Upper Yuat languages

Upper Yuat
	Upper Yuat River
Geographic; distribution	Upper Yuat River watershed, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Northeast New Guinea and/or Trans–New Guinea Madang – Upper Yuat[1] Upper Yuat; ;
Subdivisions	Arafundi; Piawi;
Glottolog	None

The Upper Yuat languages consist of two small language families, namely Arafundi and Piawi, spoken in the region of the upper Yuat River of New Guinea. The connection was first suggested by William A. Foley[2] and confirmed by Timothy Usher, who further links them to the Madang languages.[1]

Upper Yuat languages display more typological similarities with Trans-New Guinea than the other neighboring language families of the Sepik-Ramu basin (namely the Lower Sepik-Ramu and Yuat families).[2] The Madang languages are frequently included in Trans–New Guinea classifications, but the connection is not yet demonstrated.

The Piawi languages are morphologically much simpler than the Arafundi languages.[2]

Pronouns

Pronouns are:[2]

Proto-Upper Yuat pronouns
	sg	pl
1	*ni	an ~ aŋ
2	*na	*ne
3	*nu

The individual languages are as follows:[2]

	Harway	Hagahai	Pinai	Lower Arafundi	Upper Arafundi	Awiakay
1sg	nɨ-ɡə	ŋɨ-ɡə	nɨ-ɡa	ɲɨŋ	niŋ	niŋ
2sg	na-ɡo	na-ɣə	na-ɡa	nan	nan	nan
3sg	nu-ɡʷə	nə-ɣʷə		an		an
1du				as	as	as
2/3du				nɨɲ	nen	neɲ
1pl	an-ɡə	an-ɡə	nanə-ɡa	aŋ		aŋ
2/3pl	ɲɨ-ɡə	ɲe-ɡə	ɲi-ɡa	noŋ	noŋ	noŋ

3rd-person *nu (number uncertain) corresponds to Piawi 3 singular and Arafundi 2/3 plural, *ne to Piawi 2/3 plural and Arafundi 2/3 dual.

Phonology

Upper Yuat languages typically have 7 vowels:[2]^:236

i	ɨ	u
e	ə	o
	a

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gollark: With my server.

gollark: There are issues.

gollark: Working but slow, I think.

gollark: !help

References

New Guinea World, Upper Yuat River
Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

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[ngw-1] New Guinea World, Upper Yuat River

[Foley-Sepik-2] Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.