from space provided by NASA revealed that pollution has dropped significantly, which has been attributed in part to the slowdown of economic activity as a result of the outbreak.[145]

Shortages of medical supplies

People in Wuhan lining up in front of a drug store to buy surgical masks

A notice at a supermarket in Beijing, which says each person can only buy one pack of surgical masks and one bottle of 84 disinfectant liquid a day

As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market saw a shortage of face masks due to the increased need from the public.[146] It was reported that Shanghai customers had to queue for nearly an hour to buy a pack of face masks which was sold out in another half an hour.[147] Some stores hoarded supplies, driving up prices, so the market regulator cracked down on such acts.[148][149] The shortage will not be relieved until late February, when most workers return from the New Year vacation, according to Lei Limin, an expert in the industry.[150]

On 22 January 2020, Taobao, China's largest e-commerce platform owned by Alibaba Group, said that all face masks on Taobao and Tmall would not be allowed to increase in price. Special subsidies would be provided to the retailers. Also, Alibaba Health's "urgent drug delivery" service would not be closed during the Spring Festival.[151] JD, another leading Chinese e-commerce platform, said, "We are actively working to ensure supply and price stability from sources, storage and distribution, platform control and so on" and "while fully ensuring price stability for JD's own commodities, JD.com has also exercised strict control over the commodities on JD's platform. Third-party vendors selling face masks are prohibited from raising prices. Once it is confirmed that the prices of third-party vendors have increased abnormally, JD will immediately remove the offending commodities from shelves and deal with the offending vendors accordingly."[152] Other major e-commerce platforms including Sunning.com and Pinduoduo also promised to keep the prices of health products stable.[153][154]

Economy

China's economic growth is expected to slow by up to 1.1% in the first half of 2020 as economic activity is negatively affected by the new coronavirus pandemic, according to a Morgan Stanley study cited by Reuters.[155] But on 1 February 2020, the People's Bank of China said that the impact of the epidemic on China's economy was temporary and that the fundamentals of China's long-term positive and high-quality growth remained unchanged.[156] In late January, economists predicted a V-shaped recovery. By March, it was much more uncertain.[157]

Due to the outbreak, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange announced that with the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the closing time for the Spring Festival will be extended to 2 February and trading will resume on 3 February.[158][159] Before that, on 23 January, the last trading day of a shares before the Spring Festival, all three major stock indexes opened lower, creating a drop of about 3%, and the Shanghai Composite Index fell below 3000.[160] On 2 February, the first trading day after the holiday, the three major indexes even set a record low opening of about 8%.[161] By the end of the day, the decline narrowed slightly to about 7%, the Shenzhen index fell below 10,000 points, a total of 3,177 stocks in the two markets fell.[162]

The People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange have announced that the inter-bank Renminbi foreign exchange market, the foreign currency-to-market and the foreign currency market will extend their holiday closed until 2 February 2020.[163] When the market opened on 3 February, the Renminbi was now depreciating against major foreign currencies. The central parity rate of the Renminbi against the US dollar opened at 6.9249, a drop of 373 basis points from the previous trading day.[164] It fell below the 7.00 than an hour after the opening,[165] and closed at 7.0257.[166]

The World Bank expects China to grow by just 0.1–2.3%, the lowest growth rate in decades.[167]

On 22 May, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang announced that, for the first time in history, the central government wouldn't set an economic growth target for 2020, with the economy having contracted by 6.8% compared to 2019 and China facing an "unpredictable" time. However, the government also stated an intention to create 9 million new urban jobs until the end of 2020.[168]

Hong Kong

Hong Kong has seen high-profile protests that saw tourist arrivals from mainland China plummet over an eight-month period. The viral epidemic put additional pressure on the travel sector to withstand a prolonged period of downturn.[169] A drop in arrivals from third countries more resilient during the previous months has also been cited as a concern.[134] The city is already in recession[169] and Moody has lowered the city's credit rating.[170][171]

There has also been a renewed increase in protest activity as hostile sentiment against mainland Chinese strengthened over fears of viral transmission from mainland China, with many calling for the border ports to be closed and for all mainland Chinese travellers to be refused entry. Incidents have included a number of petrol bombs being thrown at police stations,[172] a homemade bomb exploding in a toilet,[173] and foreign objects being thrown onto transit rail tracks between Hong Kong and the mainland Chinese border.[174] Political issues raised have included concerns that mainland Chinese may prefer to travel to Hong Kong to seek free medical help (which has since been addressed by the Hong Kong government).[175][176]

Since the outbreak of the virus, a significant number of products have been sold out across the city, including face masks and disinfectant products (such as alcohol and bleach).[177] An ongoing period of panic buying has also caused many stores to be cleared of non-medical products such as bottled water, vegetables and rice.[178] The Government of Hong Kong had its imports of face masks cancelled as global face mask stockpiles decline.[179]

In view of the coronavirus pandemic, the Education Bureau closed all kindergartens, primary schools, secondary schools, and special schools until 17 February.[180] This has been extended for multiple times due to the development of the epidemic,[181][182][182][183] until the Bureau announced that all schools would be indefinitely suspended until further notice on 31 March.[184] The disruption has raised concerns over the situation of students who are due to take examinations at the end of the year, especially in light of the protest-related disruption that happened in 2019.[185]

On 5 February, flag carrier Cathay Pacific requested its 27,000 employees to voluntarily take three weeks of unpaid leave by the end of June. The airline had previously reduced flights to mainland China by 90% and to overall flights by 30%.[186]

Macau

On 4 February 2020, all casinos in Macau were ordered shut down for 15 days.[187][188] All casinos reopened on 20 February 2020,[189] but visitor numbers remained low due to the pandemic, with hotels at less than 12% occupancy at the end of February.[102]

Japan

Shelves in a pharmacy in Japan sold out of masks on 3 February 2020

Prime Minister Shinzō Abe has said that "the new coronavirus is having a major impact on tourism, the economy and our society as a whole".[190][191] Face masks have sold out across the nation and stocks of face masks are depleted within a day of new arrivals.[192] There has been pressure placed on the healthcare system as demands for medical checkups increase.[193] Chinese people have reported increasing discrimination.[194] The health minister has pointed out that the situation has not reached a point where mass gatherings must be called off 1 February 2020.[195]

Aviation, retail and tourism sectors have reported decreased sales and some manufactures have complained about disruption to Chinese factories, logistics and supply chains.[196] Prime Minister Abe has considered using emergency funds to mitigate the outbreak's impact on tourism, of which Chinese nationals account for 40%.[197] S&P Global noted that the worst hit shares were from companies spanning travel, cosmetics and retail sectors which are most exposed to Chinese tourism.[198] Nintendo announced that they would delay shipment of the Nintendo Switch, which is manufactured in China, to Japan.[199]

The outbreak itself has been a concern for the 2020 Summer Olympics which is scheduled to take place in Tokyo starting at the end of July. The national government has thus been taking extra precautions to help minimise the outbreak's impact.[200][201] The Tokyo organising committee and the International Olympic Committee have been monitoring the outbreak's impact in Japan.[200]

On 27 February 2020, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe requested that all Japanese elementary, junior high, and high schools close until late March, the end of the school year, to help contain the virus. Schools will only reopen for the next term after spring break in early April and the nationwide closures will affect 13 million students.[202][203]

South Korea

Coronavirus infection prevention tips banner in Seoul

On 5 February 2020, Hyundai Motor Company was forced to suspend production in South Korea due to shortage in supply of parts.[204][205]

South Korea has been reporting increasing human-to-human community transmission of COVID-19 since 19 February 2020, traced to a church of Shincheonji, located near the city of Daegu. Apart from the city of Daegu and the church community involved, most of South Korea is operating close to normality, although nine planned festivals have been closed and tax-free retailers are closing.[206] South Korean military manpower agency made an announcement that conscription from the Daegu will temporarily be suspended.[207] The Daegu Office of Education decided to postpone the start of every school in the region by one week.[208]

Numerous educational institutes have temporarily shut down, including dozens of kindergartens in Daegu and several elementary schools in Seoul.[209] As of 18 February, most universities in South Korea had announced plans to postpone the start of the spring semester. This included 155 universities planning to delay the semester start by 2 weeks to 16 and 22 March universities planning to delay the semester start by 1 week to 9 March.[210] Also, on 23 February 2020, all kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools were announced to delay the semester start from 2 to 9 March.[211]

The economy of South Korea is forecast to grow 1.9%, which is down from 2.1%. The government has provided 136.7 billion won for local governments as support.[206] The government has also organised the procurement of masks and other hygiene equipment.[206]

Taiwan

Surgical masks used by people in Taiwan

Surgical masks and other medical equipment sold out in Taiwan

On 24 January, the Taiwanese government announced a temporary ban on the export of face masks for a month in order to secure a supply of masks for its own citizens.[212][213] On 2 February 2020, Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center postponed the opening of primary and secondary schools until 25 February.[214][215] Taiwan has also announced a ban of cruise ships from entering all Taiwanese ports.[216] In January, Italy has banned flights from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. On 10 February, the Philippines announced it will ban the entry of Taiwanese citizens due to the One-China Policy.[217] Later on 14 February, Presidential Spokesperson of Philippines, Salvador Panelo, announced the lifting of the temporary ban on Taiwan.[218] In early February 2020 Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center requested the mobilisation of the Taiwanese Armed Forces to contain the spread of the virus and to build up the defences against it. Soldiers were dispatched to the factory floors of major mask manufacturers to help staff the 62 additional mask production lines being set up at the time.[219]

In the aviation industry, Taiwanese carrier China Airlines's direct flights to Rome have been rejected and cancelled since Italy has announced the ban on Taiwanese flights.[220] On the other hand, the second-largest Taiwanese carrier, Eva Air, has also postponed the launch of Milan and Phuket flights.[221] Both Taiwanese airlines have cut numerous cross-strait destinations, leaving just three Chinese cities still served.[222]

Other parts of Asia

South Asia

India

In India, economists expect the near-term impact of the outbreak to be limited to the supply chains of major conglomerates, especially pharmaceuticals, fertilisers, automobiles, textiles and electronics. A severe impact on global trade logistics is also expected due to disruption of logistics in mainland China, but due to the combined risk with regional geopolitical tensions, wider trade wars and Brexit.[223] The stock market took a bearish mode in response to COVID-19. The BSE SENSEX fell 2919 and NIFTY 50 fell 950 points in a single day on 12 March 2020.[224]

On 19 March 2020, the Indian government has banned the export of ventilators, surgical/disposable masks and textile raw materials out of the country.[225]

Pakistan

The Economy of Pakistan faced a devastating impact from the coronavirus outbreak because it was in recessionary conditions in the quarter prior to the pandemic.[226] Weak social protections and low investment in healthcare meant that most citizens were vulnerable to pandemic conditions at the time of the outbreak.[227] Forecasts of the economic loss from the three month lockdown, which was subsequently eased in late May 2020, indicated that Pakistan would face its first annual economic recession since 1952.[228] Given the strained government resources, civil society and charity organizations became much more active in providing relief to the public during the national lockdown.[229]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, research houses expect the economic impact to be limited to a short-term impact on the tourism and transport sectors.[230]

Southeast Asia

Coronavirus fears lead to panic buying of essentials in Singapore

Among Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries, the city-state of Singapore was forecast to be one of the worst-hit countries by Maybank.[231] The tourism sector was considered to be an "immediate concern" along with the effects on production lines due to disruption to factories and logistics in mainland China.[232] Singapore has witnessed panic buying of essential groceries,[233] and of masks, thermometers and sanitation products despite being advised against doing so by the Government.[234][235] Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that a recession in the country is a possibility and that the country's economy "would definitely take a hit".[236]

Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia made a special visit to China with an aim to showcase Cambodia's support to China in fighting the outbreak of the epidemic.[237]

Maybank economists rated Thailand as being most at risk, with the threat of the viral outbreak's impact on tourism causing the Thai baht to fall to a seven-month low.[238]

Panic buying in a supermarket in Indonesia

In Indonesia, over 10,000 Chinese tourists cancelled trips and flights to major destinations such as Bali, Jakarta, Bandung, etc., over coronavirus fears. Many existing Chinese visitors are queuing up with the Indonesian authority appealing for extended stay.[239] Panic buying has also hit the capital city, Jakarta. As the first reported cases of COVID-19 was announced by the government at 3 March.[240]

In Malaysia, economists predicted that the outbreak would affect the country's GDP, trade and investment flows, commodity prices and tourist arrivals.[241] Initially, the cycling race event Le Tour de Langkawi was rumoured to be cancelled, but the organiser stated that it would continue to be held as usual. Despite this, two cycling teams, the Hengxiang Cycling Team and the Giant Cycling Team, both from China, were pulled from participating in this race due to fear of the coronavirus pandemic.[242] As the outbreak situation has worsened, some of the upcoming concerts held in the country, such as Kenny G, Jay Chou, Joey Yung, The Wynners, Super Junior, Rockaway Festival and Miriam Yeung, were postponed to a future date, and the upcoming Seventeen concert was cancelled.[243]

Middle East

Iran

Saudi Arabia

On 27 February, Saudi Arabia halted travel to Mecca and Medina over coronavirus. This has prevented foreigners from reaching the holy city of Mecca and the Kaaba. Travel was also suspended to Muhammad's mosque in Medina.[244] Images of the emptied ṣaḥn of the Great Mosque of Mecca, where pilgrims are ordinarily performing the tawaf around the Kaaba, went viral on social media.[245]

Europe

In Spain, a large number of exhibitors (including Chinese firms Huawei and Vivo) announced plans to pull out of or reduce their presence at Mobile World Congress, a wireless industry trade show in Barcelona, due to concerns over coronavirus.[246][247][248] On 12 February 2020, GSMA CEO John Hoffman announced that the event had been cancelled, as the concerns had made it "impossible" to host.[249]

Owing to an increase in the demand for masks,[250] on 1 February most masks were sold out in Portuguese pharmacies.[251] On 4 February, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa admitted that the epidemic of the new coronavirus in China "affects the economic activity of a very powerful economy and thus affects the world's economic activity or could affect". He also admitted the possibility of economic upheavals due to the break in production."[252] On 28 February, the Swiss government has banned all public and private gatherings of more than 1,000 people until 15 March, including forcing through a cancellation of the Geneva International Motor Show.[253]

European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services Thierry Breton has asked streaming video services operating in the EU to reduce the amount of bandwidth used by their services in order to preserve capacity and infrastructure. Netflix and YouTube have complied with this request.[254][255]

France

On 8 April, the Bank of France officially declared that the French economy was in recession, shrinking by 6 percent in the first quarter of 2020.[256]

Germany

According to the Deutsche Bank the outbreak of the novel coronavirus / COVID-19 may contribute to a recession in Germany.[257][258]

Ireland

By mid-March, nearly 3% of Ireland's population—140,000 people (including 70,000 restaurant staff, 50,000 pub and bar staff)—had lost their jobs due to restrictions brought in to delay the virus's spread.[259] The numbers of people in normally busy Dublin areas such as Grafton Street dropped by percentages in the sixties, seventies and eighties.[260][261]

On 16 March, Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection Regina Doherty announced the COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment.[262] Initially available for six weeks, it was extended for another nine weeks on 5 June.[263] On 24 March, the Temporary COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Scheme was announced for a twelve-week run beginning on 26 March.[264]

On 15 May, Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation Heather Humphreys announced details of a new €250m "Restart Grant" which would give direct grant aid of between €2,000 and €10,000 to small businesses to help them with the costs associated with reopening and re-employing workers following the COVID-19 closures.[265]

On 22 May, the Government of Ireland had signed off on €6.8 billion in extra funding for the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection, as it was due to reach this year's spending limit early the following month.[266]

On 23 July, the Government of Ireland launched a €7.4 billion July Jobs Stimulus package of 50 measures to boost economic recovery and get people back to work.[267] The measures include the extension of the COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment to April 2021, and the replacement of the Temporary COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Scheme to the Employment Wage Support Scheme from September 2020 and will run until April 2021.[268]

Italy

Civil Protection volunteers carrying out health checks at the Guglielmo Marconi Airport in Bologna, Italy

Empty shelves at the Esselunga supermarket in Bergamo, Italy

On 21 February, at least ten towns in the Lombardy and Veneto regions of Italy, with a total population of 50,000, were locked down in quarantine procedure following an outbreak in the town of Codogno in Lombardy. Police mandated a curfew closing all public buildings and controlling access through police checkpoints to the so-called 'red zone' which is enforced under penalty by fines against trespassers who are not health or supply workers.[269] The government of Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte vowed that sending in "the armed forces" to enforce the lockdown was within possibility.[270] Schools and universities have been closed throughout Northern Italy along with museums, and various festivities, concerts, sporting events and church masses have been cancelled as of 23 February.[271] On 4 March, these closures were extended to all schools and universities nationwide.[272]

Sustained panic buying of groceries has reportedly cleared out supermarkets, and several major events were cancelled, such as the annual Carnival of Venice, along with the cancellation of Serie A football matches on 23 February by the Sports Ministry.[273] Concerns about the Milan Fashion Week has led to several fashion houses declaring that they will only hold broadcast, closed-door shows with no spectators. As of 26 February 2020, there have been 456 coronavirus cases in Italy, 190 of which have been also confirmed by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità.[274][275]

By 12 March 2020, the number of cases in Italy had risen to 15,113, including 1,016 fatalities.[276] On 9 March 2020, Italy declared a nation-wide quarantine.[277] Since 10 March 2020, all residents need a special form to be allowed to leave their homes.[278] On 11 March 2020, all shops and businesses were closed except food shops and pharmacies.[279]

Portugal

Due to an increase in the demand for masks,[250] on 1 February most masks were sold out in Portuguese pharmacies.[280]

On 4 February, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the President of the Portuguese Republic, admitted that the epidemic of the new coronavirus in China "affects the economic activity of a very powerful economy and thus affects the world's economic activity or could affect". He also admitted the possibility of economic upheavals due to the break in production."[281]

United Kingdom

Pensive shopper during the Coronavirus Covid-19 outbreak in the U.K.

On 13 February, heavy equipment manufacturer JCB announced its plan to reduce working hours and production due to shortages in their supply chain caused by the outbreak.[282]

On 5 March, British airline Flybe finally collapsed into administration with the loss of 2,000 jobs after failing to secure financial support. The airline said the impact of the coronavirus pandemic is partly to blame for its collapse. Flybe provided more than half of UK domestic flights outside London.[283]

North America

Canada

On 4 March, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the creation of a new cabinet committee to manage the federal response to the coronavirus disease.[284] A week later, on 11 March, the government announced a CA$1 billion COVID-19 Response Fund that included a $50 million contribution to the World Health Organization and an additional $275 million to fund coronavirus research in Canada.[285][286]

On 13 March, the Bank of Canada lowered the overnight rate target by 50 basis points to 0.75 percent in an unscheduled rate decision citing the "negative shocks to Canada's economy arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent sharp drop in oil prices."[287][288] In June 2020, Canada lost its triple "A" credit rating.[289]

United States

Empty shelves from panic buying at the Sams Club in Lufkin, Texas, on 13 March 2020.

Sign warning customers not to circumvent limits on toilet paper purchases at an upstate New York convenience store

The viral outbreak was cited by many companies in their briefings to shareholders, but several maintained confidence that they would not be too adversely affected by short-term disruption due to "limited" exposure to the Chinese consumer market. Those with manufacturing lines in mainland China warned about possible exposure to supply shortages,[290] while others cautioned that large corporations and the wealthy could exploit the crisis for economic gain in line with the Shock Doctrine, as has occurred after past pandemics [291]

Silicon Valley representatives expressed worries about serious disruption to production lines, as much of the technology sector relies on factories in mainland China. Since there had been a scheduled holiday over Lunar New Year, the full effects of the outbreak on the tech sector were considered to be unknown as of 31 January 2020, according to The Wall Street Journal.[292]

Cities with high populations of Chinese residents have seen an increase in demand for face masks to protect against the virus;[293] many are purchasing masks to mail to relatives in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, where there is a shortage of masks.[294] As of February 2020, many stores in the United States had sold out of masks.[294][295] This mask shortage has caused an increase in prices.[296]

Universities in the United States have warned about a significant impact on their income due to a large number of Chinese international students potentially unable to attend classes.[297]

The Washington Post reported in February that President Donald Trump told advisors that he did not want the government to say or do anything that might spook the stock market, on concerns a large-scale outbreak could hurt his reelection chances.[298]

On 26 February, The New York Times (NYT) reported a case in California which the Center for Disease Control confirmed as the first possible community transmission of coronavirus in the United States.[299]

Closed Barber On P St NW in Washington DC

On 27 February, the NYT reported delay in diagnosis of the community transmission case in California.[300] A later article in the NYT on 27 February discussed a whistleblower's allegation's of the ineptitude of preparedness at Travis Air Force Base near Fairfield, California and March Air Reserve Base in Riverside County, California to receive possible coronavirus transmitters for diagnosis and treatment.[301] The same day, a report by Goldman Sachs forecast that it believes American companies "will generate no earnings growth in 2020," wiping out an earnings recovery that was expected for the year after "lackluster profit reports for most of 2019"[302]

On 27 February, U.S. stocks were on their way to the largest loss for a week since 2008, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1190 points in one day. On 28 February the average dropped below 25000 briefly.[303][304] The Dow Jones ended the week down 12.4 percent, the S&P 500 Index 11.5 percent, and the Nasdaq Composite down 10.5 percent.[305] Stocks fell to 18,592 points (Dow average) on 23 March after a procedural Senate vote on a coronavirus economic stimulus bill failed for the second time in two days.[306]

On 7 March, US stocks fell by 7 percent, triggering a temporary halt in trading, which was also aided by the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war.[307]

On the evening of 11 March, the National Basketball Association announced that the rest of its season would be suspended indefinitely, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) announced that its men's and women's basketball tournaments would be played without fans.[308] The following day, the NCAA initially announced that it would cancel the basketball tournaments,[309] but later that day announced that all championship events throughout all sports would be cancelled until 2020–21.[310]

Deep South states such as Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana reported on April 6 that 70% of its reported deaths had involved African Americans.[311][312] It has been acknowledged that African Americans were more likely to have poor living conditions (including dense urban environments and poverty), employment instability, chronic comorbidities influenced by these conditions, and little to no health insurance coverage—factors which can all exacerbate its impact.[313][314]

In April, nearly a quarter of residents (renters and homeowners) did not pay full housing costs. Some did not pay rent/mortgage at all, while others did not make full payment.[315] The difficulties experienced by many tenants during the pandemic have sparked a movement to cancel rent, which is advocated by some activists, organizations, and politicians.[316][317]

In early May, a Washington Post-Ipsos poll revealed racial disparities between adult workers who were laid off or furloughed since the beginning of the outbreak: layoffs affected 20 percent of Hispanic workers, 16 percent of black workers, 11 percent of white workers, and 12 percent of workers of other races.[318]

Many workers were furloughed or laid off as a result of business and school closures and the cancellation of public events. During April more than 20 million Americans filed for unemployment insurance, an all-time record, and the national unemployment rate was reported as 14.7% - the highest monthly rate since record keeping was begun in 1948.[319] The rise in unemployment may have contributed to protracted nationwide civil unrest.[320][321]

For first quarter 2020, health care spending dropped 18 percent. 42,000 health care workers lost their jobs in March, and 1.4 million in April, as most hospitals postponed non-essential procedures. People who were left ended up doing the jobs of others who were furloughed.[322]

Although the United States government is the world's largest borrower, credit card debt in the country fell below $1 trillion in May 2020 for the first time since May 2011, declining for the previous three months. This was due to a decrease in both personal income and disposible personal income while personal savings rates nearly doubled. A job reports validated the decline after indicating that three million jobs were added in June 2020, compared to the 20 million jobs lost throughout the pandemic.[289][323][324][325][326]

Latin America

Latin american and caribbean countries were already facing low economic growth before COVID-19, with the region averaging 0.4% of growth in 2019, due to what was described as "a vicious circle of low-quality jobs, deficient social protection and volatile incomes" with one out of five in the ages of 14-25 being unable to find a job. The economic impact caused by COVID-19 was exarcebated by many countries' lack of reserve funds for times of crisis. Between 35 and 50 million people in the region are expected to fall below the poverty line, which is set at US$5.60 per day. Exports have also been affected and many countries are expected to fall further into debt.[327]

Argentina

On 19 March, Argentina entered a nation-wide lockdown. The Argentine government announced the extension of the lockdown, originally intended to end on 31 March until mid-April. On 10 April, President Alberto Fernández announced that the lockdown would be extended in major cities until 26 April.[328][328]

In response to the economic halt, on 24 March, the executive decreed the payment of a one-time welfare benefit to the lowest earning self-employed taxpayers left with no sources of income in their household.[329]

Brazil

Two Brazilian banks predicted the deceleration of economic growth in China. UBS has reviewed its estimations from 6% to 5.4%, while Itaú stated a reduction to 5.8%.[330]

A representative of some of the bigger Brazilian companies of the electronics sector, Eletros, stated that the current stock for the supply of components is enough for around 10 to 15 days.[330]

The prices of soybeans, oil, and iron ore have been falling. These three goods represent 30%, 24% and 21% of the Brazilian exports to China, respectively.[330][331][332]

Chile

Aiding Chile's downfall is reduced demand for copper from the US and China due to COVID-19. [333]

Mexico

The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) said the unemployment rate in Mexico increased from 3.6% in January 2020 to 3.7% in February 2020. The informal sector increased to 56.3% in February compared to 56.0% in February 2019. Fewer than half of Mexicans have paid sick leave or health care.[334] BBVA México predicted a 4.5% economic contraction in 2020, while analysts at Capital Economics in London argued that the government had to do more to support the economy. They forecast a 6% contraction in 2020. HR Ratings, Latin America's first credit rating agency, said that the performance of the economy would depend on the government's response to the COVID-19 crisis.[335]

The Mexican Stock Exchange fell to a record low on 10 March due to fears of the coronavirus and because of falling oil prices. The Bank of Mexico (Banxico) stepped in to prop up the value of the peso, which fell 14%.[336] World markets are seeing falls similar to those of 1987.[337]

The Consejo Nacional Empresarial Turístico (National Tourism Business Council, CNET) sent two letters in March to Alfonso Romo, Chief of Staff to the President of Mexico, outlining the importance of tourism to the economy and asking for government support for the sector. Tourism provides 4 million jobs in Mexico, and 93% of the companies have ten or fewer employees. COVID-19 forced the closure of 4,000 hotels (52,400 rooms) and 2,000 restaurants, while the airline industry lost MXN $30 billion (US$1.3 billion) through March.[338] The association of car dealers, ADMA, predicted a decrease in domestic sales between 16% and 25% in 2020.[339]

Panama

COVID-19 is expected to subtract US$5.8 billion from Panama's GDP.[340]

Oceania

Australia

Australia is expected to be heavily affected by the epidemic, with early estimations have GDP contracting by 0.2% to 0.5%[341][342] and more than 20,000 Australian jobs being lost.[343] The Australian Treasurer, Josh Frydenberg said that the country would no longer be able to promise a budget surplus due to the outbreak.[344] The Australian dollar dropped to its lowest value since the Great Recession.[345]

The Australasian College for Emergency Medicine called for a calm and a fact-based response to the epidemic, asking people to avoid racism, "panic and division" and the spread of misinformation.[346] A large amount of protective face masks were purchased by foreign and domestic buyers, which has sparked a nationwide face masks shortage.[347] In response to price increases of nearly 2000%, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia has called on these "unethical suppliers" to keep supplies affordable.[347]

Tourism bodies have suggested that the total economic cost to the sector, as of 11 February 2020, would be A$4.5 billion. Casino earnings are expected to fall.[348] At least two localities in Australia, Cairns and the Gold Coast, have reported already lost earnings of more that $600 million.[349] The Australian Tourism Industry Council (ATIC) called on the Government of Australia for financial support especially in light of the large number of small businesses affected.[350]

Mining companies are thought to be highly exposed to the outbreak, since sales to China constitute 93% of the sales of Fortescue Metals, 55% of the sales of BHP, and 45% of the sales of Rio Tinto.[348] The iron ore shipping gauge dropped 99.9% as a result of the outbreak,[351] and the virus has made shipping and logistic operations of mining companies more complicated.[352]

Agriculture is also experiencing negative effects from the outbreak,[353] including the Australian dairy industry,[354] fishing industry,[355] wine producers,[356] and meat producers.[342] On 13 February 2020, Rabobank, which specialises in agricultural banking, warned that the agricultural sector had eight weeks for the coronavirus to be contained before facing major losses.[357] Exports were also affected by the outbreak. In May, China—which is Australia's largest trading partner—stopped accepting Australian meat and placed tariffs on Australian barley, likely a punitive response to Australia's call for an investigation into the origin of the global pandemic.[358]

The education sector is expected to suffer a US$5 billion loss according to an early government estimate,[359][360] including costs due to "tuition fee refunds, free deferral of study, realignment of teaching calendars and student accommodation costs."[361] The taxpayer is likely to be required to cover the shortfall in education budgets.[362] An estimated 100,000 students were not able to enroll at the start of the semester.[363] Nearly two-thirds of Chinese students were forced to remain overseas due to visa restrictions on travellers from mainland China.[364] Salvatore Babones, associate professor at the University of Sydney, stated that "Australia will remain an attractive study destination for Chinese students, but it may take several years for Chinese student numbers to recover".[361]

The Australian Football League (AFL) match between the St Kilda and Port Adelaide Football Clubs, which was scheduled to be played on Sunday, 31 May at Jiangwan Stadium in Shanghai, was transferred to Marvel Stadium in Melbourne due to concerns over the coronavirus pandemic; this match will now be played one week later than planned, on Sunday, 7 June.[365][366]

gollark: Ugh, formatting.

gollark: How about 'Conflicts between mDiyo and GregoriusT - Official Feed The Beast Wiki (2020-04-25 8\_11\_18 PM).html'? 'Daily Life Among the Jupiter Brains.pdf'? 'EP277\_ Rejiggering the Thingamajig \_ Escape Pod (2020-05-02 4\_39\_38 PM).html'? 'Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology.epub'?

gollark: <@!356107472269869058>

gollark: I do, however, have 'The Sea Floor - An Introduction to Marine Geology.epub'.

gollark: I don't have it.

Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO License statement: Explainer: How COVID-19 impacts women and girls, UN Women. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO License statement: Anticipating the impacts of COVID-19 in humanitarian and food crisis contexts, FAO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

References

"Real-time data show virus hit to global economic activity". www.ft.com. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
McFall-Johnsen, Juliana Kaplan, Lauren Frias, Morgan (14 March 2020). "A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown — here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
"Price Gouging Complaints Surge Amid Coronavirus Pandemic". The New York Times. 27 March 2020.
"FDA anticipates disruptions, shortages as China outbreak plays out". FiercePharma. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
Sirletti, Sonia; Remondini, Chiara; Lepido, Daniele (24 February 2020). "Virus Outbreak Drives Italians to Panic-Buying of Masks and Food". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
"Viral hysteria: Hong Kong panic buying sparks run on toilet paper". CNA. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
Rummler, Orion. "Household basics are scarce in Hong Kong under coronavirus lockdown". Axios. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
Strumpf, Dan (31 January 2020). "Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
Business, Rob McLean, Laura He and Anneken Tappe, CNN. "Dow plunges 1,000 points as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea and Italy". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
"FTSE 100 plunges 3.7 per cent as Italy confirms sixth coronavirus death". CityAM. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
Smith, Elliot (28 February 2020). "Global stocks head for worst week since the financial crisis amid fears of a possible pandemic". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Imbert, Fred; Huang, Eustance (27 February 2020). "Dow falls 350 points Friday to cap the worst week for Wall Street since the financial crisis". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Smith, Elliot (28 February 2020). "European stocks fall 12% on the week as coronavirus grips markets". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Anticipating the impacts of COVID-19 in humanitarian and food crisis contexts. Rome: FAO. 2020. ISBN 978-92-5-132370-0.
"Major Events Cancelled or Postponed ~Due to Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
Sheppard, David; McCormick, Myles; Brower, Derek; Lockett, Hudson (20 April 2020). "US oil price below zero for first time in history". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
"New virus mutes Lunar New Year celebrations worldwide". AP NEWS. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Shanghai Disney shuts to prevent spread of virus". CNBC. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
"China cancels Lunar New Year events over deadly virus fears". Deutsche Welle. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
Gigi Choy, Echo Xie (4 February 2020). "As China goes back to work, will the coronavirus spread even more rapidly?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
Cheng, Evelyn (1 February 2020). "More than half of China extends shutdown over virus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
"Hong Kong Chinese New Year". Hong Kong Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Lum, Alvin; Sum, Lok-kei (25 January 2020). "China coronavirus: Hong Kong leader hits back at delay criticism as she suspends school classes, cancels marathon and declares city at highest level of emergency". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Procura por máscaras aumenta 100 vezes e prejudica luta contra o coronavírus". SWI swissinfo.ch (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Boseley, Sarah (7 February 2020). "WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Schwartz, Nelson D. (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus Recession Looms, Its Course 'Unrecognizable'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Horowitz, Julia. "A 'short, sharp' global recession is starting to look inevitable". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
Lowrey, Annie (9 March 2020). "The Coronavirus Recession Will Be Unusually Difficult to Fight". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Jenkins, Simon (9 March 2020). "There will be no easy cure for a recession triggered by the coronavirus". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.
Business, Laura He, CNN. "China's economy could shrink for the first time in decades because of the coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
Palumbo, Daniele (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the economic impact". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.
"Recovery plan for Europe". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (27 May 2020). "A €750 Billion Virus Recovery Plan Thrusts Europe Into a New Frontier". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
Hansen, Sarah. "European Union Reveals $826 Billion Economic Stimulus Plan To Battle Coronavirus Damage". Forbes. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
"Is Germany's 'colossal' recovery plan a role model for other coronavirus-hit economies?". France 24. 7 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
Partington, Richard (4 June 2020). "Germany unveils €130bn coronavirus recovery package". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
Welle, Deutsche. "France unveils stimulus plan worth €8 billion for car industry | DW | 27.05.2020". DW.COM. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
"£73.5 million to boost green economic recovery in automotive sector". GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
Laville, Matthew Taylorand Sandra (1 May 2020). "City leaders aim to shape green recovery from coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
Por Redacción de TVN Noticias (30 March 2020). "PNUD: 'La pandemia dejará cicatrices muy profundas en el planeta'". Tvn-2.com. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
"US gas prices expected to fall as coronavirus and failed OPEC talks send oil market reeling". ABC News.
Wayland, Michael (1 April 2020). "Worst yet to come as coronavirus takes its toll on auto sales". CNBC. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
Higgins-Dunn, Phil LeBeau,Noah (18 March 2020). "General Motors, Ford and Fiat Chrysler to temporarily close all US factories due to the coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "China coronavirus adds to German automakers' woes | DW | 14 February 2020". DW.COM. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
"Plastics Trade Body Publishes First Study of Coronavirus Impact on UK Manufacturing". www.bpf.co.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
Prem, Kiesha; Liu, Yang; Russell, Timothy W; Kucharski, Adam J; Eggo, Rosalind M; Davies, Nicholas; Jit, Mark; Klepac, Petra; Flasche, Stefan; Clifford, Samuel; Pearson, Carl A B (May 2020). "The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study". The Lancet Public Health. 5 (5): e261–e270. doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30073-6. ISSN 2468-2667. PMC 7158905. PMID 32220655.
Bailey, Jackie (26 March 2020). "Governments around the world respond to COVID-19 impact on the arts". ArtsHub Australia. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
"COVID-19 update". Australian Government. Department of Communications and the Arts. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
"Coronavirus wipes out most of world's major sports events on an unprecedented day". BBC. 14 March 2020.
"Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 24 March 2020.
"Olympics history: Have the Games been postponed before?". Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
"2020: The Year of Streaming". Apptopia. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
Bean, Travis (15 April 2020). "'Parasite' Quickly Smashed Streaming Records On Hulu". Forbes. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
Gualt, Matthew (2 March 2020). "'This Is Quite a Blow.' The Coronavirus Is Wreaking Havoc on the Video Game Industry". Time. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
Allsop, Jon (13 March 2020). "How the coronavirus could hurt the news business". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
Crawford, Blair (24 March 2020). "COVID-19: Ontario to close all non-essential businesses; Schools won't reopen April 6". Ottawa Citizen. Post-Media. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
Johnson, Rich. "Diamond Comic Distributors No Longer Taking In New Comics". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
Salkowitz, Rob (23 March 2020). "Final Crisis? Diamond Comic Distributors Halts Shipments Of New Comics In Response To COVID-19 Shutdowns". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
Arrant, Chris (28 March 2020). "DC Exploring 'Multi-Distributor Model' to Deal with Coronavirus Crisis". Newsarama. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
Inc, Aislelabs (23 March 2020), How Shopping Centres Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, archived from the original on 23 March 2020, retrieved 23 March 2020
Petro, Greg (20 March 2020). "The Coronavirus Tsunami: What's To Come For U.S. Retail". Forbes. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
Wood, Zoe (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus shutdown ravages high street as retailers take emergency action". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
Tan, Su-Lin (7 February 2020). "Coronavirus could provide silver lining for Australian daigou retailers looking to tap China market". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
McPherson, Emily (18 March 2020). "Desperate dad snaps airport photos to show why he can't buy baby formula". 9news.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
"Retailers promote "touch-less" product delivery to address fears of coronavirus spread". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Lambert, Fred (24 March 2020). "Tesla Model Y: Here's a firsthand account of contactless delivery". Electrek.
Collins, Larry (24 April 2020). "Even After Pandemic Retail, Shopping Trends May Change". 5 NBC DFW. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
Foote, Natasha (2 April 2020). "Innovation spurred by COVID-19 crisis highlights 'potential of small-scale farmers'".
Inc, Aislelabs (2 April 2020), How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, retrieved 2 June 2020
Gurley, Lauren Kaori (20 April 2020). "Hundreds of Amazon Workers Are Not Going to Work in Nationwide Protest". Vice. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
Cox, Jeff (16 June 2020). "U.S. May retail sales surge 17.7% in the biggest monthly jump ever". CNBC.com. CNBC.
Thomas, Lauren (19 April 2020). "The coronavirus pandemic will likely leave a lasting legacy on retail: Fewer department stores". CNBC. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
"Stocks Fall on Recovery Fears and China Tensions: Live Updates". The New York Times. 4 May 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
Bhattarai, Abha (7 May 2020). "Neiman Marcus files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
Sozzi, Brian (15 May 2020). "J.C. Penney files for bankruptcy and its survival couldn't be more uncertain". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
"Pier 1 to Wind Down Operations as Virus Hurts Search for Buyer". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
"Chart: How coronavirus is devastating the restaurant business". 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Wida, Erica Chayes (16 March 2020). "Which states have closed restaurants and bars due to coronavirus?". Today. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
"Coronavirus exposes sick leave gap for retail, restaurant workers". Press Enterprise. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
Maclean, Johanna Catherine; Pichler, Stefan; Ziebarth, Nicolas R (March 2020). "Mandated Sick Pay: Coverage, Utilization, and Welfare Effects". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26832. hdl:10419/216444. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
WKRC, Brad Underwood (23 March 2020). "Virtual Tip Jar: Website creates way to help bartenders, servers". WKRC.
Kim, Allen. "People are being urged to support local restaurants as part of the 'Great American Takeout'". CNN. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
Northon, Karen (20 March 2020). "NASA Leadership Assessing Mission Impacts of Coronavirus". NASA. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
"March 24 Update on NASA Response to Coronavirus – Administrator Jim Bridenstine". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
"ESA scales down science mission operations amid pandemic". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
"Johnson Space Center Taking Safety Precautions Amid Coronavirus". Houstonia Magazine.
Kupferschmidt, Kai (26 February 2020). "'A completely new culture of doing research.' Coronavirus outbreak changes how scientists communicate". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
"Sesc Mineiro Grussaí, no Norte Fluminense, RJ, encerra atividades depois de quase 40 anos". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.
"Pandemia: Sesc de Grussaí fecha as portas e demite 700 funcionários". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.
"SESC Minas emite nota sobre fechamento do SESC Mineiro de Grussaí". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.
"CRISE: Sesc Mineiro de Grussaí fecha as portas e demite cerca de 700 funcionários". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.
Tounta, Philia (3 March 2020). "Pandemic 2020: The impact on tourism and the shadowy points". TravelDailyNews International. TravelDailynews Media Network. Retrieved 31 March 2020. Worldwide Tourism and hospitality industry is very badly affecting by pandemics, because of the nature of the business which is always related to the travelling of people. [...] World tourism will experience a myriad of global challenges. Amid these are: the possibility of location quarantines, fear to use airports and other centers of mass gatherings, fear of not knowing what to do in case of illness in a foreign land, the need for cross-border medical insurance, etc. Worldwide Hotels (in the countries affected) will lose millions from cancellations, smaller hotels will stop operation simply because they can't afford it, unemployment will skyrocket, travel agencies and tour operators will bankrupt, transfer companies will be economically destroyed and airfares will rise making traveling impossible even if crisis bypasses. Likewise cruise industry will face a severe crisis given that they are not able to assure eager-to-go-vacationer of their safety [...]
Times, The New York (1 April 2020). "A List of What's Been Canceled Because of the Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
"The coronavirus may sink the cruise-ship business". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
Team, The Visual and Data Journalism (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the pandemic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.
David Koening; Kevin Freking (27 March 2020). "Cruise stocks sink after missing out on economic-relief bill". Associated Press.
Birnbaum, Justin (21 March 2020). "In the coronavirus sports void, these are the desperate bets gamblers are making". CNBC.
"Subscribe to read | Financial Times". www.ft.com.
Davies, Rob (24 March 2020). "Lockdown 'leads gamblers from sports bets to riskier choices'" – via www.theguardian.com.
"NSoft: COVID-19 - implications on Gaming industry". NSoft.
"Gamblers hedge their bets as Macau casinos reopen to small crowds". South China Morning Post. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
Sullivan, Lewis. "Macau's gaming revenue fell 88 percent in February". Casino Review. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Loss of working hours to equal 195m full-time jobs, UN agency warns". Financial Times. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
"Roughly 5 million people in China lost their jobs in the first 2 months of 2020". CNBC. 16 March 2020.
"Coronavirus Lockdowns Torment an Army of Poor Migrant Workers in China". The New York Times. 23 February 2020.
"Coronavirus: Hubei's migrant workers 'living in fear' as debts mount under lockdown". South China Morning Post. 18 March 2020.
"6.6 Million Americans Filed for Unemployment Last Week". Slate. 2 April 2020.
"Unemployment could top 32% as 47M workers are laid off amid coronavirus: St. Louis Fed". USA Today. 31 March 2020.
"Coronavirus: India's pandemic lockdown turns into a human tragedy". BBC News. 30 March 2020.
"Hungry, desperate: India virus controls trap its migrant workers". Al-Jazeera. 2 April 2020.
"44% of Canadian households report lost work amid COVID-19 pandemic: poll". Global News. 25 March 2020.
"COVID-19: Canada layoff tracker". Macleans.ca. 30 March 2020.
"Spain sees historic rise in unemployment as nearly 900,000 lose jobs since coronavirus lockdown". The Independent. 2 April 2020.
"Global lay-offs surge as 6.6m Americans file jobless claims". Financial Times. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
"Nearly Half A Million Companies In Germany File For State Funds To Pay Workers". NPR. 1 April 2020.
"Short-time work: A vital tool in Germany's economic armory against coronavirus". Deutsche Welle. 30 March 2020.
"Kurzarbeit: Germany bets on tried-and-tested tool for coronavirus jobs crisis". The Local. 1 April 2020.
"UN Secretary-General's policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
"EVAW COVID-19 brief series | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
"COVID-19: Emerging gender data and why it matters | UN Women Data Hub". data.unwomen.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
"Spotlight on SDG 8: The impact of marriage and children on labour market participation | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
"Gender equality matters in COVID-19 response". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
"Surveys show that COVID-19 has gendered effects in Asia and the Pacific | UN Women Data Hub". data.unwomen.org. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses (PDF). International Labor Office. 2020.
Women and men in the informal economy : a statistical picture. Internationales Arbeitsamt, (Third ed.). Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-2-131581-0. OCLC 1035828913.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
"UN Secretary-General's policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Women, U. N. "How COVID-19 impacts women and girls". interactive.unwomen.org. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Lee, Yen Nee (19 February 2020). "Morgan Stanley says China's first-quarter growth could fall as low as 3.5% due to coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
"Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Business, Analysis by Charles Riley and Julia Horowitz, CNN. "The coronavirus is already hurting the world economy. Here's why it could get really scary". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Tartaglione, Nancy (23 January 2020). "Chinese New Year Films Cancellation Could Mean A $1B+ Loss For Global Box Office In 2020; What's The Impact On Hollywood". Deadline. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Ng, Abigail (23 February 2020). "France has seen a 30% to 40% fall in tourists following the coronavirus pandemic: Finance minister". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Tan, Huileng (28 January 2020). "China's travel restrictions amid coronavirus pandemic will hit other Asian economies". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Hunter, Marnie. "Everything travelers need to know about Wuhan coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Press, The Associated (25 January 2020). "China virus prompts car ban, school closures as it continues to spread". pennlive. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Republica. "China-returned Nepali student found infected with Coronavirus". My Republica. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"First case of coronavirus confirmed in India; student tested positive in Kerala". businesstoday.in. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Fifield, Anna. "In China, 200 million kids have gone back to school". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
各地财政补助武汉肺炎治疗费用，个人有望实现全免费. 第一财经 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
Gan, Nector (2 February 2020). "Outcasts in their own country, the people of Wuhan are the unwanted faces of China's coronavirus pandemic". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
"China sales slump 92% in first half of February on coronavirus". Automotive News Europe. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
Standaert, Michael (25 February 2020). "Coronavirus closures reveal vast scale of China's secretive wildlife farm industry". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
"China 'comprehensively bans' wildlife trade over coronavirus". France 24. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
Dalton, Jane (22 February 2020). "Coronavirus cuts China's greenhouse gas emissions by a quarter". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Davies, Caroline (1 March 2020). "Dramatic fall in China pollution levels 'partly related' to coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
谢斌张纯 (21 January 2020). "一罩难求：南都民调实测走访发现，线上线下口罩基本卖脱销". 南方都市报. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
徐榆涵 (23 January 2020). "全球各地瘋搶口罩專家：不必買N95". 聯合報. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
刘灏 (21 January 2020). "广东市场监管部门：将坚决打击囤积居奇、哄抬价格等行为". 南方网. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
"市场价格行为提醒书". Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
Liu, Yuying (31 January 2020). "专家：口罩短缺2月底或缓解". 中新网. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
陈泽云 (22 January 2020). "口罩买不到怎么办？这些药店平台春节期间持续供应". 金羊网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
新京报 (22 January 2020). "京东：禁止第三方商家口罩涨价". 新京报网. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
新京报 (22 January 2020). "拼多多：对口罩等产品进行监测，恶意涨价者将下架". 新京报网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
新京报 (22 January 2020). "苏宁易购：口罩等健康类商品禁涨价，并开展百亿补贴". 新京报网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
"武汉肺炎累经济亮红灯上半年减至少一个百分点". 法广. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
吴雨 (1 February 2020). "人民银行：疫情对中国经济的影响是暂时的". @新华视点. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 37.
"Lockdowns rise as China tries to control virus". United Kingdom: BBC. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
"深交所：延长2020年春节休市至2月2日 2月3日起照常开市". 上海证券报·中国证券网. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
"股市猪年收官日：A股大跌沪指跌破3000点关口". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020.
"Why is the stock market dropping?". EquityBAZAR. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
"A股鼠年开市3177只个股跌停外资200亿资金抄底". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020.
澎湃新闻 (28 January 2020). "央行、外汇局：延长银行间市场休市时间，2月3日起恢复". news.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
"3日人民币对美元汇率中间价下调373个基点". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020.
"双双破"7"，在岸、离岸人民币对美元汇率跌破7.01_金改实验室_澎湃新闻-The Paper". thepaper.cn. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
"避险情绪释放人民币对美元汇率破"7"_中证网". cs.com.cn. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
EFE. "BID cree que Latinoamérica sufrirá "una recesión muy importante" por COVID-19". Telemetro. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
"South China Morning Post - China GDP: Beijing abandons 2020 economic growth target, Premier Li Keqiang confirms at NPC". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.
Wang, Chuin-Wei Yap and Joyu (27 January 2020). "Coronavirus Hits Hong Kong as Economy Reels From Protests". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Russolillo, Steven (21 January 2020). "Moody's Downgrades Protest-Torn Hong Kong". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Wuhan virus compounds Hong Kong's economic woes". MSN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Hong Kong protests: radicals in bomb threat against police living quarters". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"IED found at border point, after another suspected toilet bomb". South China Morning Post. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Hong Kong protesters disrupt railway, declare 'dawn of anti-epidemic' action". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Tiezzi, Shannon. "One Coronavirus, Two Systems: New Epidemic Hits at Hong Kong's Political Divide". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Lee, Ching Kwan; Sing, Ming (15 November 2019). Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-4093-0.
"Hundreds queue for masks amid virus crisis, with some in line at 7 am". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Shelves cleared as coronavirus spread sparks Hong Kong panic buying". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Mask orders cancelled as Hongkongers face overseas supply issues amid virus". South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Extension of Chinese New Year Holidays" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
"Arrangements on Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools" (PDF). Education Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
"Arrangements on Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
"Arrangements on Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
"Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools Together, We Fight the Virus" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
"First protests, now virus: schools suspension could hurt those facing exams". South China Morning Post. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
Riley, Charles (5 February 2020). "Cathay Pacific asks workers to take 3 weeks off without pay as the coronavirus decimates travel". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
Stevenson, Alexandra (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus Shuts Macau, the World's Gambling Capital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Yang, Joyu Wang and Jing (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Bad Luck Hits Macau Casinos With 15-Day Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Wong, Natalie (20 February 2020). "Gamblers hedge their bets as Macau casinos reopen to small crowds". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
"Japan reports 20th case of coronavirus as Abe vows new steps to combat outbreak". Japan Times. 1 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
"South Korea says Chinese tour guide arriving from Japan found to be infected with coronavirus". Japan Times. 1 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Takahashi, Ryusei (31 January 2020). "Amid virus outbreak, Japan stores scramble to meet demand for face masks". Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
"Japan seeks to contain economic impact of virus, new measures come into effect". Reuters. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Pfanner, Eric (30 January 2020). "Chinese tourists finding they are no longer welcome as fear over coronavirus takes hold". Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"3 Japanese returnees from Wuhan test positive for new coronavirus". Japan Today. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Siripala, Thisanka. "Will Japan's Economy Buckle Under the coronavirus pandemic?". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
"Japan Considers Extra Spending Over Coronavirus's Impact on Tourism". MSN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"Chinese coronavirus fear spreads over luxury, retail sectors". spglobal.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
"Coronavirus Delays Nintendo Switch Production, Shipments for Japan". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
"Abe brushes aside worries of virus impact on Tokyo Olympics". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
McCurry, Justin (1 February 2020). "Tokyo 2020 organizers fight false rumors Olympics cancelled over coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"PM Abe asks all schools in Japan to temporarily close over coronavirus". Kyodo News. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
"Japan to close all schools to halt virus spread". BBC News. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
"Hyundai to halt South Korea output as China virus disrupts parts supply". Reuters. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
"Hyundai to halt South Korea output because of coronavirus". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Duddu, Praveen (25 February 2020). "South Korea Coronavirus: Outbreak, measures and impact". Pharmaceutical Technology. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
"Archived copy" 이인영 "전국 학교 '개학연기' 검토해야"… 교육당국에 대책 주문 – 머니투데이 뉴스. news.mt.co.kr (in Korean). 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
최수향 (21 February 2020). "Military to temporarily suspend drafting soldiers from Daegu". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
"Korean Ministry of Education". Korean Ministry of Education (in Korean). 21 February 2020.
"Archived copy" 177개 대학 개강 연기···80%가 '2주 결정'. 한국대학신문 (in Korean). 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"Archived copy" 교육부 "전국 유·초·중·고 1주일 개학 연기…3월9일 개학". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"Coronavirus: Does China have enough face masks to meet its needs?". BBC News. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"Taiwan ups Chinese visitor curbs, to stop mask exports". Reuters. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"In response to the outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) decides that all primary and secondary schools postpone first day of spring semester until 2 weeks later". Centres for Disease Control. 2 February 2020.
"School opening postponed to Feb. 25 due to coronavirus". Focus Taiwan. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) announces international cruise ships will be banned from calling at ports of Taiwan starting from February 6F". Taiwan Centres for Disease Control. 6 February 2020.
"Taiwan included in coronavirus travel ban – DOH". CNN. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
"Taiwan travel ban lifted – Palace". CNN. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
Tzu-ti, Huang. "Taiwan pledges military aid to boost mask supply". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
"Italy says Taiwan flight resumption request 'noted' after virus ban". Reuters. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
"EVA Air postpones new routes to Milan, Phuket due to epidemic". Focus Taiwan. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"China / Taiwan Feb – Apr 2020 Cross-Strait service changes as of 11FEB20". Routesonline. 12 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
"How coronavirus pandemic can impact India, world economy – Near-term impact on India Inc". The Economic Times. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
"Sensex Crashes 2,919 Points, Nifty Ends At 9,590 In Worst Day For Markets Ever". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"Coronavirus Updates: Number of cases in Mumbai region goes up to 18". The Economic Times. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"What Ails Pakistan's Economy? The Problems beyond Coronavirus". Political Economy - Development: Underdevelopment & Poverty eJournal. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
"Social Outlook for Asia and the Pacific 2018: Poorly Protected". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
"Forecasting the Economic Impact of Coronavirus on Developing Countries: Case of Pakistan". Development Economics: Macroeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
"On the Coronavirus, Pakistan's Government Is Missing in Action". ForeignPolicy. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Wijayasiri, Janaka (13 February 2020). "talkingeconomics – Coronavirus Epidemic and China's Slowdown: Economic Impact on Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
"Singapore's economy likely to be amongst the worst-hit by Wuhan virus". MSN. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
See Kit, Tang (28 January 2020). "Wuhan virus to hit Singapore's tourism sector, but too soon to assess impact on overall economy: Experts". CNA. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
"No need to rush for supplies, says Chan Chun Sing, amid reports of surge in demand". CNA. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
Rich, Motoko (30 January 2020). "The spread of coronavirus has unleashed a wave of panic and, in some cases, outright anti-Chinese sentiment across the globe". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Mahmud, Aqil Haziq (30 January 2020). "Wuhan virus in Singapore: The first 7 days". CNA. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Abdullah, Zhaki (14 February 2020). "COVID-19 to have 'significant' impact on economy: PM Lee Hsien Loong". CNA. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
Tiezzi, Shannon (6 February 2020). "China and Cambodia: Love in the Time of Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company (30 January 2020). "Baht hits 7-month low as China virus threatens tourism". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Mufti, Riza Roidila (31 January 2020). "10,000 Chinese tourists cancel trips to Bali over coronavirus fears: Travel group". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
The Jakarta Post (3 March 2020). "Panic buying hits Jakarta supermarkets as govt announces first COVID-19 cases - City". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
Kana, Ganeshwaran (1 February 2020). "Wuhan virus fears infect Malaysian economy". The Star. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Long, Jonny (3 February 2020). "Coronavirus sees Chinese teams pull out of Tour de Langkawi and all riders subjected to health-screenings". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
Chaw, Kenneth (12 February 2020). "List of KL concerts postponed due to Covid-19". The Star. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
"Saudi Arabia halts travel to Mecca, Medina over coronavirus". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
المغامسي يعلق على مشهد خلو الكعبة ويبرز أهميتها بحديث هدمها بآخر الزمن. CNN Arabic (in Arabic). 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
"MWC hangs by a thread after Nokia, DT and other big names back out". TechCrunch. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Kleinman, Zoe (11 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Facebook and Intel ditch MWC tech show". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Tibken, Shara. "Samsung pares back MWC presence on coronavirus concerns". CNET. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Warren, Tom (12 February 2020). "The world's biggest phone show has been canceled due to coronavirus concerns". The Verge. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Corrida às máscaras em Portugal por causa do coronavírus". TSF Rádio Notícias (in Portuguese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Máscaras esgotam nas farmácias, das mais simples às mais elaboradas – DN". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Coronavírus: Marcelo admite efeitos na economia global". Dinheiro Vivo (in Portuguese). Dinheiro Vivo. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Geneva auto show, other big events cancelled amid virus fears". thestar.com. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Porter, Jon (20 March 2020). "YouTube joins Netflix in reducing video quality in Europe". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
Alexander, Julia (19 March 2020). "Netflix will reduce its European network traffic by 25 percent to manage surge". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
"French economy enters recession with 6% drop in first quarter, its worst since 1945". France 24. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
LUSA (12 February 2020). "Deutsche Bank diz que coronavírus pode contribuir para recessão na Alemanha: "É um risco para a recuperação global"". Expresso (in Portuguese). Expresso. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
LUSA (12 February 2020). "Deutsche Bank diz que coronavírus pode contribuir para recessão na Alemanha: "É um risco para a recuperação global"". Expresso (in Portuguese). Expresso. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
O'Connor, Rachael (16 March 2020). "140,000 people in Ireland lose their jobs due to coronavirus crisis forcing businesses to close". The Irish Post. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
Murray, Sean (23 March 2020). "Grafton Street footfall plummets by 75% as people stay away from Dublin city centre". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
"Dublin city footfall slumps by 66% due to Covid-19". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
Burke, Ceimin (16 March 2020). "Pandemic unemployment payment set up to help people out of work due to coronavirus closures". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
"Minister Doherty announces Pandemic Unemployment Payment to continue". gov.ie. Government of Ireland. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
"COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Scheme". www.citizensinformation.ie. Citizens Information. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
Goodbody, Will (15 May 2020). "Cabinet approves €250m Restart Grant fund". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
Hurley, Sandra (22 May 2020). "Govt approves €6.8bn extra funding for social protection as spending limit nears". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
"Government launches €7.4 billion Jobs Stimulus to help businesses re-open, get people back to work and promote confidence". gov.ie. Department of the Taoiseach. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
Miley, Ingrid (23 July 2020). "Government announces €5bn package to reboot economy". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
Baker, Sinéad. "Italy put 12 towns on coronavirus lockdown after 215 cases and 5 deaths made it the most infected country outside Asia". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
"Fines threatened and police called in to enforce coronavirus quarantine across northern Italy". The Local. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
"Coronavirus updates: 6 dead, 229 infected in Italy as Europe braces for COVID-19". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Palermo, Angela Giuffrida Lorenzo Tondo in; Beaumont, Peter (4 March 2020). "Italy orders closure of all schools and universities due to coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
"COVID-19: Italy locks down several towns as third national dies". euronews. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
"Coronavirus in Italia: aggiornamento ora per ora". la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
"Notizia – Regione autonoma Valle d'Aosta". regione.vda.it. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
Dipartimento della Protezione Civile. "COVID-19 Italia - Monitoraggio della situazione". opendatadpc.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"Coronavirus: Italy imposes nationwide restrictions". Deutsche Welle. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"UPDATED: The form you need to go outside under Italy's new coronavirus rules". The Local. 10 March 2020.
"Coronavirus LATEST: Italy shuts all stores except food shops and pharmacies". The Local. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"Máscaras esgotam nas farmácias, das mais simples às mais elaboradas - DN". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Coronavírus: Marcelo admite efeitos na economia global". Dinheiro Vivo (in Portuguese). Dinheiro Vivo. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"JCB cuts production because of coronavirus". BBC News. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
"Collapsed Flybe tells passengers not to travel to airports". BBC. BBC. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
"Prime Minister creates committee on COVID-19". pm.gc.ca (Press release). PMO. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
"Prime Minister outlines Canada's COVID-19 response". pm.gc.ca (Press release). PMO. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
MacCharles, Tonda; Ballingall, Alex (11 March 2020). "'We get it, and we're on it': Ottawa unveils $1B response fund for coronavirus pandemic". thestar.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"Bank of Canada lowers interest rate". financialpost.com. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¾ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
"How the coronavirus is crushing credit ratings". Reuters.
Fitzgerald, Maggie (29 January 2020). "Major US companies are warning about the potential impact of the coronavirus on earnings calls". CNBC. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
Weitzel, Elic (2020), "Are Pandemics Good for the Environment?", Sapiens, retrieved 7 July 2020
Strumpf, Dan (31 January 2020). "Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Borter, Gabriella (24 January 2020). "Coronavirus worries have surgical masks flying off shelves in New York's Chinatown". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Paolicelli, Alyssa (3 February 2020). "With No Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus in New York City, Surgical Masks Fly Off Shelves". Spectrum News NY1. Charter Specturm. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
"As coronavirus spreads, suppliers are rationing face masks - CNN Video". Quest Means Business. 5 March 2020.
Miller, Anna Medaris (2 February 2020). "The Wuhan coronavirus has led to a face mask shortage, with sellers now offering masks at up to $7 apiece". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Redden, Elizabeth (13 February 2020). "The longer the coronavirus crisis persists, the bigger the likely impact on Chinese student enrollments". Indside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
"Trump's soft touch with China's Xi over coronavirus worries advisers". The Washington Post. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
Rabin, Roni Caryn (26 February 2020). "C.D.C. Confirms First Possible Community Transmission of Coronavirus in U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
Rabin, Roni Caryn; Fink, Sheri (27 February 2020). "Coronavirus Patient in California Was Not Tested for Days". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
Cochrane, Emily; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Weiland, Noah (27 February 2020). "U.S. Health Workers Responding to Coronavirus Lacked Training and Protective Gear, Whistle-Blower Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
Business, Paul R. La Monica, CNN. "Goldman Sachs: American companies will have zero profit growth this year". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Watts, William (28 February 2020). "Stock market heads lower, on track for worst weekly slide in 12 years as coronavirus stokes volatility". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Watts, William (27 February 2020). "Stocks tumble for sixth straight day, finish in correction territory, on fears coronavirus will slow economy". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Oh, Sunny (28 February 2020). "Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Duffy, Clare (23 March 2020). "US stock futures up after ending another day in the red". CNN Business. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020.
"U.S. stocks dive more than 7% as oil war and coronavirus fears slam markets". Los Angeles Times. 9 March 2020.
"Coronavirus and sports: NBA suspends its season, while the NCAA Tournament and rest of Big Ten Tournament will be played without fans". Chicago Tribune. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
Joyce, Greg (12 March 2020). "March Madness 2020 canceled due to coronavirus pandemic". New York Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
"NCAA cancels remaining winter and spring championships" (Press release). NCAA. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
"Coronavirus wreaks havoc in US black communities". BBC News. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
Zanolli, Lauren (8 April 2020). "Data from US south shows African Americans hit hardest by Covid-19". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
Eligon, John (7 April 2020). "Black Americans Face Alarming Rates of Coronavirus Infection in Some States". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
Levenson, Eric. "Why black Americans are at higher risk for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
Igor Popov, Chris Salviati, Rob Warnock (8 April 2020). "Nearly One-Quarter of Americans Couldn't Pay Their April Housing Bill". Rentonomics. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Kasakove, Sophie (17 April 2020). "Ilhan Omar unveils bill to cancel rent and mortgage payments amid pandemic". the Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
Lowrey, Annie (2 May 2020). "Cancel Rent". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
Jan, Tracy; Clement, Scott (6 May 2020). "Hispanics are almost twice as likely as whites to have lost their jobs amid pandemic, poll finds". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
Tappe, Anneken (8 May 2020). "Record 20.5 million American jobs lost in April. Unemployment rate soars to 14.7%". CNN. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
Alberight, Amanda (31 May 2020). "George Floyd protests hammer cities as they reopen from coronavirus lockdowns". Fortune. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
"Protests continue as US defense secretary rejects Trump's demand for troops". The Guardian. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
"As Hospitals Lose Revenue, More Than A Million Health Care Workers Lose Jobs". NPR. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
"How to Minimize the Impact to Your Credit Score from COVID-19 | Equifax". www.equifax.com.
Frankel, Robin Saks. "Credit Card Debt Is Down During COVID-19. Here's Why". Forbes.
"Protecting Your Credit During the Coronavirus Pandemic | Credit One Bank".
Tankersley, Jim; Casselman, Ben (1 July 2020). "The 'Rocket Ship' Economic Recovery Is Crashing" – via NYTimes.com.
"América Latina lucha contra el covid-19 mientras se avecina una recesión gigantesca". CNN. 26 July 2020.
"Argentina announces mandatory quarantine to curb coronavirus". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
"Quiénes y cuándo cobran los 10 mil pesos anunciados por el Gobierno". Página 12. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
Veras Mota, Camilla (12 February 2020). "Da indústria de celulares à soja, os impactos do coronavírus na economia brasileira" (in Portuguese). São Paulo: BBC News Brasil. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Vendas paradas e preços em queda - Economia". Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Soja, petróleo e ferro: coronavírus derruba valor de commodities do Brasil". EXAME (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Coronavirus en América Latina: los países en que se prevén las mayores caídas económicas este año (y los que serán menos golpeados)". 21 July 2020 – via www.bbc.com.
"Unemployment increases in Mexico". Azteca Noticias (in Spanish). 26 March 2020.
"While WHO praises virus response, financial analysts say it's too slow". Mexico News Daily. 26 March 2020.
"Mexico's stock market hits record low over coronavirus crisis and collapsing oil prices". El Universal. 10 March 2020.
Colegio de Contadores Públicos de México, A.C. (18 March 2020). "Historical! Covid-19 causes the biggest crisis in global financial markets". Dinero en Imagen (in Spanish).
Velazquez, Carlos (26 March 2020). "El CNET pide apoyo mientras sus empresas salvan empleos". Dinero en Imagen (in Spanish).
Yuste, José (25 March 2020). "Desesperación de industrias". Dinero en Imagen (in Spanish).
"COVID-19 deja un hueco de $5,800 millones en Panamá". laestrella.com (in Spanish). 27 March 2020.
"Coronavirus: 3 potential economic and financial impacts in Australia". IG. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Doherty, Ben (12 February 2020). "Australian iron ore, gas and lamb exports to be hit hard as coronavirus crisis continues". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"Leading consultants suggest Coronavirus impact could deal significant blow to Australian economy – Australasian Leisure Management". ausleisure.com.au. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
Vercoe, Peter. "Australia Walks Back Surplus Promise on Deadly Virus, Wildfires". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
Everett, Gwen (25 January 2020). "How bushfires and Wuhan virus fear have converged to drag down Australia's currency". Business Insider Australia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
"Australian doctors warn of rise in racist abuse over coronavirus". MSN. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
"Pharmacies caught price gouging, capitalising on coronavirus panic". 9 Now. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
Butler, Ben (5 February 2020). "Coronavirus threatens Australian economy reeling from drought and fires". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Taylor, Josh (11 February 2020). "'Completely dropped off': Australia's tourism industry braces for coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
"ATIC calls for government support to counter coronavirus impact on tourism industry – Australasian Leisure Management". ausleisure.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
"Coronavirus drops iron ore shipping gauge 99.9%". MINING.COM. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
"Coronavirus to complicate Australian shipping". argusmedia.com. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Hecht, Andrew (10 February 2020). "Agricultural Commodities Moving into The February WASDE Report". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
Gray, Jamie (4 February 2020). "Global dairy prices feel the coronavirus bite". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
Pollard, Emma; McKenna, Kate (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus devastates Australian export businesses". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"Wine sales to China up 12pc but coronavirus hit looms". Australian Financial Review. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
"Australian farmers have small window before coronavirus impact: expert". ABC Radio. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
Westcott, Ben (27 May 2020). "Australia angered China by calling for a coronavirus investigation. Now Beijing is targeting its exports". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"Australian universities brace for financial fallout from coronavirus". MSN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
"'We're like cash cows': Chinese students angry after Australia travel ban". South China Morning Post. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
"Coronavirus Crisis Could Hurt Australian Economy in Multiple Ways". International Business Times. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Babones, Salvatore (30 January 2020). "Our China-dependent universities cannot escape the financial shock of coronavirus". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Clarke, Melissa (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus travel ban locks out Chinese students, leaving Australian universities in chaos". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
"Two-thirds of Australia's Chinese students 'stuck at home'". Times Higher Education (THE). 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Morris, Tom (3 March 2020). "AFL cancels St Kilda vs Port Adelaide China game for 2020 due to coronavirus, meaning a potential bye week reshuffle". Fox Sports Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
"Shanghai game relocated to Marvel Stadium". St Kilda Football Club. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Real-time data show virus hit to global economic activity". www.ft.com. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

[2] McFall-Johnsen, Juliana Kaplan, Lauren Frias, Morgan (14 March 2020). "A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown — here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 15 April 2020.

[3] "Price Gouging Complaints Surge Amid Coronavirus Pandemic". The New York Times. 27 March 2020.

[4] "FDA anticipates disruptions, shortages as China outbreak plays out". FiercePharma. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[5] Sirletti, Sonia; Remondini, Chiara; Lepido, Daniele (24 February 2020). "Virus Outbreak Drives Italians to Panic-Buying of Masks and Food". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[6] "Viral hysteria: Hong Kong panic buying sparks run on toilet paper". CNA. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[7] Rummler, Orion. "Household basics are scarce in Hong Kong under coronavirus lockdown". Axios. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[8] Strumpf, Dan (31 January 2020). "Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[9] Business, Rob McLean, Laura He and Anneken Tappe, CNN. "Dow plunges 1,000 points as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea and Italy". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[10] "FTSE 100 plunges 3.7 per cent as Italy confirms sixth coronavirus death". CityAM. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[CNBC-11] Smith, Elliot (28 February 2020). "Global stocks head for worst week since the financial crisis amid fears of a possible pandemic". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[cnbc.com-12] Imbert, Fred; Huang, Eustance (27 February 2020). "Dow falls 350 points Friday to cap the worst week for Wall Street since the financial crisis". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[European_stocks_fall_12%_on_the_wee-13] Smith, Elliot (28 February 2020). "European stocks fall 12% on the week as coronavirus grips markets". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[:9-14] Anticipating the impacts of COVID-19 in humanitarian and food crisis contexts. Rome: FAO. 2020. ISBN 978-92-5-132370-0.

[15] "Major Events Cancelled or Postponed ~Due to Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.

[FT_Apr20-16] Sheppard, David; McCormick, Myles; Brower, Derek; Lockett, Hudson (20 April 2020). "US oil price below zero for first time in history". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[apnews-10e22bef65-17] "New virus mutes Lunar New Year celebrations worldwide". AP NEWS. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-272-18] "Shanghai Disney shuts to prevent spread of virus". CNBC. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

[20200123dw-19] "China cancels Lunar New Year events over deadly virus fears". Deutsche Welle. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

[AutoDW-273-20] Gigi Choy, Echo Xie (4 February 2020). "As China goes back to work, will the coronavirus spread even more rapidly?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

[:18-21] Cheng, Evelyn (1 February 2020). "More than half of China extends shutdown over virus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

[AutoDW-274-22] "Hong Kong Chinese New Year". Hong Kong Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

[SCMP25012020-23] Lum, Alvin; Sum, Lok-kei (25 January 2020). "China coronavirus: Hong Kong leader hits back at delay criticism as she suspends school classes, cancels marathon and declares city at highest level of emergency". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

[AutoDW-275-24] swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Procura por máscaras aumenta 100 vezes e prejudica luta contra o coronavírus". SWI swissinfo.ch (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-276-25] Boseley, Sarah (7 February 2020). "WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[26] Schwartz, Nelson D. (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus Recession Looms, Its Course 'Unrecognizable'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

[27] Horowitz, Julia. "A 'short, sharp' global recession is starting to look inevitable". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.

[28] Lowrey, Annie (9 March 2020). "The Coronavirus Recession Will Be Unusually Difficult to Fight". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

[29] Jenkins, Simon (9 March 2020). "There will be no easy cure for a recession triggered by the coronavirus". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.

[30] Business, Laura He, CNN. "China's economy could shrink for the first time in decades because of the coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.

[bbcEconomic-31] Palumbo, Daniele (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the economic impact". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.

[32] "Recovery plan for Europe". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[33] Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (27 May 2020). "A €750 Billion Virus Recovery Plan Thrusts Europe Into a New Frontier". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[34] Hansen, Sarah. "European Union Reveals $826 Billion Economic Stimulus Plan To Battle Coronavirus Damage". Forbes. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[35] "Is Germany's 'colossal' recovery plan a role model for other coronavirus-hit economies?". France 24. 7 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[36] Partington, Richard (4 June 2020). "Germany unveils €130bn coronavirus recovery package". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[37] Welle, Deutsche. "France unveils stimulus plan worth €8 billion for car industry | DW | 27.05.2020". DW.COM. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[38] "£73.5 million to boost green economic recovery in automotive sector". GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 June 2020.

[39] Laville, Matthew Taylorand Sandra (1 May 2020). "City leaders aim to shape green recovery from coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2020.

[40] Por Redacción de TVN Noticias (30 March 2020). "PNUD: 'La pandemia dejará cicatrices muy profundas en el planeta'". Tvn-2.com. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

[41] "US gas prices expected to fall as coronavirus and failed OPEC talks send oil market reeling". ABC News.

[42] Wayland, Michael (1 April 2020). "Worst yet to come as coronavirus takes its toll on auto sales". CNBC. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

[43] Higgins-Dunn, Phil LeBeau,Noah (18 March 2020). "General Motors, Ford and Fiat Chrysler to temporarily close all US factories due to the coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

[44] Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "China coronavirus adds to German automakers' woes | DW | 14 February 2020". DW.COM. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

[45] "Plastics Trade Body Publishes First Study of Coronavirus Impact on UK Manufacturing". www.bpf.co.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[46] Prem, Kiesha; Liu, Yang; Russell, Timothy W; Kucharski, Adam J; Eggo, Rosalind M; Davies, Nicholas; Jit, Mark; Klepac, Petra; Flasche, Stefan; Clifford, Samuel; Pearson, Carl A B (May 2020). "The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study". The Lancet Public Health. 5 (5): e261–e270. doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30073-6. ISSN 2468-2667. PMC 7158905. PMID 32220655.

[bailey-47] Bailey, Jackie (26 March 2020). "Governments around the world respond to COVID-19 impact on the arts". ArtsHub Australia. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

[docaapr9-48] "COVID-19 update". Australian Government. Department of Communications and the Arts. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

[Major-49] "Coronavirus wipes out most of world's major sports events on an unprecedented day". BBC. 14 March 2020.

[50] "Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 24 March 2020.

[51] "Olympics history: Have the Games been postponed before?". Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.

[2020:_The_Year_of_Streaming-52] "2020: The Year of Streaming". Apptopia. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

[‘Parasite’_Quickly_Smashed_Streaming_Records_On_Hulu-53] Bean, Travis (15 April 2020). "'Parasite' Quickly Smashed Streaming Records On Hulu". Forbes. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

[54] Gualt, Matthew (2 March 2020). "'This Is Quite a Blow.' The Coronavirus Is Wreaking Havoc on the Video Game Industry". Time. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

[CJR-55] Allsop, Jon (13 March 2020). "How the coronavirus could hurt the news business". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[56] Crawford, Blair (24 March 2020). "COVID-19: Ontario to close all non-essential businesses; Schools won't reopen April 6". Ottawa Citizen. Post-Media. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[57] Johnson, Rich. "Diamond Comic Distributors No Longer Taking In New Comics". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[58] Salkowitz, Rob (23 March 2020). "Final Crisis? Diamond Comic Distributors Halts Shipments Of New Comics In Response To COVID-19 Shutdowns". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[59] Arrant, Chris (28 March 2020). "DC Exploring 'Multi-Distributor Model' to Deal with Coronavirus Crisis". Newsarama. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[60] Inc, Aislelabs (23 March 2020), How Shopping Centres Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, archived from the original on 23 March 2020, retrieved 23 March 2020

[61] Petro, Greg (20 March 2020). "The Coronavirus Tsunami: What's To Come For U.S. Retail". Forbes. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.

[62] Wood, Zoe (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus shutdown ravages high street as retailers take emergency action". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.

[63] Tan, Su-Lin (7 February 2020). "Coronavirus could provide silver lining for Australian daigou retailers looking to tap China market". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.

[64] McPherson, Emily (18 March 2020). "Desperate dad snaps airport photos to show why he can't buy baby formula". 9news.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.

[65] "Retailers promote "touch-less" product delivery to address fears of coronavirus spread". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

[66] Lambert, Fred (24 March 2020). "Tesla Model Y: Here's a firsthand account of contactless delivery". Electrek.

[67] Collins, Larry (24 April 2020). "Even After Pandemic Retail, Shopping Trends May Change". 5 NBC DFW. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[68] Foote, Natasha (2 April 2020). "Innovation spurred by COVID-19 crisis highlights 'potential of small-scale farmers'".

[69] Inc, Aislelabs (2 April 2020), How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, retrieved 2 June 2020

[70] Gurley, Lauren Kaori (20 April 2020). "Hundreds of Amazon Workers Are Not Going to Work in Nationwide Protest". Vice. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[71] Cox, Jeff (16 June 2020). "U.S. May retail sales surge 17.7% in the biggest monthly jump ever". CNBC.com. CNBC.

[72] Thomas, Lauren (19 April 2020). "The coronavirus pandemic will likely leave a lasting legacy on retail: Fewer department stores". CNBC. Retrieved 23 April 2020.

[73] "Stocks Fall on Recovery Fears and China Tensions: Live Updates". The New York Times. 4 May 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[74] Bhattarai, Abha (7 May 2020). "Neiman Marcus files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2020.

[75] Sozzi, Brian (15 May 2020). "J.C. Penney files for bankruptcy and its survival couldn't be more uncertain". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.

[76] "Pier 1 to Wind Down Operations as Virus Hurts Search for Buyer". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.

[77] "Chart: How coronavirus is devastating the restaurant business". 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

[78] Wida, Erica Chayes (16 March 2020). "Which states have closed restaurants and bars due to coronavirus?". Today. Retrieved 3 May 2010.

[79] "Coronavirus exposes sick leave gap for retail, restaurant workers". Press Enterprise. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

[80] Maclean, Johanna Catherine; Pichler, Stefan; Ziebarth, Nicolas R (March 2020). "Mandated Sick Pay: Coverage, Utilization, and Welfare Effects". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26832. hdl:10419/216444. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[81] WKRC, Brad Underwood (23 March 2020). "Virtual Tip Jar: Website creates way to help bartenders, servers". WKRC.

[82] Kim, Allen. "People are being urged to support local restaurants as part of the 'Great American Takeout'". CNN. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

[83] Northon, Karen (20 March 2020). "NASA Leadership Assessing Mission Impacts of Coronavirus". NASA. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.

[84] "March 24 Update on NASA Response to Coronavirus – Administrator Jim Bridenstine". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.

[85] "ESA scales down science mission operations amid pandemic". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.

[86] "Johnson Space Center Taking Safety Precautions Amid Coronavirus". Houstonia Magazine.

[87] Kupferschmidt, Kai (26 February 2020). "'A completely new culture of doing research.' Coronavirus outbreak changes how scientists communicate". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2 April 2020.

[88] "Sesc Mineiro Grussaí, no Norte Fluminense, RJ, encerra atividades depois de quase 40 anos". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.

[89] "Pandemia: Sesc de Grussaí fecha as portas e demite 700 funcionários". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.

[90] "SESC Minas emite nota sobre fechamento do SESC Mineiro de Grussaí". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.

[91] "CRISE: Sesc Mineiro de Grussaí fecha as portas e demite cerca de 700 funcionários". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020.

[92] Tounta, Philia (3 March 2020). "Pandemic 2020: The impact on tourism and the shadowy points". TravelDailyNews International. TravelDailynews Media Network. Retrieved 31 March 2020. Worldwide Tourism and hospitality industry is very badly affecting by pandemics, because of the nature of the business which is always related to the travelling of people. [...] World tourism will experience a myriad of global challenges. Amid these are: the possibility of location quarantines, fear to use airports and other centers of mass gatherings, fear of not knowing what to do in case of illness in a foreign land, the need for cross-border medical insurance, etc. Worldwide Hotels (in the countries affected) will lose millions from cancellations, smaller hotels will stop operation simply because they can't afford it, unemployment will skyrocket, travel agencies and tour operators will bankrupt, transfer companies will be economically destroyed and airfares will rise making traveling impossible even if crisis bypasses. Likewise cruise industry will face a severe crisis given that they are not able to assure eager-to-go-vacationer of their safety [...]

[93] Times, The New York (1 April 2020). "A List of What's Been Canceled Because of the Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

[94] "The coronavirus may sink the cruise-ship business". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 7 April 2020.

[bbcOverview1-95] Team, The Visual and Data Journalism (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the pandemic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.

[ship-96] David Koening; Kevin Freking (27 March 2020). "Cruise stocks sink after missing out on economic-relief bill". Associated Press.

[97] Birnbaum, Justin (21 March 2020). "In the coronavirus sports void, these are the desperate bets gamblers are making". CNBC.

[98] "Subscribe to read | Financial Times". www.ft.com.

[99] Davies, Rob (24 March 2020). "Lockdown 'leads gamblers from sports bets to riskier choices'" – via www.theguardian.com.

[100] "NSoft: COVID-19 - implications on Gaming industry". NSoft.

[101] "Gamblers hedge their bets as Macau casinos reopen to small crowds". South China Morning Post. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.

[88_percent-102] Sullivan, Lewis. "Macau's gaming revenue fell 88 percent in February". Casino Review. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

[103] "Loss of working hours to equal 195m full-time jobs, UN agency warns". Financial Times. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.

[104] "Roughly 5 million people in China lost their jobs in the first 2 months of 2020". CNBC. 16 March 2020.

[105] "Coronavirus Lockdowns Torment an Army of Poor Migrant Workers in China". The New York Times. 23 February 2020.

[106] "Coronavirus: Hubei's migrant workers 'living in fear' as debts mount under lockdown". South China Morning Post. 18 March 2020.

[107] "6.6 Million Americans Filed for Unemployment Last Week". Slate. 2 April 2020.

[108] "Unemployment could top 32% as 47M workers are laid off amid coronavirus: St. Louis Fed". USA Today. 31 March 2020.

[109] "Coronavirus: India's pandemic lockdown turns into a human tragedy". BBC News. 30 March 2020.

[110] "Hungry, desperate: India virus controls trap its migrant workers". Al-Jazeera. 2 April 2020.

[111] "44% of Canadian households report lost work amid COVID-19 pandemic: poll". Global News. 25 March 2020.

[112] "COVID-19: Canada layoff tracker". Macleans.ca. 30 March 2020.

[113] "Spain sees historic rise in unemployment as nearly 900,000 lose jobs since coronavirus lockdown". The Independent. 2 April 2020.

[114] "Global lay-offs surge as 6.6m Americans file jobless claims". Financial Times. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

[115] "Nearly Half A Million Companies In Germany File For State Funds To Pay Workers". NPR. 1 April 2020.

[116] "Short-time work: A vital tool in Germany's economic armory against coronavirus". Deutsche Welle. 30 March 2020.

[117] "Kurzarbeit: Germany bets on tried-and-tested tool for coronavirus jobs crisis". The Local. 1 April 2020.

[:112-118] "UN Secretary-General's policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[:15-119] "EVAW COVID-19 brief series | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[:13-120] "COVID-19: Emerging gender data and why it matters | UN Women Data Hub". data.unwomen.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[:1-121] "Spotlight on SDG 8: The impact of marriage and children on labour market participation | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[:2-122] "Gender equality matters in COVID-19 response". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[:3-123] "Surveys show that COVID-19 has gendered effects in Asia and the Pacific | UN Women Data Hub". data.unwomen.org. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[:5-124] COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses (PDF). International Labor Office. 2020.

[:6-125] Women and men in the informal economy : a statistical picture. Internationales Arbeitsamt, (Third ed.). Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-2-131581-0. OCLC 1035828913.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[:7-126] "UN Secretary-General's policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[:8-127] Women, U. N. "How COVID-19 impacts women and girls". interactive.unwomen.org. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[AutoDW-277-128] Lee, Yen Nee (19 February 2020). "Morgan Stanley says China's first-quarter growth could fall as low as 3.5% due to coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.

[129] "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[130] Business, Analysis by Charles Riley and Julia Horowitz, CNN. "The coronavirus is already hurting the world economy. Here's why it could get really scary". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[131] Tartaglione, Nancy (23 January 2020). "Chinese New Year Films Cancellation Could Mean A $1B+ Loss For Global Box Office In 2020; What's The Impact On Hollywood". Deadline. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-278-132] Ng, Abigail (23 February 2020). "France has seen a 30% to 40% fall in tourists following the coronavirus pandemic: Finance minister". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.

[20200128cnbc-133] Tan, Huileng (28 January 2020). "China's travel restrictions amid coronavirus pandemic will hit other Asian economies". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[Hunter-134] Hunter, Marnie. "Everything travelers need to know about Wuhan coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[20200125pennlive-135] Press, The Associated (25 January 2020). "China virus prompts car ban, school closures as it continues to spread". pennlive. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[auto4-136] Republica. "China-returned Nepali student found infected with Coronavirus". My Republica. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-279-137] "First case of coronavirus confirmed in India; student tested positive in Kerala". businesstoday.in. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[138] Fifield, Anna. "In China, 200 million kids have gone back to school". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[AutoDW-280-139] 各地财政补助武汉肺炎治疗费用，个人有望实现全免费. 第一财经 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[AutoDW-281-140] Gan, Nector (2 February 2020). "Outcasts in their own country, the people of Wuhan are the unwanted faces of China's coronavirus pandemic". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[AutoDW-282-141] "China sales slump 92% in first half of February on coronavirus". Automotive News Europe. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.

[AutoDW-283-142] Standaert, Michael (25 February 2020). "Coronavirus closures reveal vast scale of China's secretive wildlife farm industry". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.

[AutoDW-284-143] "China 'comprehensively bans' wildlife trade over coronavirus". France 24. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.

[144] Dalton, Jane (22 February 2020). "Coronavirus cuts China's greenhouse gas emissions by a quarter". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[145] Davies, Caroline (1 March 2020). "Dramatic fall in China pollution levels 'partly related' to coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[146] 谢斌张纯 (21 January 2020). "一罩难求：南都民调实测走访发现，线上线下口罩基本卖脱销". 南方都市报. Retrieved 21 January 2020.

[147] 徐榆涵 (23 January 2020). "全球各地瘋搶口罩專家：不必買N95". 聯合報. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

[148] 刘灏 (21 January 2020). "广东市场监管部门：将坚决打击囤积居奇、哄抬价格等行为". 南方网. Retrieved 21 January 2020.

[149] "市场价格行为提醒书". Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.

[150] Liu, Yuying (31 January 2020). "专家：口罩短缺2月底或缓解". 中新网. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.

[151] 陈泽云 (22 January 2020). "口罩买不到怎么办？这些药店平台春节期间持续供应". 金羊网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.

[152] 新京报 (22 January 2020). "京东：禁止第三方商家口罩涨价". 新京报网. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.

[153] 新京报 (22 January 2020). "拼多多：对口罩等产品进行监测，恶意涨价者将下架". 新京报网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.

[154] 新京报 (22 January 2020). "苏宁易购：口罩等健康类商品禁涨价，并开展百亿补贴". 新京报网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.

[155] "武汉肺炎累经济亮红灯上半年减至少一个百分点". 法广. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[156] 吴雨 (1 February 2020). "人民银行：疫情对中国经济的影响是暂时的". @新华视点. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[157] The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 37.

[:110-158] "Lockdowns rise as China tries to control virus". United Kingdom: BBC. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.

[:210-159] "深交所：延长2020年春节休市至2月2日 2月3日起照常开市". 上海证券报·中国证券网. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.

[160] "股市猪年收官日：A股大跌沪指跌破3000点关口". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020.

[161] "Why is the stock market dropping?". EquityBAZAR. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.

[162] "A股鼠年开市3177只个股跌停外资200亿资金抄底". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020.

[163] 澎湃新闻 (28 January 2020). "央行、外汇局：延长银行间市场休市时间，2月3日起恢复". news.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[164] "3日人民币对美元汇率中间价下调373个基点". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020.

[165] "双双破"7"，在岸、离岸人民币对美元汇率跌破7.01_金改实验室_澎湃新闻-The Paper". thepaper.cn. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[166] "避险情绪释放人民币对美元汇率破"7"_中证网". cs.com.cn. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[167] EFE. "BID cree que Latinoamérica sufrirá "una recesión muy importante" por COVID-19". Telemetro. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

[168] "South China Morning Post - China GDP: Beijing abandons 2020 economic growth target, Premier Li Keqiang confirms at NPC". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.

[wsj1158011318-169] Wang, Chuin-Wei Yap and Joyu (27 January 2020). "Coronavirus Hits Hong Kong as Economy Reels From Protests". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[wsj1157953437-170] Russolillo, Steven (21 January 2020). "Moody's Downgrades Protest-Torn Hong Kong". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-293-171] "Wuhan virus compounds Hong Kong's economic woes". MSN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[scmp3048133-172] "Hong Kong protests: radicals in bomb threat against police living quarters". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[scmp3047898-173] "IED found at border point, after another suspected toilet bomb". South China Morning Post. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[scmp3047983-174] "Hong Kong protesters disrupt railway, declare 'dawn of anti-epidemic' action". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-294-175] Tiezzi, Shannon. "One Coronavirus, Two Systems: New Epidemic Hits at Hong Kong's Political Divide". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[20191115google-176] Lee, Ching Kwan; Sing, Ming (15 November 2019). Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-4093-0.

[scmp3048097-177] "Hundreds queue for masks amid virus crisis, with some in line at 7 am". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[scmp3048121-178] "Shelves cleared as coronavirus spread sparks Hong Kong panic buying". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[scmp3048332-179] "Mask orders cancelled as Hongkongers face overseas supply issues amid virus". South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-295-180] "Extension of Chinese New Year Holidays" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 2 February 2020.

[AutoDW-296-181] "Arrangements on Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools" (PDF). Education Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.

[auto-182] "Arrangements on Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

[183] "Arrangements on Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

[184] "Deferral of Class Resumption for All Schools Together, We Fight the Virus" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

[scmp3047662-185] "First protests, now virus: schools suspension could hurt those facing exams". South China Morning Post. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[AutoDW-297-186] Riley, Charles (5 February 2020). "Cathay Pacific asks workers to take 3 weeks off without pay as the coronavirus decimates travel". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.

[AutoDW-298-187] Stevenson, Alexandra (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus Shuts Macau, the World's Gambling Capital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[AutoDW-299-188] Yang, Joyu Wang and Jing (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Bad Luck Hits Macau Casinos With 15-Day Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[AutoDW-300-189] Wong, Natalie (20 February 2020). "Gamblers hedge their bets as Macau casinos reopen to small crowds". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.

[20200201japantimesA-190] "Japan reports 20th case of coronavirus as Abe vows new steps to combat outbreak". Japan Times. 1 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[20200201japantimesB-191] "South Korea says Chinese tour guide arriving from Japan found to be infected with coronavirus". Japan Times. 1 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[20200131japantimes-192] Takahashi, Ryusei (31 January 2020). "Amid virus outbreak, Japan stores scramble to meet demand for face masks". Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[20200201reutersB-193] "Japan seeks to contain economic impact of virus, new measures come into effect". Reuters. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[194] Pfanner, Eric (30 January 2020). "Chinese tourists finding they are no longer welcome as fear over coronavirus takes hold". Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[195] "3 Japanese returnees from Wuhan test positive for new coronavirus". Japan Today. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[196] Siripala, Thisanka. "Will Japan's Economy Buckle Under the coronavirus pandemic?". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[197] "Japan Considers Extra Spending Over Coronavirus's Impact on Tourism". MSN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[198] "Chinese coronavirus fear spreads over luxury, retail sectors". spglobal.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[199] "Coronavirus Delays Nintendo Switch Production, Shipments for Japan". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.

[auto1-200] "Abe brushes aside worries of virus impact on Tokyo Olympics". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[201] McCurry, Justin (1 February 2020). "Tokyo 2020 organizers fight false rumors Olympics cancelled over coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[202] "PM Abe asks all schools in Japan to temporarily close over coronavirus". Kyodo News. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[203] "Japan to close all schools to halt virus spread". BBC News. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[204] "Hyundai to halt South Korea output as China virus disrupts parts supply". Reuters. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[205] "Hyundai to halt South Korea output because of coronavirus". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[:4-206] Duddu, Praveen (25 February 2020). "South Korea Coronavirus: Outbreak, measures and impact". Pharmaceutical Technology. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

[AutoDW-301-207] "Archived copy" 이인영 "전국 학교 '개학연기' 검토해야"… 교육당국에 대책 주문 – 머니투데이 뉴스. news.mt.co.kr (in Korean). 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[AutoDW-302-208] 최수향 (21 February 2020). "Military to temporarily suspend drafting soldiers from Daegu". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

[AutoDW-303-209] "Korean Ministry of Education". Korean Ministry of Education (in Korean). 21 February 2020.

[AutoDW-304-210] "Archived copy" 177개 대학 개강 연기···80%가 '2주 결정'. 한국대학신문 (in Korean). 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[AutoDW-305-211] "Archived copy" 교육부 "전국 유·초·중·고 1주일 개학 연기…3월9일 개학". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[BBCTW06Feb2020-212] "Coronavirus: Does China have enough face masks to meet its needs?". BBC News. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[Reuters27Jan2020-213] "Taiwan ups Chinese visitor curbs, to stop mask exports". Reuters. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[TWCDC02Feb2020-214] "In response to the outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) decides that all primary and secondary schools postpone first day of spring semester until 2 weeks later". Centres for Disease Control. 2 February 2020.

[FTW02Feb2020-215] "School opening postponed to Feb. 25 due to coronavirus". Focus Taiwan. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[1TWCDC06Feb2020-216] "Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) announces international cruise ships will be banned from calling at ports of Taiwan starting from February 6F". Taiwan Centres for Disease Control. 6 February 2020.

[CNNPH10Feb2020-217] "Taiwan included in coronavirus travel ban – DOH". CNN. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[CNNPH14Feb2020-218] "Taiwan travel ban lifted – Palace". CNN. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[AutoDW-306-219] Tzu-ti, Huang. "Taiwan pledges military aid to boost mask supply". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

[Reuters05Feb2020-220] "Italy says Taiwan flight resumption request 'noted' after virus ban". Reuters. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[FTW06Feb2020-221] "EVA Air postpones new routes to Milan, Phuket due to epidemic". Focus Taiwan. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[TWaviation12Feb2020-222] "China / Taiwan Feb – Apr 2020 Cross-Strait service changes as of 11FEB20". Routesonline. 12 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[AutoDW-307-223] "How coronavirus pandemic can impact India, world economy – Near-term impact on India Inc". The Economic Times. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[224] "Sensex Crashes 2,919 Points, Nifty Ends At 9,590 In Worst Day For Markets Ever". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[225] "Coronavirus Updates: Number of cases in Mumbai region goes up to 18". The Economic Times. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

[226] "What Ails Pakistan's Economy? The Problems beyond Coronavirus". Political Economy - Development: Underdevelopment & Poverty eJournal. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

[227] "Social Outlook for Asia and the Pacific 2018: Poorly Protected". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Retrieved 24 May 2020.

[228] "Forecasting the Economic Impact of Coronavirus on Developing Countries: Case of Pakistan". Development Economics: Macroeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[229] "On the Coronavirus, Pakistan's Government Is Missing in Action". ForeignPolicy. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[AutoDW-308-230] Wijayasiri, Janaka (13 February 2020). "talkingeconomics – Coronavirus Epidemic and China's Slowdown: Economic Impact on Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[AutoDW-309-231] "Singapore's economy likely to be amongst the worst-hit by Wuhan virus". MSN. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[channelnewsasia12361746-232] See Kit, Tang (28 January 2020). "Wuhan virus to hit Singapore's tourism sector, but too soon to assess impact on overall economy: Experts". CNA. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-310-233] "No need to rush for supplies, says Chan Chun Sing, amid reports of surge in demand". CNA. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.

[orlandosentinel20200130-234] Rich, Motoko (30 January 2020). "The spread of coronavirus has unleashed a wave of panic and, in some cases, outright anti-Chinese sentiment across the globe". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[channelnewsasia12364268-235] Mahmud, Aqil Haziq (30 January 2020). "Wuhan virus in Singapore: The first 7 days". CNA. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[AutoDW-311-236] Abdullah, Zhaki (14 February 2020). "COVID-19 to have 'significant' impact on economy: PM Lee Hsien Loong". CNA. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.

[AutoDW-315-237] Tiezzi, Shannon (6 February 2020). "China and Cambodia: Love in the Time of Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[bangkokpost1847089-238] Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company (30 January 2020). "Baht hits 7-month low as China virus threatens tourism". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[AutoDW-314-239] Mufti, Riza Roidila (31 January 2020). "10,000 Chinese tourists cancel trips to Bali over coronavirus fears: Travel group". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[240] The Jakarta Post (3 March 2020). "Panic buying hits Jakarta supermarkets as govt announces first COVID-19 cases - City". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[20200201thestar-241] Kana, Ganeshwaran (1 February 2020). "Wuhan virus fears infect Malaysian economy". The Star. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[AutoDW-312-242] Long, Jonny (3 February 2020). "Coronavirus sees Chinese teams pull out of Tour de Langkawi and all riders subjected to health-screenings". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[AutoDW-313-243] Chaw, Kenneth (12 February 2020). "List of KL concerts postponed due to Covid-19". The Star. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[244] "Saudi Arabia halts travel to Mecca, Medina over coronavirus". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[245] المغامسي يعلق على مشهد خلو الكعبة ويبرز أهميتها بحديث هدمها بآخر الزمن. CNN Arabic (in Arabic). 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.

[AutoDW-317-246] "MWC hangs by a thread after Nokia, DT and other big names back out". TechCrunch. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-318-247] Kleinman, Zoe (11 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Facebook and Intel ditch MWC tech show". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-319-248] Tibken, Shara. "Samsung pares back MWC presence on coronavirus concerns". CNET. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-320-249] Warren, Tom (12 February 2020). "The world's biggest phone show has been canceled due to coronavirus concerns". The Verge. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-322-250] "Corrida às máscaras em Portugal por causa do coronavírus". TSF Rádio Notícias (in Portuguese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-323-251] "Máscaras esgotam nas farmácias, das mais simples às mais elaboradas – DN". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-324-252] "Coronavírus: Marcelo admite efeitos na economia global". Dinheiro Vivo (in Portuguese). Dinheiro Vivo. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[253] "Geneva auto show, other big events cancelled amid virus fears". thestar.com. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[254] Porter, Jon (20 March 2020). "YouTube joins Netflix in reducing video quality in Europe". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

[255] Alexander, Julia (19 March 2020). "Netflix will reduce its European network traffic by 25 percent to manage surge". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

[256] "French economy enters recession with 6% drop in first quarter, its worst since 1945". France 24. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[257] LUSA (12 February 2020). "Deutsche Bank diz que coronavírus pode contribuir para recessão na Alemanha: "É um risco para a recuperação global"". Expresso (in Portuguese). Expresso. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-321-258] LUSA (12 February 2020). "Deutsche Bank diz que coronavírus pode contribuir para recessão na Alemanha: "É um risco para a recuperação global"". Expresso (in Portuguese). Expresso. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[259] O'Connor, Rachael (16 March 2020). "140,000 people in Ireland lose their jobs due to coronavirus crisis forcing businesses to close". The Irish Post. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[260] Murray, Sean (23 March 2020). "Grafton Street footfall plummets by 75% as people stay away from Dublin city centre". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[261] "Dublin city footfall slumps by 66% due to Covid-19". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[262] Burke, Ceimin (16 March 2020). "Pandemic unemployment payment set up to help people out of work due to coronavirus closures". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[263] "Minister Doherty announces Pandemic Unemployment Payment to continue". gov.ie. Government of Ireland. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[264] "COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Scheme". www.citizensinformation.ie. Citizens Information. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[265] Goodbody, Will (15 May 2020). "Cabinet approves €250m Restart Grant fund". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[266] Hurley, Sandra (22 May 2020). "Govt approves €6.8bn extra funding for social protection as spending limit nears". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[267] "Government launches €7.4 billion Jobs Stimulus to help businesses re-open, get people back to work and promote confidence". gov.ie. Department of the Taoiseach. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[268] Miley, Ingrid (23 July 2020). "Government announces €5bn package to reboot economy". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[AutoDW-325-269] Baker, Sinéad. "Italy put 12 towns on coronavirus lockdown after 215 cases and 5 deaths made it the most infected country outside Asia". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[AutoDW-326-270] "Fines threatened and police called in to enforce coronavirus quarantine across northern Italy". The Local. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.

[AutoDW-327-271] "Coronavirus updates: 6 dead, 229 infected in Italy as Europe braces for COVID-19". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.

[272] Palermo, Angela Giuffrida Lorenzo Tondo in; Beaumont, Peter (4 March 2020). "Italy orders closure of all schools and universities due to coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

[AutoDW-328-273] "COVID-19: Italy locks down several towns as third national dies". euronews. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

[AutoDW-329-274] "Coronavirus in Italia: aggiornamento ora per ora". la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[AutoDW-330-275] "Notizia – Regione autonoma Valle d'Aosta". regione.vda.it. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[276] Dipartimento della Protezione Civile. "COVID-19 Italia - Monitoraggio della situazione". opendatadpc.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[277] "Coronavirus: Italy imposes nationwide restrictions". Deutsche Welle. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[278] "UPDATED: The form you need to go outside under Italy's new coronavirus rules". The Local. 10 March 2020.

[279] "Coronavirus LATEST: Italy shuts all stores except food shops and pharmacies". The Local. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[280] "Máscaras esgotam nas farmácias, das mais simples às mais elaboradas - DN". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[281] "Coronavírus: Marcelo admite efeitos na economia global". Dinheiro Vivo (in Portuguese). Dinheiro Vivo. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-316-282] "JCB cuts production because of coronavirus". BBC News. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[283] "Collapsed Flybe tells passengers not to travel to airports". BBC. BBC. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

[284] "Prime Minister creates committee on COVID-19". pm.gc.ca (Press release). PMO. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

[285] "Prime Minister outlines Canada's COVID-19 response". pm.gc.ca (Press release). PMO. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.

[286] MacCharles, Tonda; Ballingall, Alex (11 March 2020). "'We get it, and we're on it': Ottawa unveils $1B response fund for coronavirus pandemic". thestar.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[287] "Bank of Canada lowers interest rate". financialpost.com. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[288] "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¾ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[reuters-289] "How the coronavirus is crushing credit ratings". Reuters.

[20200129cnbc-290] Fitzgerald, Maggie (29 January 2020). "Major US companies are warning about the potential impact of the coronavirus on earnings calls". CNBC. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[291] Weitzel, Elic (2020), "Are Pandemics Good for the Environment?", Sapiens, retrieved 7 July 2020

[wsj1158048418-292] Strumpf, Dan (31 January 2020). "Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[AutoDW-331-293] Borter, Gabriella (24 January 2020). "Coronavirus worries have surgical masks flying off shelves in New York's Chinatown". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[:11-294] Paolicelli, Alyssa (3 February 2020). "With No Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus in New York City, Surgical Masks Fly Off Shelves". Spectrum News NY1. Charter Specturm. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[295] "As coronavirus spreads, suppliers are rationing face masks - CNN Video". Quest Means Business. 5 March 2020.

[AutoDW-332-296] Miller, Anna Medaris (2 February 2020). "The Wuhan coronavirus has led to a face mask shortage, with sellers now offering masks at up to $7 apiece". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-333-297] Redden, Elizabeth (13 February 2020). "The longer the coronavirus crisis persists, the bigger the likely impact on Chinese student enrollments". Indside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[AutoDW-334-298] "Trump's soft touch with China's Xi over coronavirus worries advisers". The Washington Post. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[AutoDW-195-299] Rabin, Roni Caryn (26 February 2020). "C.D.C. Confirms First Possible Community Transmission of Coronavirus in U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[AutoDW-196-300] Rabin, Roni Caryn; Fink, Sheri (27 February 2020). "Coronavirus Patient in California Was Not Tested for Days". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[AutoDW-197-301] Cochrane, Emily; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Weiland, Noah (27 February 2020). "U.S. Health Workers Responding to Coronavirus Lacked Training and Protective Gear, Whistle-Blower Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[302] Business, Paul R. La Monica, CNN. "Goldman Sachs: American companies will have zero profit growth this year". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[303] Watts, William (28 February 2020). "Stock market heads lower, on track for worst weekly slide in 12 years as coronavirus stokes volatility". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[304] Watts, William (27 February 2020). "Stocks tumble for sixth straight day, finish in correction territory, on fears coronavirus will slow economy". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[305] Oh, Sunny (28 February 2020). "Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

[306] Duffy, Clare (23 March 2020). "US stock futures up after ending another day in the red". CNN Business. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020.

[307] "U.S. stocks dive more than 7% as oil war and coronavirus fears slam markets". Los Angeles Times. 9 March 2020.

[308] "Coronavirus and sports: NBA suspends its season, while the NCAA Tournament and rest of Big Ten Tournament will be played without fans". Chicago Tribune. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

[309] Joyce, Greg (12 March 2020). "March Madness 2020 canceled due to coronavirus pandemic". New York Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

[310] "NCAA cancels remaining winter and spring championships" (Press release). NCAA. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

[311] "Coronavirus wreaks havoc in US black communities". BBC News. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[312] Zanolli, Lauren (8 April 2020). "Data from US south shows African Americans hit hardest by Covid-19". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[313] Eligon, John (7 April 2020). "Black Americans Face Alarming Rates of Coronavirus Infection in Some States". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[314] Levenson, Eric. "Why black Americans are at higher risk for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[315] Igor Popov, Chris Salviati, Rob Warnock (8 April 2020). "Nearly One-Quarter of Americans Couldn't Pay Their April Housing Bill". Rentonomics. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[316] Kasakove, Sophie (17 April 2020). "Ilhan Omar unveils bill to cancel rent and mortgage payments amid pandemic". the Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[317] Lowrey, Annie (2 May 2020). "Cancel Rent". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[318] Jan, Tracy; Clement, Scott (6 May 2020). "Hispanics are almost twice as likely as whites to have lost their jobs amid pandemic, poll finds". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

[319] Tappe, Anneken (8 May 2020). "Record 20.5 million American jobs lost in April. Unemployment rate soars to 14.7%". CNN. Retrieved 9 May 2020.

[320] Alberight, Amanda (31 May 2020). "George Floyd protests hammer cities as they reopen from coronavirus lockdowns". Fortune. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[321] "Protests continue as US defense secretary rejects Trump's demand for troops". The Guardian. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.

[322] "As Hospitals Lose Revenue, More Than A Million Health Care Workers Lose Jobs". NPR. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.

[323] "How to Minimize the Impact to Your Credit Score from COVID-19 | Equifax". www.equifax.com.

[324] Frankel, Robin Saks. "Credit Card Debt Is Down During COVID-19. Here's Why". Forbes.

[325] "Protecting Your Credit During the Coronavirus Pandemic | Credit One Bank".

[326] Tankersley, Jim; Casselman, Ben (1 July 2020). "The 'Rocket Ship' Economic Recovery Is Crashing" – via NYTimes.com.

[327] "América Latina lucha contra el covid-19 mientras se avecina una recesión gigantesca". CNN. 26 July 2020.

[quarantine-328] "Argentina announces mandatory quarantine to curb coronavirus". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

[329] "Quiénes y cuándo cobran los 10 mil pesos anunciados por el Gobierno". Página 12. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

[:0-330] Veras Mota, Camilla (12 February 2020). "Da indústria de celulares à soja, os impactos do coronavírus na economia brasileira" (in Portuguese). São Paulo: BBC News Brasil. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[331] "Vendas paradas e preços em queda - Economia". Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[332] "Soja, petróleo e ferro: coronavírus derruba valor de commodities do Brasil". EXAME (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[333] "Coronavirus en América Latina: los países en que se prevén las mayores caídas económicas este año (y los que serán menos golpeados)". 21 July 2020 – via www.bbc.com.

[334] "Unemployment increases in Mexico". Azteca Noticias (in Spanish). 26 March 2020.

[335] "While WHO praises virus response, financial analysts say it's too slow". Mexico News Daily. 26 March 2020.

[336] "Mexico's stock market hits record low over coronavirus crisis and collapsing oil prices". El Universal. 10 March 2020.

[337] Colegio de Contadores Públicos de México, A.C. (18 March 2020). "Historical! Covid-19 causes the biggest crisis in global financial markets". Dinero en Imagen (in Spanish).

[338] Velazquez, Carlos (26 March 2020). "El CNET pide apoyo mientras sus empresas salvan empleos". Dinero en Imagen (in Spanish).

[339] Yuste, José (25 March 2020). "Desesperación de industrias". Dinero en Imagen (in Spanish).

[340] "COVID-19 deja un hueco de $5,800 millones en Panamá". laestrella.com (in Spanish). 27 March 2020.

[AutoDW-335-341] "Coronavirus: 3 potential economic and financial impacts in Australia". IG. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[auto15-342] Doherty, Ben (12 February 2020). "Australian iron ore, gas and lamb exports to be hit hard as coronavirus crisis continues". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-336-343] "Leading consultants suggest Coronavirus impact could deal significant blow to Australian economy – Australasian Leisure Management". ausleisure.com.au. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.

[AutoDW-337-344] Vercoe, Peter. "Australia Walks Back Surplus Promise on Deadly Virus, Wildfires". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[20200125businessinsider-345] Everett, Gwen (25 January 2020). "How bushfires and Wuhan virus fear have converged to drag down Australia's currency". Business Insider Australia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.

[AutoDW-338-346] "Australian doctors warn of rise in racist abuse over coronavirus". MSN. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[9_Now-347] "Pharmacies caught price gouging, capitalising on coronavirus panic". 9 Now. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.

[Guardian2020-02-12-348] Butler, Ben (5 February 2020). "Coronavirus threatens Australian economy reeling from drought and fires". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-339-349] Taylor, Josh (11 February 2020). "'Completely dropped off': Australia's tourism industry braces for coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-340-350] "ATIC calls for government support to counter coronavirus impact on tourism industry – Australasian Leisure Management". ausleisure.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[AutoDW-341-351] "Coronavirus drops iron ore shipping gauge 99.9%". MINING.COM. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-342-352] "Coronavirus to complicate Australian shipping". argusmedia.com. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-343-353] Hecht, Andrew (10 February 2020). "Agricultural Commodities Moving into The February WASDE Report". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[AutoDW-344-354] Gray, Jamie (4 February 2020). "Global dairy prices feel the coronavirus bite". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[AutoDW-345-355] Pollard, Emma; McKenna, Kate (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus devastates Australian export businesses". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[AutoDW-346-356] "Wine sales to China up 12pc but coronavirus hit looms". Australian Financial Review. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[AutoDW-347-357] "Australian farmers have small window before coronavirus impact: expert". ABC Radio. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[358] Westcott, Ben (27 May 2020). "Australia angered China by calling for a coronavirus investigation. Now Beijing is targeting its exports". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[AutoDW-348-359] "Australian universities brace for financial fallout from coronavirus". MSN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-349-360] "'We're like cash cows': Chinese students angry after Australia travel ban". South China Morning Post. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[:10-361] "Coronavirus Crisis Could Hurt Australian Economy in Multiple Ways". International Business Times. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[AutoDW-350-362] Babones, Salvatore (30 January 2020). "Our China-dependent universities cannot escape the financial shock of coronavirus". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-351-363] Clarke, Melissa (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus travel ban locks out Chinese students, leaving Australian universities in chaos". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[AutoDW-352-364] "Two-thirds of Australia's Chinese students 'stuck at home'". Times Higher Education (THE). 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[365] Morris, Tom (3 March 2020). "AFL cancels St Kilda vs Port Adelaide China game for 2020 due to coronavirus, meaning a potential bye week reshuffle". Fox Sports Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2020.

[366] "Shanghai game relocated to Marvel Stadium". St Kilda Football Club. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.