Araucanian languages

The Araucanian languages, a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas, is located in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn) and Huilliche (ISO 639-3: huh). These are sometimes considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate.

Araucanian
Geographic
distribution		Andes of Chile, Argentina
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
Glottologarau1255[1]

Demographics

It is estimated that there are approximately 200,000 Mapudungu-speakers in Chile and 40,000 speakers in Argentina. Huilliche is the native language of a few thousand Chileans.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Mochika, Uru-Chipaya, Arawak, Pano, Cholon-Hibito, and Kechua language families due to contact.[2]

Internal classification

Mason (1950)

Internal classification of Araucanian languages by Mason (1950):[3]

Araucanian
  • North
    • Picunche
    • Mapuche
    • Pewenche
      • Rankel(che)
    • Moluche
  • South
    • Wiliche (Huilliche)
      • Wiliche
        • Serrano
        • Pichi-Wiliche
      • Manzanero
    • Veliche (Chilote)
    • Chikiyami (Cuncho)
    • Leuvuche
  • East
    • Taluhet (Taluche)
    • Divihet (Diviche)

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[2]

(† = extinct)

Mapudungun
  • Mapudungun, Nuclear
    • Mapudungun
    • Pewenche
    • Rankelche
  • Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
  • Mapudungun, Northern
    • Pikunche †
    • Chango †

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mapuche (Araucanian) language varieties.[4]

glossMapuchePicunchePehuencheHuilicheChiloteRanquelche
one kiñekiñekiñekiñekengekiñe
two epuepueepuepuepoepú
three külakelakelakilakölakʔla
head longkolonkorlonkolonkó
hand kũkúükuüghechukeñeu
water kokokokokugo
sun antuantüanteanteánteant'ü
moon kuyenküyénküyenkiyenkiénkiyet
maize voewawawakáwa
bird gunúnüñemküñümgiñumtrarú
dog thehuathewathewatrehuacheuá
jaguar nahuelnahuelnawelnahuelnaue

Further reading
  • Augusta, F. J. (1966). Diccionario araucano-español y español-araucano: tomo primero: araucano - español. Padre Las Casas: Impr. y Editorial "San Francisco".
  • Cañas Pinochet, A. (1911). Estudios de la lengua veliche. In: C. E. Porter (ed.), Trabajos de la III Sección “Ciencias Naturales, Antropo-lógicas y Etnológicas” (Tomo I), 143-330. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Barcelona.
  • Erize, E. (1960). Diccionario comentado Mapuche-Español, Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Rancülche, Huilliches. Bahía Blanca: Cuadernos del Sur.
  • Flury, L. (1944). Guiliches: tradiciones, leyendas, apuntes gramaticales y vocabulario de la zona pampa-araucana. (Publicaciones del Instituto de Arqueología, Lingüistica y Folklore Dr. Pablo Cabrera, 8). Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba
  • Hernández Sallés, A.; Luna, C. C. (1997). Diccionario ilustrado Mapudungun- Español-Inglés. Santiago de Chile: Pehuén.
gollark: Speaking of which, did you see the `factor` program?
gollark: And the only thing which should lead it to incorrectly *uninstall* would be `(f1 == p1 and f2 == p2) or (f1 == p2 and f2 == p1)` and that being wrong seems even more ridiculous.
gollark: Maybe where it does a settings lookup? But users can't control that unless it's the registry.
gollark: I'm really confused about where a vulnerability in that could possibly be honestly.
gollark: MINE.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Araucanian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  3. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  4. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271.
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