COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns

There are worldwide curfews, quarantines, and similar restrictions (variously described as stay-at-home orders, shelter-in-place orders, shutdowns or lockdowns) related to the COVID-19 pandemic and established to prevent the further spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19.[1]

Countries and territories around the world have enforced lockdowns of varying degrees. Some include total movement control while others have enforced restrictions based on time. Mostly, only essential businesses are allowed to remain open. Schools, universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 161 countries, affecting approximately 98.6 per cent of the world's student population.[2]

All types of recreational venues and most public places have been affected.

Table of pandemic lockdowns

COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns
Countries and territories	Place	Start date	End date	Level
Albania		2020-03-13[3]	2020-06-01[4]	National
Algeria	Algiers	2020-03-23[5]	2020-05-14[6]	City
	Blida
Argentina		2020-03-19[7]	2020-06-28[8]	National
Armenia		2020-03-24[9]	2020-05-04[10]
Australia	Melbourne	2020-07-08[lower-alpha 1][11][12]	2020-09-13[12]	Metropolitan area
	Regional Victoria[lower-alpha 2]	2020-08-06[12]		State
	Rest of the country[lower-alpha 3]	2020-03-23[13]		National
Austria		2020-03-16[14]	2020-04-13[15]
Azerbaijan		2020-03-31[16]	2020-08-30[16]
Bangladesh		2020-03-26[17]	2020-05-16[18]
Barbados		2020-03-28[19]	2020-05-03[19]
Belgium		2020-03-18[20]	2020-05-04 [21]
Bermuda		2020-04-04[22]	2020-05-02[23]
Bhutan		2020-08-11[24]
Bolivia		2020-03-22[25]	2020-07-31[26]
Botswana		2020-04-02[27]	2020-04-30[27]
Brazil	Santa Catarina	2020-03-17[28]	2020-04-07[28]	State
	São Paulo	2020-03-24[29]	2020-05-10[30]
Colombia		2020-03-25[31]	2020-06-30[32]	National
Republic of the Congo		2020-03-31[33]	2020-04-20[33]
Costa Rica		2020-03-23[34]
Croatia		2020-03-18[35]	2020-04-19[36]
Czech Republic		2020-03-16[14]	2020-04-12[37]
Ecuador		2020-03-16[38]	2020-03-31[38]
El Salvador		2020-03-12[39]	2020-04-02[39]
Eritrea		2020-04-02[40]	2020-04-23[40]
Fiji	Lautoka	2020-03-20[41]	2020-04-07[42]	City
	Suva	2020-04-03[43]	2020-04-17[44]
France		2020-03-17[45]	2020-05-11[46]	National
Georgia		2020-03-31[47]	2020-04-21[47]
Germany		2020-03-23[lower-alpha 4][49]	2020-04-20[50] to 2020-05-10[51]
Ghana	Accra	2020-03-30[52]	2020-04-12[53]	Metropolitan Area
	Kumasi
Greece		2020-03-23[54]	2020-05-04[55]	National
Guernsey		2020-03-25[56]
Honduras		2020-03-20[57]	2020-05-17[58]
Hungary		2020-03-28[59]	2020-04-10[59]
India		2020-03-25[60]	2020-06-30[61]
Iran		2020-03-14[62]	2020-04-20[63]
Iraq		2020-03-22[64]	2020-04-11[65]
Ireland	All 26 counties	2020-03-12[lower-alpha 5][66][67]	2020-05-18[68]
	Kildare	2020-08-07[69][70]		Regional
	Laois
	Offaly
Israel	Bnei Brak	2020-04-02[71]		City
Italy		2020-03-09[lower-alpha 6][72]	2020-05-18[73]	National
Jamaica	Saint Catherine	2020-04-15[74]	2020-04-22[74]	Parish
Jordan		2020-03-18[75]	2020-04-30[76]	National
Kosovo		2020-03-14[77]	2020-05-04 [78]
Kuwait		2020-03-14[79]	2020-03-29[79]
Lebanon		2020-03-15[80]	2020-03-28[80]
Liberia	Margibi	2020-03-23[81]	2020-04-11[81]	County
	Montserrado
Libya		2020-03-22[82]		National
Lithuania		2020-03-16[83]	2020-06-18[84]
Madagascar	Antananarivo	2020-03-23[85]	2020-04-20[86]	City
	Toamasina
Malaysia		2020-03-18[87]	2020-06-09[88]	National
Mexico		2020-03-23[89]	2020-06-01[89]
Mongolia		2020-03-10[90]	2020-03-16[90]
Montenegro	Tuzi	2020-03-24[91]		Municipality
Morocco		2020-03-19[92]	2020-06-10[93]	National
Namibia		2020-03-27[lower-alpha 7][94]	2020-05-04[95]
Nepal		2020-03-24[96]	2020-06-14[97]
New Zealand		2020-03-26[98]	2020-05-14[99]
Nigeria	Abuja	2020-03-30[100]	2020-04-12[100]	City
	Lagos
	Ogun			State
Northern Cyprus		2020-03-30[101]		National
Oman	Muscat	2020-04-10[102]	2020-05-29[103]	Governorate
	Jalan Bani Bu Ali	2020-04-16[104]	TBD[104]	Province
Pakistan		2020-03-24[105]	2020-05-09[106]	National
Panama		2020-03-25[107]
Papua New Guinea		2020-03-24[108]	2020-04-07[108]
Paraguay		2020-03-20[109]	2020-05-03[110]
Peru		2020-03-16[111]	2020-06-30[112]
Philippines	Cebu	2020-03-27[113]	2020-05-15[lower-alpha 8][114] to 2020-05-31[lower-alpha 9][115]	Province
	Davao Region	2020-03-19[116]	2020-05-15[114]	Region
	Luzon	2020-03-15[lower-alpha 10][117]	2020-04-30[lower-alpha 11][118] to 2020-05-15[lower-alpha 12][119] to 2020-05-31[lower-alpha 9][115]	Island group
	Soccsksargen	2020-03-23[116]	2020-05-15[120]	Region
Poland		2020-03-13[121]	2020-04-11[122]	National
Portugal		2020-03-19[123]	2020-04-02[122]
Qatar	Doha Industrial Area	2020-03-11[124]		Industrial park
Romania		2020-03-25[125]	2020-05-12[126]	National
Russia	Moscow	2020-03-30[127]	2020-05-12[128][129]	Metropolitan area
	Rest of the country[lower-alpha 13]	2020-03-28[130]	2020-04-30[130]	National
Rwanda		2020-03-21[131]	2020-04-19[132]
Samoa		2020-03-26[133]	2020-04-08[134]
San Marino		2020-03-14[135]	2020-05-05[136]
Saudi Arabia	Jeddah	2020-03-29[137]		City
	Mecca	2020-03-26[137]
	Medina
	Qatif	2020-03-09[138]		Area
	Riyadh	2020-03-26[137]		City
Serbia		2020-03-15[122]	2020-04-21[139] to 2020-05-04[140]	National
Singapore		2020-04-07[141]	2020-06-01[142]
South Africa		2020-03-26[143]	2020-04-30[144]
Spain		2020-03-14[145]	2020-05-09[146]
Sri Lanka		2020-03-18[147]	2020-06-21[148]
Thailand		2020-03-25[149]	2020-05-31[150]
Trinidad and Tobago		2020-03-17[151]	2020-03-31[151]
Tunisia		2020-03-22[152]	2020-04-19[153]
Turkey		2020-04-23[154]	2020-04-27[154]	Only in 30 metropolitan cities and Zonguldak.
Ukraine		2020-03-17[122]	2020-04-24[122]	National
United Arab Emirates		2020-03-26[155]	2020-04-17[156]
United Kingdom		2020-03-23[157]
United States	California	2020-03-19[158]		State
	Clark County in Nevada	2020-03-20		County
	Connecticut	2020-03-23[159]	2020-04-22[160]	State
	Illinois	2020-03-21[161]	2020-05-30[162]
	Kansas City in Kansas	2020-03-24[163]	2020-04-19[164]	City
	Massachusetts	2020-03-24[165]	2020-05-04[165]	State
	Michigan	2020-03-24[166]	2020-04-13[160]
	New York	2020-03-22[167]	2020-06-13[168]
	Oregon	2020-03-24[169]
	Wisconsin	2020-03-24[170]
Venezuela		2020-03-17[171]	2020-05-13[172]	National
Vietnam		2020-04-01[173]	2020-04-22[174]
Zimbabwe		2020-03-30[175]	2020-05-02[176]
Outbreak ongoing: Lockdown data as of 15 August 2020 Notes Stage 3 lockdown imposed on 8 July; Stage 4 lockdown imposed on 2 August 2020 Applies for all Regional Victoria outside Melbourne Applies for further measures in each Australian state and territory Lockdown was started in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria on 20 March 2020. Three days later, it was expanded to the whole of Germany[48] A national stay-at-home order was officially declared on 27 March Lockdown was first started in Northern Italy on 8 March 2020, then expanded to the rest of Italy the following day Lockdown was started in the regions of Erongo and Khomas but effectively enforced countrywide. On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May and to all of Namibia. Except in Cebu City only where it was extended to 16 days Lockdown was extended to areas under high risk COVID-19 zones Lockdown was started in Metro Manila, but expanded to the rest of Luzon two days later, 17 March 2020 In most Luzon areas only, except Metro Manila and selected areas of Luzon are on high risk COVID-19 zones Lockdown was extended to Metro Manila and remaining areas of Luzon Applies for mandatory holidays and further measures in each Russian region

In the table pandemic lockdowns are defined as the shutdown of parts of the economy,[177] due to non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures and are enforceable by law like:

• Closing of schools and kindergartens
• Closing of non-essential shops (shops and stores apart from food, doctors and drug stores)
• Closing of non-essential production
• Cancellation of recreational venues and closing of public places
• Curfews
• Stay-at-home orders and total movement control

These measures are considered to have caused the coronavirus recession in 2020.[178] The table does not contain:

• Measures with smaller economic impacts like:
  • border closures
  • social distancing measures and social movement restrictions
  • travel restrictions.
• Other non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures like mandatory quarantines after travel, self quarantine and social distancing measures
• Any measures which are voluntary rather than enforceable by law

The pandemic has resulted in the largest number of shutdowns/lockdowns worldwide at the same time in history.. By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown,[179] which increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April – more than half of the world's population.[180][181]

Restrictions first began in China,[182] with other countries in East Asia like Vietnam soon following it in implementing widespread containment measures. Much of Europe, North America and Africa took much longer to bring in tough measures. Lockdowns between and within nations are of varying stringency.[183]

By mid April, nearly 300 million people, or about 90 per cent of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States,[184] around 100 million in the Philippines,[185] about 59 million in South Africa,[186] and 1.3 billion were under lockdown in India; the largest of all lockdowns.Check the list of COVID-19 Hotspots or containment Zones of India.[187][188]

By the end of April, around 300 million people were under lockdown in various countries of Europe, including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom; while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America.[185]

Countries and territories with lockdowns

China

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Hubei

China, where the pandemic originated, was the first country to enforce the quarantine and lockdown of cities and later whole provinces, starting at the end of January. Although such measures are a very old tool of epidemic control,[189][190] their use at the scale of a large city such as Wuhan or the even larger scale of provinces was controversial among experts at the time, with questions on their effectiveness[191][192][193] and their ethics.[194][190][195] Some public health experts, while not always condemning the measure, raised the issue of the inevitable psychological toll such measures would have.[196][197][198] An ex-World Health Organization (WHO) official who headed the organization's Western Pacific Region during the SARS outbreak said that "the containment of a city [hadn’t] been done in the history of international public health policy".[192] The WHO called the decision to quarantine Wuhan "new to science".[199] By early April, all lockdowns had ended or relaxed to a certain degree as the cases started to dwindle and the outbreak had come under control.[182][200]

Cities under quarantine in China
Place	Province	Start date	End date	City level	Population	Cases	Deaths	Recoveries	Active
Border shutdown[201]
Wuhan	Hubei	2020-01-23	2020-04-08[202][203][204]	Sub-provincial	11,081,000	50,340	3,869	46,471	0
Xiaogan	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	4,920,000	3,518	129	3,389	0
Huanggang	Hubei	2020-01-23	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	6,330,000	2,907	125	2,782	0
Jingzhou	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-17[206]	Prefectural	5,590,200	1,580	52	1,528	0
Ezhou	Hubei	2020-01-23	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	1,077,700	1,394	59	1,335	0
Suizhou	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	2,216,700	1,307	45	1,262	0
Xiangyang	Hubei	2020-01-28[207]	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	5,669,000	1,175	40	1,135	0
Huangshi	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-13[208]	Prefectural	2,470,700	1,015	39	976	0
Yichang	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	4,135,850	931	37	894	0
Jingmen	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	2,896,500	928	41	887	0
Xianning	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	2,543,300	836	15	821	0
Shiyan	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	3,406,000	672	8	664	0
Xiantao	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Sub-prefectural	1,140,500	575	22	553	0
Tianmen	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Sub-prefectural	1,272,300	496	15	481	0
Enshi	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-25[205]	Prefectural	3,378,000	252	7	245	0
Qianjiang	Hubei	2020-01-24	2020-03-13[209]	Sub-prefectural	966,000	198	9	189	0
Shennongjia	Hubei	2020-01-27	2020-03-25[205]	Sub-prefectural	78,912	11	0	11	0
Quarantine total	59,172,000	68,135	4,512	63,623	0
Outbreak ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 4 June 2020.[210][211][212] Totals will evolve.

Fiji

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji

On 19 March, Fiji confirmed its first case in Lautoka. In response, the Government of Fiji ordered the lockdown of the city on 20 March with closures of all schools and non-essential services all over the country.[213] On 3 April, Fiji's capital, Suva, went into lockdown after confirming two new cases. More than 300,000 residents was confined at their homes and all non-essential services in the city was closed for two weeks.[214]

France

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in France § Lockdown

As of 17 March 2020,[215] all people are required to complete and carry an exemption form to leave their homes and can be fined for non-essential journeys.[215] Essential journeys include shopping for food, travelling to work, accessing healthcare, and exercising within 1 km of the home for up to 1 hour. Police around the country have set up road blocks to check people who were out and about had good reason and that their exemption declarations were in order.

India

See also: Indian local government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India

On 22 March 2020, the Government of India decided to completely lockdown 82 districts in 22 states and Union Territories of country where confirmed cases have been reported till 31 March.[216] Essential services and commodities were allowed. 80 cities including major cities such as Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Pune and Kolkata were also put under lockdown until 31 March.[217] The country entered complete lockdown from 25 March 2020 for 21 days amid increase in number of cases.[218]

Indonesia

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

Indonesia reported its first two positive COVID-19 cases on 2 March 2020.[219] Cases grew throughout the month of March, as the government resisted implementing curfew or lockdown measures. The capital of Jakarta finally introduced a stay-at-home order, called the PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, or Large-scale Social Restrictions) starting on 10 April, followed by many other provinces and cities. However, no nationwide lockdown measures were implemented by the central government.

PSBB measures were lifted throughout the month of May despite continued community transmission of the virus. The capital of Jakarta became the final region to lift the most stringent PSBB measures on 4 June, as it shifted towards what governor Anies Baswedan described as a "transitional phase".[220] The transition phase remains in effect in Jakarta as of July 2020.

Ireland

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland

On 12 March, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland until the end of August.[221][222] On 27 March, Varadkar announced a national stay-at-home order for at least two weeks; the public were ordered to stay at home in all circumstances. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned.[223][224] The Garda Síochána (Irish police) were given power to enforce the measures, which were repeatedly extended until 18 May.[225]

A roadmap to easing restrictions in Ireland that includes five stages was adopted by the government on 1 May 2020 and subsequently published online.[226][227] On 5 June, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced a series of changes to the government's roadmap of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland, which he summed up as: "Stay Local".[228] The fourth and final phase of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland was initially scheduled to take place on 20 July, but was repeatedly postponed until 31 August at the earliest.[229][230]

On 7 August, Taoiseach Micheál Martin announced a regional lockdown and a series of measures for counties Kildare, Laois and Offaly following significant increases of COVID-19 cases in the three counties, which came into effect from midnight and will remain in place for two weeks.[231][232][233]

Italy

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy

Viral illustration during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy[234] "God fights the Coronavirus above the world" by Giovanni Guida

Malaysia

Main article: 2020 Malaysia movement control order

Namibia

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia

Beginning 27 March, a 21-day lockdown of the regions of Erongo and Khomas was announced.[94] On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May. It now officially applied to all regions, although the stay-at-home order was already enforced countrywide. Only essential businesses remained open. Schools were closed, parliamentary sessions suspended, and generally all gatherings of more than 10 people were prohibited.[235] Formal and informal bars were closed and the sale of alcohol prohibited. This "stage 1" of the lockdown was in force until 4 May 2020. From then on, regulations are to be gradually eased.[236]

New Zealand

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand

On 23 March 2020, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern raised New Zealand's COVID-19 alert level[237] to three and announced the closure of all schools beginning on that day, and two days later moved to four at 11:59 p.m. on 25 March 2020 – a nationwide lockdown. While all sporting matches and events as well as non-essential services such as pools, bars, cafes, restaurants, playgrounds closed, essential services such as supermarkets, petrol stations, and health services remained open.[238][239][240]

The alert level was moved back down to Level 3 at 11:59 pm on 27 April, and moved to Level 2 at 11:59 pm on 13 May, lifting the rest of the lockdown restrictions while maintaining physical distancing.[241] On 8 June, Prime Minister Ardern announced that New Zealand would be entering into Alert Level 1 at midnight on 9 June, lifting restrictions on daily life, business activities, mass gatherings and public transportation. However, the country's borders would remain closed to most international travel.[242]

Philippines

This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines[edit]

Community quarantines in the Philippines (as of August 16)

As a measure to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Philippines, lockdowns, officially characterized as "community quarantine" by the government, of varying strictness were imposed in numerous parts of the country. The "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ) is the strictest of such measures. The largest of these measures was the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon.

Singapore

This section is an excerpt from 2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures[edit]

The 2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures, abbreviated as CB, was a stay-at-home order and cordon sanitaire implemented as a preventive measure by the Government of Singapore in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country on 7 April 2020.

Officially, the circuit breaker was enforced by the COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) (Control Order) Regulations 2020, published on 7 April 2020.[243]

United Kingdom

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom

National stay-at-home order

At 8:30 p.m. on 23 March 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a stay-at-home order effective immediately. The slogan "Stay Home, Protect the NHS, Save Lives" was used. All non-essential shops and services were ordered to close, and police were granted powers to issue fines, send people home, especially persons suspected of being infected, and to break up gatherings of more than two people. The British population was instructed to stay home, except for exercise once a day (such as running, walking or cycling), shopping for essential items, any medical need, providing care to a vulnerable person, or travelling to work where the work in question was vital and could not be done from home. Johnson stated that the stay-at-home order would be reviewed every three weeks.[244] Working with general practitioners, the NHS strongly advised (though did not mandate) that those at the highest risk of severe complications from COVID-19 follow special shielding measures. These included not leaving their home at all, even for essential reasons, and keeping two meters apart from other household members.

On 11 May, the UK-wide rules fractured and separate rules were announced at various times for the country's constituent territories. In England, the slogan changed to "Stay Alert, Control the Virus, Save Lives" and those who could not work from home, including specifically construction and manufacturing workers, were encouraged to return to work albeit avoiding the use of public transport. Additionally, the once-a-day limit on exercise was lifted. The COVID-19 threat level system was introduced, and the "Stay Home" phase was announced to be equivalent to Level 4 (where 1 meant "COVID-19 is not known to be present in the UK", and 5 meant "The circulation of COVID-19 is high and rising exponentially and there is a material risk of healthcare being overwhelmed"). Meanwhile, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland retained "Stay home, Protect the NHS, Save Lives" for the time being.

On 13 May, those in England were allowed to meet one other person not from their household outside whilst maintaining a 2-metre social distance, and from 28 May groups of up to six from different households were allowed to meet outside, keeping a safe distance.

From 1 June, English primary schools were encouraged to re-open to Reception, Year 1 and Year 6, and extremely vulnerable people shielding at home were advised it was safe to go outside for once-daily, socially-distanced exercise, for the first time in approximately two months.

From 15 June, non-essential retail reopened, and English secondary schools were asked to prepare to provide Year 10 and Year 12 students with some face-to-face meetings to support their home learning for essential upcoming exams the next year. It also became mandatory to wear face coverings in healthcare settings and on public transport.

From 4 July, most other businesses were allowed to reopen, except for those at highest risk such as indoor gyms, and social gathering rules were relaxed further. Most notably, the two-meter rule was relaxed to one meter apart, where other mitigations such as face coverings were being used. The only legal measure that remained, except for face coverings on public transport and in healthcare, was an upper legal limit of 30 on gatherings (except in ‘local lockdown’ areas, see below), but people were advised to limit gatherings to either two households in any indoor or outdoor, public or private setting, or to a maximum of six, outdoors only, when people gathering were from more than two households.

From 24 July, it became mandatory in England to wear a face covering in shops and supermarkets.

United States

Main article: U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

States, territories, and counties that issued a stay-at-home order:

  Came into effect before 22 March

  Came into effect before 29 March

  Came into effect before 5 April

  Came into effect before 12 April

Stay-at-home orders in the United States have come from several states and a large number of local jurisdictions, sometimes leading to conflicts between different levels of government and a patchwork of inconsistent dates and rules.[245][246][247]

On 15 March 2020, Puerto Rico governor Wanda Vázquez Garced signed an executive order to order all citizens to stay home starting at 9 p.m. with exceptions in limited circumstances between 5 a.m. and 9 pm. Governmental operations and non-essential businesses were to be closed until 30 March.[248]

The first order within the states was simultaneously imposed by health authorities in heart of the San Francisco Bay Area (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Mateo, and Santa Clara counties and the cities of San Francisco and Berkeley) effective 17 March 2020, affecting nearly 6.7 million people.[249] Other cities and counties across the state followed suit over the next two days, until Gavin Newsom, the governor of California, issued a statewide order effective 19 March 2020.[250]

On 20 March 2020, New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced the statewide stay-at-home order with a mandate that 100% of non-essential workforce to be conducted as working from home effective 22 March.[251] Illinois governor J. B. Pritzker followed that lead on the same day with a statewide order which would go into effect on 21 March at 5 pm.[252] Ned Lamont, the governor of Connecticut, signed an executive order called "Stay Safe, Stay At Home" to take effect statewide on 23 March at 8 p.m.

On 21 March 2020, New Jersey governor Phil Murphy announced a statewide stay-at-home order effective at 9 p.m. on the same day.[253]

On 22 March 2020, Ohio governor Mike DeWine and Ohio Department of Health director Amy Acton issued a statewide stay-at-home order effective 23 March.[254] In the afternoon, the Louisiana governor John Bel Edwards announced a statewide stay-at-home order in a press conference.[255] Delaware governor John Carney followed suit with a stay-at-home order for his state.[256]

Variable-message sign along Interstate 95 in Prince George's County, Maryland telling people to stay home and only travel for essential purposes

On 23 March 2020, several state governors announced their statewide stay-at-home order:

• Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker ordered non-essential businesses to close in-person operations effective 24 March until 7 April and directed the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to issue a stay-at-home advisory.[257]
• Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer announced her statewide executive order to stay-at-home at 11:00 am for all non-essential businesses effective 24 March until 28 May.[258]
• Indiana governor Eric Holcomb announced statewide stay-at-home order effective 25 March until 7 April.[259]
• West Virginia governor Jim Justice ordered non-essential businesses to be closed immediately, and stay-at-home order effective at 8 pm.[260]
• After growing calls from local officials on Sunday, Oregon governor Kate Brown issued a stay-at-home order on Monday effective immediately with class C misdemeanor charges for violators.[261]
• New Mexico governor Michelle Lujan Grisham announced a statewide stay-at-home order that requires 100% of non-essential business workforce to work from home effective 24 March until 10 April.[262]
• Washington governor Jay Inslee signed a statewide stay-at-home proclamation and ordered to close non-essential businesses effective 25 March for two weeks.[263]
• Hawaii governor David Ige issued a statewide stay-at-home order effective 25 March which was similar to the orders that were previously issued for Maui and Honolulu counties.[264][265]
• On 24 March 2020, Wisconsin governor Tony Evers issued a statewide stay-at-home order to close all non-essential businesses and ordered no gatherings of any size effective 25 March until 24 April.[266] Vermont governor Phil Scott signed a stay-at-home order and directed closure of in-person operations of non-essential businesses effective 25 March until 15 April.[267]
• On 25 March, Idaho governor Brad Little and Minnesota governor Tim Walz issued stay-at-home orders for their respective states.[268][269] Colorado Governor Jared Polis issued a stay at home order effective on Thursday the 26th at 6 a.m. through 11 April 2020.[270]
• On 2 April, Georgia governor Brian Kemp issued a stay-at-home order effective Friday, 3 April 2020, until Monday, 13 April 2020.[271] It overrules any local stay-at-home restrictions previously in place, and instructs residents to stay at home unless they're conducting "essential services," meaning either traveling to and from jobs or other exceptions, including buying groceries; purchasing medical equipment; going out to exercise; and visiting medical facilities.[272] The same day, Dr. Anthony Fauci publicly questioned why all states were not under stay-at-home orders.[273][274]
• In late May 2020, citywide curfews were enacted in San Francisco and several surrounding cities; San Jose; Minneapolis; Atlanta; Chicago; Cleveland; Columbus; Denver; Jacksonville, FL; Los Angeles; Memphis, TN; Omaha, Nebraska; Lincoln, Nebraska; Pittsburgh, Philadelphia; Portland; Salt Lake City; San Antonio; Buffalo, New York; Rochester; Syracuse; New York City; Milwaukee; Seattle; Cincinnati; Indianapolis, Indiana; Fayetteville; Raleigh, North Carolina; Charleston, SC; Sacramento, CA; Columbia, SC; and Asheville, NC due to protests[275] regarding the killing of George Floyd. Countywide curfews were enacted for Los Angeles County, California and Alameda County, California as well. Arizona enacted a statewide curfew. These curfews are imposed as complemented to stay-at-home order that imposed by state or local authorities.

Native American nations

On 20 March 2020, Navajo Nation announced that it had broadened the stay-at-home order to cover the entire reservation, the largest in the country.[276]

On 23 March 2020, Yakama Nation announced its "Stay Home, Stay Healthy" order.[277]

Countries and territories without lockdowns

Almost all countries and territories affected with COVID-19 have introduced and enforced some form of lockdown. However, countries like South Korea and Taiwan, which relied on contact tracing by cellphones, have far fewer cases and deaths. Among the ones not following this strategy are, most notably, Sweden.[278] Measures in Sweden included the closing of universities and high schools and asking older and at-risk residents to avoid social contact, while keeping restaurants, primary schools and kindergartens open.[279][280]

Countries in Asia without lockdowns include, Japan[281] and South Korea.[282]

Nicaragua[283] is also yet to impose a lockdown while a proposed lockdown by the government has been ordered to be delayed by the High Court in Malawi.[284]

In the United States, a handful of states have not introduced any lockdown-type measures (commonly known as "stay-at-home orders").[285][286]

Countries and territories without lockdowns
Countries and territories		Ref
Belarus		[287]
Iceland
Japan		[281]
Latvia
Malawi		[284]
Nicaragua		[283]
South Korea		[282]
Sweden		[279]
Taiwan		[288]
Timor-Leste
United States	Arkansas	[285][286]
	Iowa
	Nebraska
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Wyoming
Uruguay		[289]

Debate

Several analysts have claimed that lockdowns have saved lives in the aggregate, although admitting that data is insufficient to know how much of the reduction came from voluntary social distancing.[290][291] Other epidemiologists have asserted that generalized lockdowns were enacted without reliable supporting data.[292][293] Empirical studies[294][295] have questioned whether lockdowns actually saved lives, since they did not target the most vulnerable and elderly populations[296] yet risked new "deaths of despair" from unemployment and poverty.[297] Further criticism has targeted the Imperial College projection[298] that originally motivated generalized lockdowns in the US[299] and UK[300] as overly extreme and based on poorly designed code.[301] Other academics have defended the Imperial projection as fundamentally sound, while admitting the code was "a buggy mess."[302]

The response to the pandemic has resulted in unprecedented expansion of government power. Advocates of small government worry that the state will be reluctant to give up that power once the crisis is over, as has often been the case historically.[303] Due to the perceived severity of such measures and the increase in government power, there has been much controversy surrounding lockdowns as a concept, with epidemiologists being divided on the issue, with notable proponents for lockdowns including Imperial College London's Neil Ferguson and Cambridge's Rajiv Chowdhury, and those against lockdowns including Mainz's Sucharit Bhakdi and Sweden's state epidemiologist: Anders Tegnell.[304][305]

Economists generally supported increased government funding for mitigation efforts, even at the cost of tolerating a very large economic contraction. They agreed that lockdowns should continue until the threat of resurgence has declined, even when considering only the economic impact.[306] There was consensus, at least in some economic circles, that "severe lockdowns — including closing non-essential businesses and strict limitations on people’s movement — are likely to be better for the economy in the medium term than less aggressive measures".[307]

Voluntary versus mandatory lockdown

Studies have consistently found that most social distancing was voluntary, suggesting that government intervention was unnecessary or harmful. One study led by an Obama administration economist at the University of Chicago found that involuntary lockdowns had little impact, with voluntary distancing making up nearly 90% of the fall in consumer traffic as people feared the virus itself.[308] Similarly, a NBER study found stay-at-home orders increased staying at home by just 5-10%.[309] Another study from Yale University found that most social distancing was voluntary, driven primarily by "media coverage of morbidity and mortality."[310]

On the other hand, two studies have argued[291][311] that coercive measures probably decreased interactions, while accepting that most of the reduction may have been voluntary. One widely cited economic simulation asserting that shelter-in-place orders reduced total cases three-fold, however, held voluntary distancing constant.[312] Another study found a 30% difference among border-counties where stay-at-home orders were imposed.[313]

Since the beginning of the pandemic, Google has consistently collected data on movements, showing rapid declines in public activity long before legal restrictions were imposed. An April poll found that 93% of Americans voluntarily chose to only leave home when necessary, regardless of legal restrictions.

See also

• COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines
• COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland
• COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Hubei
• COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India
• COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy
• National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Preventive action (lockdown)
• Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

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