Lower Ramu languages

The Lower Ramu or Ottilien–Misegian languages consist of two branches in the Ramu language family. They are all spoken in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.[2][3]

Lower Ramu
Ottilien–Misegian
Geographic
distribution		Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classificationRamu
  • Ramu proper
    • Lower Ramu
Subdivisions
Glottologlowe1439[1]

Classification

The Lower Ramu languages as classified by Usher and by Foley (2018) are:[4][5]

Lower Ramu languages

Lower Ramu as presented in Foley (2018) has been reduced in scope from the classification given in Foley (2005), which is as follows.[6]

Lower Ramu
  • Watam-Awar-Gamay (WAG) = Ottilien
  • Mikarew-Kire (MK) = Misegian (Ruboni)
  • Tangu, Igom

The Ataitan languages, including Tangu and Igom, are not included in Foley (2018).

Pronouns

Tentative proto-Lower Ramu pronoun reconstructions by Foley (2005) are:[6]

singulardualplural
1st person *ŋgu*aŋga*ai
2nd person *nu*(n)oŋgo(a)*ni/e
3rd person *ma(n)*mani(ŋg)*mV(n)

Cognates

Like cognates between proto-Lower Sepik and proto-Lower Ramu listed by Foley (2005) are:[6]

glossproto-Lower Sepikproto-Lower Ramu
tongue*minɨŋ*mi(m)
ear*kwand-*kwar
lime*awi(r)*awi(r)
eat*am(b)*am(b)
gollark: To ensure our ancestors' traditions are respected, we will randomly dig them up and drag them to voting booths.
gollark: - If a foreign country's relations with our own are poor, it should be removed from all maps and not acknowledged by government policy.
gollark: - I think markets are a reasonably good resource allocation system, and to ensure liquidity would support requiring any property someone owns whatsoever to be put up for auction if someone requests it.
gollark: - I believe our country should construct its own god to reduce reliance on foreign imports, and maintain a stock of reality anchors to remove other gods if necessary.
gollark: - I think that consumption, possession, distribution and production of all drugs should be legal everywhere for everyone at all times.- I support an improved tax system, where everyone in the country is directly billed `country's yearly operating expenses / population` each year, to increase fairness.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Lower Ramu". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
  3. United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
  4. Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Lower Ramu River
  5. Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  6. Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
  • Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

Further reading
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