Hong Kong International Airport

Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is Hong Kong's main airport, built on reclaimed land on the island of Chek Lap Kok. The airport is also referred to as Chek Lap Kok International Airport or Chek Lap Kok Airport, to distinguish it from its predecessor, the former Kai Tak Airport.

"HKIA" redirects here. HKIA may also refer to Hong Kong Institute of Architects.
"Hong Kong Airport" redirects here. For the old airport at Kai Tak, see Kai Tak Airport. For the other existing and former airports and heliports in the territory, see List of airports in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong International Airport

香港國際機場

Hēunggóng Gwokjai Gēichèuhng
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerAirport Authority Hong Kong (HKSAR Government)
OperatorAirport Authority Hong Kong
ServesHong Kong and Pearl River Delta
LocationChek Lap Kok, Lantau Island, New Territories, Hong Kong
Opened6 July 1998 (1998-07-06)
Hub for
Elevation AMSL28 ft / 9 m
Coordinates22°18′32″N 113°54′52″E
Websitewww.hongkongairport.com
Map
HKG
Location in Hong Kong
HKG
HKG (China)
HKG
HKG (Asia)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
07R/25L 12,467 3,800 Asphalt concrete
07C/25C 12,467 3,800 Asphalt concrete
07L/25R Under Construction Under Construction Under Construction
Statistics (2019)
Passengers71,541,000
Movements420,000
Cargo (metric tonnes)4,810,854
Source: Hong Kong International Airport[2]
Hong Kong International Airport
Traditional Chinese香港國際機場
Simplified Chinese香港国际机场
Cantonese YaleHēunggóng Gwokjai Gēichèuhng
Chek Lap Kok (Cantonese for "red minnow point") Airport
Traditional Chinese赤鱲角機場
Simplified Chinese赤鱲角机场
Cantonese YaleCheklaahpgok Gēichèuhng

Having been in commercial operation since 1998, Chek Lap Kok Airport is an important regional trans-shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for destinations in China (with 45 destinations) and the rest of Asia. The airport is the world's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world's busiest passenger airports.[3] It is also home to one of the world's largest passenger terminal buildings (the largest when opened in 1998).

The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong 24 hours a day and is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific (the flag carrier of Hong Kong), Cathay Dragon, Hong Kong Airlines, HK Express and Air Hong Kong (cargo carrier). The airport is one of the hubs of Oneworld alliance, and also one of the Asia-Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines.[1] It is a focus city for many airlines, including China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines. Singapore Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines all utilise Hong Kong as a stopover point for their flights.

HKIA is an important contributor to Hong Kong's economy, with approximately 65,000 employees. More than 100 airlines operate flights from the airport to over 180 cities across the globe. In 2015, HKIA handled 68.5 million passengers,[3] making it the 8th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic and the 3rd busiest airport worldwide by international passenger traffic.[4] Since 2010, it has also surpassed Memphis International Airport to become the world's busiest airport by cargo traffic.[5]

The airport is managed and operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong (AA), which was established on 1 December 1995.[6]

To facilitate the increased traffic due to the third runway, Terminal 2 is currently under maintenance of adding a departures and arrivals section with immigration and will not be reopening until at least 2024.

History
View of the airport from the Ngong Ping 360 cable car
Map showing the reclaimed land of Lantau Island, Lam Chau and Chek Lap Kok.
A front view of Hong Kong Airport
The exterior of Hong Kong International Airport at night
See also: Aviation history of Hong Kong

Chek Lap Kok Airport was designed as a replacement for the former Hong Kong International Airport (commonly known as Kai Tak Airport) built in 1925. Located in the densely built-up Kowloon City District with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay, Kai Tak had only limited room for expansion to cope with steadily increasing air traffic. By the 1990s, Kai Tak had become one of the world's busiest airports – it far exceeded its annual passenger and cargo design capacities, and one out of every three flights experienced delays, largely due to lack of space for aircraft, gates, and a second runway.[7] In addition, noise mitigation measures restricted nighttime flights, as severe noise pollution (exceeding 105 dB(A) in Kowloon City) adversely affected an estimated total of at least 340,000 people.[8][9]

A 1974 planning study by the Civil Aviation and Public Works departments identified the small island of Chek Lap Kok, off Lantau Island, as a possible airport replacement site. Away from the congested city centre, flight paths would be routed over the South China Sea rather than populous urban areas, enabling efficient round-the-clock operation of multiple runways. The Chek Lap Kok (CLK) airport master plan and civil engineering studies were completed towards the end of 1982 and 1983 respectively. In February 1983, however, the government shelved the project for financial and economic reasons. In 1988, the Port & Airport Development Strategy (PADS) Study was undertaken by consultants, headed by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, reporting in December 1989. This study looked at forecasts for both airport and port traffic to the year 2011 and came up with three recommended strategies for overall strategic development in Hong Kong. One of the three assumed maintaining the existing airport at Kai Tak; a second assumed a possible airport in the Western Harbour between Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island, and the third assumed a new airport at Chek Lap Kok. The consultants produced detailed analyses for each scenario, enabling Government to consider these appraisals for each of the three "Recommended Strategies". In October 1989 the Governor of Hong Kong announced to the Legislative Council that a decision had been made on the long-term port and airport development strategy for the territory. The strategy to be adopted was that which included a replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok and incorporating new container terminals 8 and 9 at Stonecutters Island and east of the island of Tsing Yi respectively.[10]

In the PADS study, the consultants advised that the earliest the airport could be opened was January 1998.[11] However, in reaching the government's decision, this date was modified to January 1997, six months prior to the handover of Hong Kong to China. Construction of the new airport began in 1991.[12] As construction progressed, an agreement was reached with China that as much as possible of the airport would be completed before the handover to China in July 1997. In the event, British Prime Minister John Major opened the Tsing Ma Bridge, the main access to Lantau Island and the airport and its supporting community in May 1997, prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China. The airport itself was opened in July 1998.

The construction period was very rushed; specialists considered that only a 10–20-year period was sufficient for this massive project. Another cause for this rush was due to the uncertain future of the airport construction after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. Shortly after the then-British colonial government of Hong Kong announced plans to construct the new airport, the Chinese government in Beijing began voicing objections to various aspects of the massive project, which prompted financial institutions to delay extending project finance. Without access to this financing, many of the companies who had secured contracts to build various portions of the project halted construction, resulting in delays that pushed the actual opening of the airport, originally planned to take place before the transition in sovereignty until one year after. As agreements were reached with the government in China, Beijing removed most of its objections and work then continued, albeit behind schedule.

Hong Kong International Airport was built on a large artificial island formed by flattening and levelling Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands (3.02 square kilometres (1.17 sq mi) and 0.08 square kilometres (0.031 sq mi) respectively) and reclaiming 9.38 square kilometres (3.62 sq mi) of the adjacent seabed. The 12.48-square-kilometre (3,080-acre) airport site added nearly 1% to Hong Kong's total surface area, connecting to the north side of Lantau Island near Tung Chung new town.[13]

Construction of the new airport was only part of the Airport Core Programme, which also involved the construction of new roads and rail links to the airport, with associated bridges and tunnels, and major land reclamation projects on both Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon. The project is the most expensive airport project ever, according to Guinness World Records. Construction of the new airport was voted as one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century at the ConExpo conference in 1999.[14]

The detailed design for the airport terminal was awarded to a consortium led by Mott Connell (the Hong Kong office of UK consultant Mott MacDonald) with British Airports Authority as specialist designers for airport related aspects, Foster and Partners as architects and Ove Arup as specialist structural designers for the roof. Mott Connell were the designers for foundations, all other structural components and the mechanical and electrical work. The sides of the terminals, predominantly glass, were designed to break during high speed winds, relieving pressure and allowing the terminal to withstand an intense typhoon.[15]

The airport was officially opened in an opening ceremony by Chinese President and General Secretary of the Communist Party Jiang Zemin at noon Hong Kong Time on 2 July 1998. Hours later, Air Force One, carrying United States President Bill Clinton, landed at the new airport and became the first foreign visitor to arrive at the new airport.[16] The actual operation of the airport commenced on 6 July 1998, concluding the six-year construction that cost US$20 billion. On that day at 06:25 Hong Kong Time, Cathay Pacific flight 889 became the first commercial flight to land at the airport, pipping the original CX 292 from Rome which was the scheduled first arrival.[17] However, the airport had already started to experience some technical difficulties on the first day of opening. The flight information display system (FIDS) had suddenly shut down which caused long delays. Shortly afterwards, the cargo-communication link with Kai Tak, where all the necessary data was stored (some still stored there then), went down. During the same period of time, someone had accidentally deleted an important database for cargo services. This meant that cargo had to be manually stored. At one point, the airport had to turn away all air cargo and freight headed for and exported from Hong Kong (except food and medical supplies) while it sorted out the huge mess. HKIA simply could not keep up without an automated assistant-computer system.[15] For three to five months after its opening, it suffered various severe organisational, mechanical and technical problems that almost crippled the airport and its operations. Computer glitches were mostly to blame for the major crisis. Lau Kong-wah, a Hong Kong politician, was quoted saying "This was meant to be a first-class project but it has turned into a ninth-class airport and a disgrace. Our airport has become the laughing stock of the world."[18][19] At one time, the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic because of a breakdown at the new cargo terminal, named Super Terminal One (ST1).[20] However, after six months the airport started to operate normally.

On 31 July 2000, Todd Salimuchai, a regularised illegal immigrant in Hong Kong with no provable nationality, forced his way through a security checkpoint using a fake pistol, took a woman hostage, and boarded a Cathay Pacific aircraft. He demanded to be flown to Burma, which he claimed was his native country but had refused to admit him due to his lack of documents. He surrendered to police two and a half hours later.[21]

Officially opened in June 2007, the second airport terminal, called T2, (check-in facility only) is linked with the MTR Airport Express on a new platform. The terminal also features a new shopping mall, SkyPlaza, providing a large variety of shops and restaurants, together with a few entertainment facilities. T2 also houses a 36-bay coach-station for buses to and from mainland China and 56 airline check-in counters, as well as customs and immigration facilities.

Besides T2, the SkyCity Nine Eagles Golf Course has been opened in 2007 whereas the second airport hotel, the Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel; and a permanent cross-boundary ferry terminal, the Skypier, began operations in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Development around T2 also includes the AsiaWorld-Expo which has started operation in late 2005.[22] A second passenger concourse, the North Satellite Concourse (NSC), opened in 2010, followed by the Midfield Concourse in December 2015.[23]

During August 2019, the airport was shut down multiple times as demonstrations were held inside the airport during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, over 160 flights were cancelled as both the arrivals and departures sections of the airport were occupied.[24]

Composition
Airport Layout (as of July 2019)

Hong Kong International Airport covers an area of 1,255 hectares (4.85 sq mi). The airport has a total of 90 boarding gates,[25] with 77 jet bridge gates (1–12, 23–36, 40–50, 60–71, 201–219, 501–506, 508–510) and 12 virtual gates (228–230, 511–513, 520–525) which are used as assembly points for passengers, who are then ferried to the aircraft by apron buses. Of the 66 jet bridges, five (Gates 5,23,60,62,64) are capable of handling the Airbus A380, the current users of which are Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Qantas, British Airways, Asiana Airlines, Thai Airways, and Lufthansa. Korean Air and China Southern Airlines previously operated a route to HKIA from Seoul and Beijing respectively using A380, but these airlines decided to not use the aircraft due to unprofitability. Air France previously operated a route to HKIA from Paris using A380, but the airline completely retired the aircraft type due to COVID-19 pandemic.

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 of the HKIA, with an area measuring 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft), is one of the largest passenger airport terminal buildings in the world, after the likes of Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 and Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3.[26]

Opened on 6 July 1998, Terminal 1 was the largest airport passenger terminal building, with a total gross floor area of 531,000 square metres (5,720,000 sq ft). It briefly conceded the status to Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport (563,000 m2 (6,060,000 sq ft)) when the latter opened on 15 September 2006, but reclaimed the title when the East Hall was expanded, bringing the total area to its current size of 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft). Terminal 1's title as the world's largest was surrendered to Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 on 29 February 2008.

Terminal 1 is connected to the North Satellite Concourse (NSC) by SkyBridge, which is expected to open in 2020.

  • Terminal 1 Departures Hall entrance
  • The interior of Terminal 1 at night
  • Check-in counters at Terminal 1
  • Level 5 – Arrivals Hall

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 with an area measuring 140,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft), together with the SkyPlaza, opened on 28 February 2007 along with the opening of the Airport Station's Platform 3.[27] It is only a check-in and processing facility for departing passengers with no gates or arrival facilities (passengers are transported underground to gates at Terminal 1). So far most low-cost carriers and some full-service carriers have relocated their check-in operations to T2. The SkyPlaza is situated within Terminal 2. Terminal 2 was closed in November 2019 for expansion to provide departure and arrival facilities for the new satellite terminal from the three-runway system.[28]

  • SkyPlaza at the Hong Kong International Airport Terminal 2 ceiling
  • SkyPlaza at the Hong Kong International Airport Terminal 2
  • SkyPlaza, Hong Kong International Airport (Hong Kong)

North Satellite Concourse

In 2007, HKIA began the construction of a two-story North Satellite Concourse (NSC), which opened in December 2009.[29] This concourse was designed for narrow-body aircraft and is equipped with 10 jet bridges. The concourse has a floor area of 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft) and will be able to serve more than five million passengers annually. There is a shuttle bus service between the NSC and Terminal 1 every four minutes. The North Satellite Concourse was built so the airport could accommodate at least 90 percent of its passengers by aerobridges. It has two levels (one for departures and one for arrivals). A new SkyBridge connecting Terminal 1 and NSC is expected to be in use in 2020, passengers will then walk to NSC, saving time from taking the airport shuttle bus.[30][31]

  • Exterior view of Hong Kong Airport Satellite Terminal. Connection by airport shuttle bus to main terminal travelling along marked roadway at bottom left.
  • Interior view of Satellite Terminal, Hong Kong Airport. Escalator leads up from bus connection to main terminal building.
  • Interior view of Satellite Terminal, Hong Kong Airport. Central internet kiosk with coffee shop behind.

Midfield Concourse

On 25 January 2011, Airport Authority Hong Kong (AA) unveiled phase 1 of its midfield development project which was targeted for completion by the end of 2015. The midfield area is located to the west of Terminal 1 between the two existing runways. It was the then last piece of land on the airport island available for large-scale development. This includes 20 aircraft parking stands, three of these are wide enough to serve the Airbus A380 and cater for an additional 10 million passengers annually. Passengers reach the concourse through an extension of the underground automated people mover.[32] A joint venture of Mott MacDonald and Arup led the design of the project.[33] Gammon Construction undertook the construction work.[34] The Concourse began operations on 28 December 2015, and the first flight that used it was the HX658 operated by the Hong Kong Airlines flying from Hong Kong to Okinawa. On 31 March 2016, the Concourse was officially inaugurated in a ceremony marking its full commissioning.[35]

  • Aerial view of Midfield Concourse, Hong Kong International Airport.
  • Interior view of Midfield Concourse
  • Interior view of sitting area
  • Interior view of Automated People Mover Platform

Other buildings

Cathay Pacific City, the head office of Cathay Pacific and Air Hong Kong, is located on the airport island.[36] Cathay Dragon House (國泰港龍大厦), the head office of Cathay Dragon, and CNAC House, the office for Air China are also located in the airport complex, together with the Civil Aviation Department headquarters.[37] HAECO also has its head office on the airport property.[38]

  • Control tower seen from an aircraft
  • Super Terminal 1
  • View of the outside

Future development

In June 2010, the Airport Authority unveiled plans to develop in stages the vast midfield site of the airport island. Stage 1 will involve the construction of a new 20 gate passenger concourse to be built in 2 phases (completion 2015 and 2020) with 11 gates in phase 1 growing to 20 gates in phase 2. The configuration of the new concourse is similar to those at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Denver International Airport, Salt Lake City International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport (TBIT), Washington Dulles International Airport, Mexico City Texcoco Airport, Mexico City Santa Lucía Airport (Zumpango), Heathrow Airport (Terminal 5 and Terminal 2), Incheon International Airport and Suvarnabhumi Airport. After stage 1 of midfield development is completed in 2020, there will be sufficient lands remaining for further new concourses to be built as and when demand for them materialises.[39]

Master Plan 2030

One year after, on 2 June 2011, the Airport Authority announced and released their latest version of a 20-year blueprint for the airport's development, the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030.[40] The study took three years and according to the authority, nine consulting organisations have been hired for the research, observation, planning and advice. The main focus is to improve the overall capacity and aircraft handling ability of the airport. Based on this, two options have been developed.

Option 1: Two-runway system

To maintain the current two-runway system, there will be enhancements to the terminal and apron facilities to increase the airport's capacity. This option will enable the airport to handle a maximum of 420,000 flight movements per year, with annual passenger and cargo throughput increased to 74 million and six million tonnes respectively. The approximate cost of this plan is $23.4 billion Hong Kong dollars in 2010 prices, or HK$42.5 billion in money-of-the-day prices. However, the Airport Authority estimates that the airport will reach its maximum runway capacity sometime around 2020 if no extra runway is added.

Option 2: Three-runway system

This plan will focus on adding a third runway to the north of the Chek Lap Kok, the existing island the airport is built on, by land reclamation, using deep cement mixing, of about 650 hectares (1,600 acres). Associated facilities, additional terminals, airfield and apron facilities, will be built as well, and, combined with the new runway, it is estimated that the airport would be able to handle a maximum of 620,000 flights per year (102 per hour, or about one flight every 36 seconds), and meet forecast annual passenger and cargo throughput of about 97 million and 8.9 million tonnes by 2030 respectively.[41]

There are possible drawbacks. Development costs are a concern: although the proposal would increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 150,000 by 2030 and generate an ENPV of HK$912 billion (in 2009 dollars), the estimated cost is approximately $86.2 billion (2010) Hong Kong Dollars, or HK$141.5 billion (at money-of-the-day prices).[42] There are also environmental and local noise pollution concerns.

On 20 March 2012, the Hong Kong Government adopted this option as the official expansion plan.[43]

The third runway, with its own dedicated passenger concourse, is currently being built parallel to the current two runways on reclaimed land directly north of the existing airport island. It is expected to open by the end of 2024.[44][45][46]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo
AirAsia Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International
Air Astana Almaty
Air Busan Busan
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver
Air China Beijing–Capital, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Tianjin, Yinchuan[47]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air India Delhi
Air Mauritius Mauritius
Air New Zealand Auckland
Air Niugini Port Moresby
Air Seoul Seoul–Incheon
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Osaka–Kansai
American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Bangkok Airways Koh Samui
British Airways London–Heathrow
Cambodia Airways Phnom Penh[48]
Cathay Dragon Bangalore, Beijing–Capital, Busan, Changsha, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Clark, Da Nang, Davao, Denpasar/Bali, Dhaka, Fukuoka, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Haikou, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Jeju, Jinan, Kaohsiung, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kunming, Naha, Nanjing, Nanning, Ningbo, Penang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Qingdao, Sanya, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Shanghai–Pudong, Siem Reap, Taichung, Taipei–Taoyuan, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Yangon, Zhengzhou
Seasonal: Niigata, Tokushima[49]
Charter: Komatsu
Cathay Pacific Adelaide, Amsterdam, Auckland, Bahrain, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing–Capital, Boston, Brisbane, Brussels,[50] Cebu, Chennai, Chicago–O'Hare, Colombo–Bandaranaike, Delhi, Denpasar/Bali, Dubai–International, Frankfurt, Ho Chi Minh City, Hyderabad, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Komatsu,[51] London–Gatwick, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Madrid, Malé, Manchester, Manila, Melbourne, Milan–Malpensa, Mumbai, Nagoya–Centrair, Newark, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Perth, Rome–Fiumicino, San Francisco, Sapporo–Chitose, Seattle/Tacoma,[52][53] Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tel Aviv, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver, Washington–Dulles, Zürich
Seasonal: Cape Town,[54] Christchurch,[55] Dublin[56]
Cebu Pacific Cebu, Clark, Iloilo, Manila, Puerto Princesa
China Airlines Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Hangzhou, Hohhot, Kunming, Nanjing, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Shanghai–Pudong, Taiyuan, Wuxi, Xi'an
Seasonal: Hefei[57]
China Southern Airlines Beijing–Daxing, Meixian, Wuhan, Yiwu
Seasonal: Shenyang
Eastar Jet Jeju, Seoul–Incheon
EgyptAir Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Cairo
El Al Tel Aviv
Emirates Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Manila[58]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Eznis Airways Ulaanbaatar
Fiji Airways Nadi
Finnair Helsinki
Garuda Indonesia Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
HK Express Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[59] Busan, Chiang Mai, Da Nang, Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Ishigaki, Jeju, Kagoshima, Kumamoto, Nagasaki, Nagoya–Centrair, Naha, Nha Trang, Ningbo, Osaka–Kansai, Phuket, Saipan, Seoul–Incheon, Shimojishima, Siem Reap, Taichung, Takamatsu, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Hong Kong Airlines Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Chengdu, Chongqing, Denpasar/Bali, Guiyang, Haikou, Hangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Kagoshima, Malé, Manila, Naha, Nanchang, Nanjing, Okayama, Osaka–Kansai, Sanya, Sapporo–Chitose, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Shanghai–Pudong, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita, Yonago
IndiGo Bangalore
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jeju Air Jeju, Seoul–Incheon
Jetstar Japan Tokyo–Narita
Jin Air Seoul–Incheon
KLM Amsterdam
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Lanmei Airlines Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville
Lion Air Charter: Denpasar/Bali
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
Malindo Air Kuala Lumpur–International
Mandarin Airlines Kaohsiung, Taichung
MIAT Mongolian Airlines Ulaanbaatar
Myanmar National Airlines Yangon
Nepal Airlines Kathmandu
Pacific Airlines Da Nang, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Peach Aviation Naha, Osaka–Kansai
Philippine Airlines Manila
Philippines AirAsia Manila
Qantas Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
S7 Airlines Irkutsk,[60] Vladivostok
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen
Scoot Singapore
Shandong Airlines Jinan,[61] Yantai
Shanghai Airlines Shanghai–Hongqiao, Shanghai–Pudong, Zhanjiang
Shenzhen Airlines Quanzhou, Wuxi
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu
Singapore Airlines San Francisco, Singapore
SpiceJet Delhi, Mumbai
Spring Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Thai AirAsia Bangkok–Don Mueang, Chiang Mai, Phuket
Thai Airways Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Thai Smile Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[62] Phuket[62]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul[63]
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare (resumes 15 September 2020),[64] Newark (resumes 8 September 2020),[65] San Francisco,[65] Singapore[65]
VietJet Air Ho Chi Minh City, Phu Quoc
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Virgin Atlantic London–Heathrow
XiamenAir Fuzhou,[66] Xiamen

Cargo
AirlinesDestinations
Air France Cargo Bahrain, Dammam, Dubai–International, Jeddah, Kuwait, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
AirBridgeCargo Airlines Almaty, Amsterdam, Clark, Frankfurt, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow–Domodedovo, Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Moscow–Vnukovo, Singapore, St.Petersburg, Yekaterinburg
ANA Cargo Nagoya–Centrair, Naha, Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Cargo Seoul–Incheon
ASL Airlines Belgium Dubai–International, Liège
Cargolux Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Amman–Queen Alia, Baku, Barcelona, Beirut, Budapest, Chennai, Chicago–O'Hare, Columbus–Rickenbacker, Dammam, Doha, Dubai–International, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Karaganda, Komatsu, Kuwait, London–Stansted, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, New York–JFK, Riyadh, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Upington, Vienna
Cargolux Italia Almaty, Dubai–International, Milan–Malpensa, Osaka–Kansai
Cathay Pacific Cargo Anchorage, Bangalore, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Calgary, Chengdu, Chennai, Chongqing, Colombo–Bandaranaike, Columbus–Rickenbacker, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Melbourne, Milan–Malpensa, Mumbai, Osaka–Kansai, Penang, Portland (OR), Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita, Toowoomba, Xiamen, Zhengzhou
China Airlines Cargo Manila, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Cargo Airlines Qingdao, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Shanghai–Pudong
DHL Aviation Anchorage,[67] Bagram, Bahrain,[68] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[69] Beijing–Capital,[70] Cincinnati,[71] Delhi,[72] Dubai–International,[73] Ho Chi Minh City,[74] Leipzig/Halle,[75] Los Angeles,[76] Manila,[77] Nagoya–Centrair,[78] Osaka–Kansai,[79] Penang,[74] Seoul–Incheon,[80] Shanghai–Pudong,[81] Singapore,[82] Taipei–Taoyuan,[83] Tokyo–Narita[84]
Donghai Airlines Chengdu, Shenzhen
Emirates SkyCargo Delhi, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Kabul, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram
Ethiopian Airlines Cargo[85] Addis Ababa, Chennai, Maastricht/Aachen[86]
Etihad Cargo Abu Dhabi, Amsterdam, Anchorage, Campinas–Viracopos, Chicago–O'Hare, Chittagong, Delhi, Dhaka, Kabul, Lima, Miami, Quito, Sharjah
EVA Air Cargo Chongqing, Shanghai–Pudong, Taipei–Taoyuan[87]
FedEx Express Almaty, Anchorage, Delhi, Manila, Memphis, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Seoul–Incheon, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
Flexport Los Angeles[88]
Hong Kong Airlines Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Dhaka, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Osaka–Kansai, Kuala Lumpur–International, Nanning, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Xiamen, Zhengzhou[89]
IAG Cargo
operated by Qatar Airways Cargo 		London–Stansted[90]
KLM Cargo Amsterdam, Chennai, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Kuwait, Mumbai
Korean Air Cargo Seoul–Incheon
K-Mile Air Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Hanoi[91]
Lufthansa Cargo Almaty, Bahrain, Frankfurt, Leipzig/Halle
MASkargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[92] Kuala Lumpur–International, Manila, Penang
Nippon Cargo Airlines Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Narita
Qantas Freight[93] Auckland, Cairns, Sydney
Qatar Airways Cargo Doha, Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Saudia Cargo Dammam, Jeddah, Kochi, Riyadh, Thiruvananthapuram
SF Airlines Ningbo, Xiamen[94]
Silk Way Airlines Baku
Singapore Airlines Cargo[95] Anchorage, Seattle/Tacoma, Sharjah, Singapore
SpiceXpress Guwahati[96]
Suparna Airlines Chengdu, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin, Zhengzhou
Transmile Air Services Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur–International, Subang
Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines Cebu, Clark
Turkish Airlines Cargo Almaty, Bishkek, Delhi, Istanbul–Atatürk[97]
ULS Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Manila, Nagoya–Centrair, Osaka–Kansai, Penang, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
UPS Airlines Anchorage, Clark, Cologne/Bonn, Dubai–International, Honolulu, Louisville, Mumbai, Ontario, Osaka–Kansai, Philadelphia, Sapporo–Chitose, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore, London–Stansted, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan

Statistics
The airport control tower and a taxiing Cathay Pacific Cargo Boeing 747-8F
Operations and Statistics[98][99][100][101]
Year Passenger
movements		 Airfreight
movements
(tonnes)		 Aircraft
movement
1998 28,631,000 1,628,700 163,200
1999 30,394,000 1,974,300 167,400
2000 33,374,000 2,240,600 181,900
2001 33,065,000 2,074,300 196,800
2002 34,313,000 1,637,797 206,700
2003 27,433,000 2,642,100 187,500
2004 37,142,000 3,093,900 237,300
2005 40,740,000 3,402,000 263,500
2006 44,443,000 3,580,000 280,000
2007 47,783,000 3,742,000 295,580
2008 48,582,000 3,627,000 301,000
2009 45,499,604 3,440,581 273,505
2010 50,410,819 4,112,416 306,535
2011 53,909,000 3,939,000 333,760
2012 56,057,751 4,062,261 352,000
2013 59,913,000 4,122,000 372,040
2014 63,367,000 4,376,000 390,955
2015 68,488,000 4,380,000 406,000
2016 70,502,000 4,521,000 411,530
2017 72,866,000 4,937,000 421,000
2018 74,672,000 5,121,000 428,000
2019 71,500,000 4,800,000 419,730
Capacity
Passenger (current) 70,502,000
Passenger (ultimate) 70,000,000
Cargo (current) 4.5m tons
Cargo (ultimate) 7.4m tons
Apron (current) 96
Number of destinations
Mainland China, Taiwan, and International (air) 154
Mainland China and Macao (water) 6
The view of the airport from the control tower, with an EVA Air Boeing 747 on a nearby taxiway
The interior of the airport control tower

Operations

The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong, a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[102]

The airport has two parallel runways, both of which are 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in length and 60 metres (200 ft) wide. The south runway has a Category II Precision Approach, while the north runway has the higher Category IIIA rating, which allows pilots to land in only 200-metre (660 ft) visibility. The two runways have a capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. The Airport is upgrading ATC and runways so that they can handle 68 movements per hour. Normally, the north runway (07L/25R) is used for landing passenger planes. The south runway (07R/25L) is used for passenger planes taking off and cargo flights due to its proximity to the cargo terminal.[99]

There are 49 frontal stands at the main passenger concourse, 28 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. There are also five parking bays at the Northwest Concourse. A satellite concourse with 10 frontal stands for narrow body aircraft has been commissioned to the north of the main concourse at the end of 2009, bringing the total number of frontal stands at the airport to 59.

The airport was the busiest for passenger traffic in Asia in 2010, and the world's busiest airport for cargo traffic in 2010. In terms of international traffic, the airport is the third busiest for passenger traffic and the busiest for cargo since its operation in 1998. There are over 95 international airlines providing about 900 scheduled passenger and all-cargo flights each day between Hong Kong and some 160 destinations worldwide. About 76 percent of these flights are operated with wide-body jets. There is also an average of approximately 31 non-scheduled passenger and cargo flights each week.[103]

The operation of scheduled air services to and from Hong Kong is facilitated by air services agreements between Hong Kong and other countries. Since the opening of HKIA, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services. Many low-cost airlines have started various regional routes to compete head-on with full-service carriers on trunk routes.[104]

The airport's long term expansion opportunities are subject to variables. An HKD 80 billion proposal to build a third runway has been under feasibility study and consultation but would be very expensive as it would involve additional reclamation from deep waters, and the building cost of the third runway may be as high as the building cost of the entire airport. On the other hand, there exists only one airway between Hong Kong and mainland China, and this single route is often and easily backed up causing delays on both sides. In addition, China requires that aircraft flying the single air route between Hong Kong and the mainland must be at an altitude of at least 15,000 feet. Talks are underway to persuade the Chinese military to relax its airspace restriction in view of worsening air traffic congestion at the airport. Other than that, Hong Kong Airport Authority is co-operating with other airports in the area to relieve air traffic and in the future, Shenzhen may act as a regional airport while Hong Kong receives all the international flights.[105]

Air traffic

The Government Flying Service provides short and long range search and rescue services, police support, medical evacuation and general purpose flights for the Government.

Passenger facilities

Despite its size, the passenger terminal was designed for convenience. The layout and signage, moving walkways and the automated people mover help passengers move through the building. The HKIA Automated People Mover, a driverless people mover system with 3 stations transports passengers between the check-in area and the gates. The trains travel at 62 kilometres per hour (39 mph). The airport also boasts an IMAX theatre that has the largest screen in Hong Kong. The theatre is located in Terminal 2, level 6 and can seat 350 persons at a time.[106]

Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre
Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre

The Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre (BAC) is located within the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers, including a passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business centre facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangars are also provided at the BAC for private aircraft.

Intermodal transportation hub

To sustain the growth of passengers, the Airport Authority formulated a "push and pull through" strategy to expand its connections to new sources of passengers and cargo. This means adapting the network to the rapidly growing markets in China and in particular to the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). In 2003, a new Airport-Mainland Coach Station opened. The coach station has a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) waiting lounge and sheltered bays for ten coaches. Many buses operate each day to transport passengers between HKIA and major cities in the Mainland.[107]

The Coach Station was relocated to the ground floor (level 3) of Terminal 2 in 2007. The 36 bays at the new Coach Station allow cross-border coaches to make 320 trips a day carrying passengers between the airport and 90 cities and towns in the PRD. Local tour and hotel coaches also operate from T2. The coach station at T2 has shops and waiting lounges as well as a mainland coach service centre which gathers all operators together.[108]

In late September 2003, the SkyPier high-speed ferry terminal opened. Passengers arriving at the SkyPier board buses to the terminal and arriving air passengers board ferries at the pier for their ride back to the PRD. Passengers travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau can complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the flight at HKIA.

In 2009, the permanent SkyPier Terminal opened.[109] The permanent ferry terminal is equipped with four berths, but the terminal is designed to accommodate eight berths. Transfer desks and baggage handling facilities are included, and the terminal is directly connected to the airport automatic people mover system.

Terminal 1
Baggage Reclaim Hall

Baggage and cargo facilities
SuperTerminal 1
Asia Airfreight Terminal
DHL Central Asia Hub

Ramp handling services are provided by Hong Kong Airport Services Limited (HAS), Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited and SATS HK Limited. Their services include the handling of mail and passenger baggage, transportation of cargo, aerobridge operations and the operation of passenger stairways. The airport has an advanced baggage handling system (BHS), the main section of which is located in the basement level of the passenger terminal, and a separate remote transfer facility at the western end of the main concourse for the handling of tight connection transfer bags.

HKIA handles over five million tonnes of cargo annually.[110] Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited operates one of the two air cargo terminals at the airport. Its headquarters, the 328,000-square-metre (3,530,000 sq ft) SuperTerminal 1,[111] is the world's second largest stand-alone air cargo handling facility, after the opening of the West Cargo Handling Area of the Shanghai Pudong International Airport on 26 March 2008. The designed capacity is 2.6 million tonnes of freight a year. The second air cargo terminal is operated by Asia Airfreight Terminal Company Limited, and has a capacity of 1.5 million tonnes a year.[112] DHL operates the DHL Central Asia Hub cargo facility which handles 35,000 parcels and 40,000 packages per hour. Hongkong Post operates the Air Mail Centre (AMC) and processes 700,000 packages per day. It is envisaged that HKIA's total air cargo capacity per annum will reach nine million tonnes ultimately.[113]

Aircraft maintenance services

Both line and base maintenance services are undertaken by Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company (HAECO), while China Aircraft Services Limited (CASL) and Pan Asia Pacific Aviation Services Limited carry out line maintenance. Line maintenance services include routine servicing of aircraft performed during normal turnaround periods and regularly scheduled layover periods. Base maintenance covers all airframe maintenance services and for this HAECO has a three-bay hangar, which can accommodate up to three Boeing 747-400 aircraft and two Airbus A320 aircraft, and an adjoining support workshop. HAECO also has the world's largest mobile hangar, weighing over 400 tons. It can be used to enclose half of a wide-body aeroplane so that the whole facility can fully enclose four 747s when the mobile hangar is used.

On 29 May 2009, CASL opened its first aircraft maintenance hangar in the maintenance area of the airport. The new hangar occupies an area of about 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) and can accommodate one wide-body and one narrow-body aircraft at the same time; the hangar also has an about 10,000-square-metre (110,000 sq ft) area in its annexe building. CASL specialises in Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 Next Generation series heavy maintenance.[114]

Airport based ground services

The Air Traffic Control Complex (ATCX), located at the centre of the airfield, is the nerve centre of the entire air traffic control system. Some 370 air traffic controllers and supporting staff work around the clock to provide air traffic control services for the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR). At the Air Traffic Control Tower, controllers provide 24-hour aerodrome control services to aircraft operating at the airport. A backup Air Traffic Control Centre/Tower constructed to the north of the ATCX is available for operational use in the event normal services provided in the ATCX are disrupted by unforeseen circumstances. Apart from serving as an operational backup, the facilities are also used for air traffic control training.

The Airport Meteorological Office (AMO) of the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) provides weather services for the aviation community. The AMO issues alerts of low-level windshear and turbulence. Windshear detection is made using traditional doppler weather radars as well as the more effective doppler LIDAR, of which Hong Kong International Airport was the first to introduce. Doppler LIDAR systems use lasers to detect windshear and wind direction even when atmospheric conditions are too dry for Doppler radar to work.

Fire and rescue services

Rescue and fire fighting services within the airport are covered by the Airport Fire Contingent of the Hong Kong Fire Services Department. The contingent has 282 members, operating two fire stations and two rescue berths for 24-hour emergency calls. It is equipped with 14 fire appliances which can respond to incidents within two minutes in optimum conditions of visibility and surface conditions, satisfying the relevant recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organization. Two high capacity rescue boats, supported by eight speed boats, form the core of sea rescue operations. Two ambulances are also assigned at each of the airport fire stations.

Ground transport

The airport is connected to inner Hong Kong by the North Lantau Highway on Lantau Island.

There is an automated people mover, operated by the Airport Authority and maintained by MTR Corporation, connecting the East Hall to the Midfield Concourse via West Hall and Terminal 2. It was extended to SkyPier in late 2009 and extended to Midfield Concourse in 2015.

Bus
Cross-boundary coach bus terminal located in terminal 2

Citybus, New Lantau Bus, Long Win Bus and Discovery Bay Transit Services operate 25 bus routes to the airport from various parts of Hong Kong, available at the Airport Ground Transportation Centre and Cheong Tat Road. The bus companies also offer 10 overnight "N" services.[115]

Passengers can also take bus route number S1[116] to the Tung Chung MTR Station. From there they can board the MTR Tung Chung line which follows the same route as the MTR Airport Express to Central with cheaper fare but longer journey time.

There is bus service to Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. Coach services are also available to major cities and towns in Guangdong Province, such as Dongguan, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.[117]

Ferry
Skypier

Direct ferry services are available from the airport to various destinations throughout the Pearl River Delta via Skypier. Passengers using these services are treated as transit passengers and are not considered to have entered Hong Kong for immigration purposes. For this reason, access to the ferry terminal is before immigration in the airport for arriving passengers. Check-in services are available at these piers. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen Airport (Fuyong), Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served, extending to Guangzhou and Zhongshan at the end of 2003. The Zhuhai service began on 10 July 2007 while a Nansha service started on 14 July 2009.[118]

Rail
Airport Express connecting between the airport and the central business district of Central.
Airport Express – Airport station
Main article: Rail transport in Hong Kong

The fastest service from the city to the airport is the Airport Express, a dedicated high-speed rail link as part of the MTR rapid transit network. The line makes intermediate stops at Tsing Yi Island, West Kowloon, and terminates at Hong Kong Station at the northern coast of Central and Western District on Hong Kong Island. It takes approximately 24 minutes to reach the airport from Hong Kong station.[119] MTR offers free shuttle bus services between Airport Express stations and hotels in the area, and free transfers are available to and from other MTR lines with a valid Octopus card which is not available to Single Ride Ticket users. Both Hong Kong and Kowloon stations provide in-town check-in services for major airlines.

The Airport Express line originally terminated at Airport station, where trains open doors on both sides, allowing direct access to either Terminal 1 or Terminal 2. It was later extended to AsiaWorld–Expo Station on 20 December 2005 to facilitate the opening of the nearby AsiaWorld-Expo. During events at the station some Tung Chung Line trains, which largely share the same tracks as the Airport Express, serve this station instead of Tung Chung, but these trains do not stop by Airport Station.

Taxi
Main article: Taxicabs of Hong Kong

The airport is served by all three different types of taxi, distinguished by their colour:

Accidents and incidents

The following are aviation accidents or incidents at the current HKIA (see accidents and incidents at the former HKIA at Kai Tak):

Accolades
  • Skytrax World's Best Airport for Dining (2017)[122]
  • AETRA Best Airport Worldwide (2005)
  • Air Cargo News Cargo Airport of the Year (2002–2003)
  • Air Cargo World Air Cargo Excellence (2007)
  • Air Transport Research Society Asia Pacific Airport Efficiency Excellence Award (2007)
  • Asiaweek Asia's Best Airport (2000)
  • British Constructional Steelwork Association, the Steel Construction Institute and British Steel plc Structural Steel Design Award (1999)
  • Business Traveller Best Airport in China (2006–2008, 2010–2014)
  • Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation CAPA International Airport of the Year (2007)
  • Conde Nast Traveller World's Best Airport (2007)
  • Construction Industry Manufacturers Association CONEXPO-CON/AGG '99 Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century – Airport Core Programme (1999)
  • Federation of Asia Pacific Aircargo Associations Most Friendly Airport for Cargo (2005)
  • Hong Kong Institute of Architects Silver Medal for Architecture (1999)
  • Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants Diamond – Best Corporate Governance Disclosure Awards (2004)
  • International Air Transport Association (IATA) Eagle Award (2002)
  • Payload Asia Awards Asia Pacific Airport of the Year – Industry Choice Award (2014–2015)
  • Raven Fox Award for Travel-Retail Excellence in Asia / Pacific (1999–2000)
  • Skytrax World's Best Airport (2001–2005, 2007–2008, 2011)
  • Smart Travel Asia World's Best Airport (2006–2007, 2011, 2014)
  • SmartTravelAsia.com Best Airport Worldwide (2006–2007)
  • TravelWeekly Best International Airport (2007)
  • TravelWeeklyChina Best Airport Facilities (2006)
  • TTG Best Airport (2002, 2004–2008; Survey was not held in 2003 owing to SARS)
  • WTA World Travel Awards Asia/ Pacific's Leading Airport (2000)
YearAwardCategoryResultsRef
2008Airport Service Quality Awards
by Airports Council International		Best Airport Worldwide3rd[123]
2009[124]
Best Airport in Asia-Pacific
Best Airport by Size (over 40 million passenger)Won
2010Best Airport Worldwide3rd[125]
20114th[126]
gollark: Precisely as planned.
gollark: ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆAA *do not spread such memetics*.
gollark: In a metaapiaristic way.
gollark: Wow, that's pretty apioformic.
gollark: "Apioformic" in a good or bad way?

See also

References
  1. "UPS Air Operations Facts - UPS Pressroom". Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  2. "Provisional Civil International - Air Traffic Statistics at HKIA" (PDF). December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  3. "About Hong Kong Airport". Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  4. "Year to date Passenger Traffic". ACI. 13 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  5. Denslow, Neil (26 January 2011). "Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airport Become Biggest for Freight". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  6. 홍콩국제공항 (in Korean). Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  7. Genzberger, Christine (1994). Hong Kong Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with Hong Kong. World Trade Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-9631864-7-8.
  8. Hong Kong Advisory Council on the Environment (July 1995). "Proposal to Optimise Kai Tak Capacity" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2006. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Dempsey, Paul (1999). Airport Planning and Development Handbook: A Global Survey. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-07-134316-9.
  10. Port & Airport Development Strategy Study, Final Report, December 1989 by Study Consultants Mott MacDonald Hong Kong et al. for Lands and Works Branch of Hong Kong Government Secretariat
  11. "PADS Government Secretariat Lands & Works Branch Port & Airport Development Strategy Final Report" (PDF). December 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  12. "19 years of Hong Kong International Airport - Discovery". 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  13. Plant, G.W.; Covil, C.S; Hughes, R.A.; Airport Authority Hong Kong (1998). Site Preparation for the New Hong Kong International Airport. Thomas Telford. pp. 1, 3–4, 43, 556. ISBN 978-0-7277-2696-4.
  14. CONEXPO-CON/AGG '99 (1999). Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century Archived 26 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 0-9530219-5-5. Retrieved 10 November 2005
  15. "Building Hong Kong's Airport". Extreme Engineering. Season 1. Episode 7. 14 May 2003.
  16. "Clinton leaves with democracy plea". BbC News. 3 July 1998. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  17. "Hong Kong's flying start". BBC News. 5 July 1998. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  18. Gordon, Alastair (September 2004). Naked Airport. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-6518-0.
  19. Landler, Mark (9 July 1998). "INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; Problems Continue to Mount at New Hong Kong Airport". The New York Times.
  20. "Calendar of Events". Hong Kong Yearbook. 1998. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  21. "The tale of a man with no country", The Standard, 10 July 2006, archived from the original on 21 October 2011, retrieved 28 May 2011
  22. Hong Kong International Airport – About AA – SkyCity Brochure Archived 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  23. "Hong Kong International Airport splashes out HK$5 billion on a new midfield... concourse". South China Morning Post. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  24. "Hong Kong airport cancels flights over protests". 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  25. "Hong Kong International Airport – Interactive Map". Hongkongairport.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  26. "The 'dragon' unveiled: Beijing's T3 starts operations". The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  27. "Press release of platform 3 opening" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  28. "Airport aims to speed up expansion to cut impact on flights". South China Morning Post. 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  29. "HKIA Opens New Passenger Concourse to Enhance Service". Hongkongairport.com. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  30. "More food options and a roof garden: inside HK$7bn airport revamp". South China Morning Post. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  31. "Bridge planned for Hong Kong airport so tall A380s can go underneath". South China Morning Post. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  32. "Airport Authority Unveils Phase 1 Midfield Development". Airport Authority Hong Kong. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  33. "Project Page: Hong Kong International Airport – Midfield Concourse". Aedas.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  34. "US$ 802 million Hong Kong airport contract awarded". International Construction. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  35. "Press Releases: HKIA Celebrates Grand Opening of Midfield Concourse -- On-schedule Full Operation Increases Airport's Passenger Handling Capacity". Airport Authority Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  36. "Hong Kong Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine." Cathay Pacific. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  37. "Contact Us Archived 28 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine." Civil Aviation Department. Retrieved on August 11, 2014. "Director-General of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation Department Headquarters, 1 Tung Fai Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Lantau, Hong Kong " Traditional Chinese address Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine: "來函民航處處長 香港大嶼山香港國際機場 東輝路1號 民航處總部辦公大樓", Simplified Chinese address Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine: "来函民航处处长 香港大屿山香港国际机场 东辉路1号 民航处总部办公大楼"
  38. "Location Map". HAECO. Retrieved 8 March 2020. Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Co. Ltd. (HAECO Group) 80 South Perimeter Road Hong Kong International Airport Lantau, Hong Kong
  39. "Midfield Expansion Project of Airport Authority Hong Kong Purpose" (PDF). Legislative Council Panel on Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  40. "Airport Authority Hong Kong Unveils Development Options – Three-month Public Consultation Launched to Collect Feedback" (Press release). Hong Kong Airport Authority. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  41. "New Skypier will improve delta connections". South China Morning Post. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  42. "LCQ7: Financial arrangement of the three-runway system project at Hong Kong International Airport". Legislative Council. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  43. 三跑道系統 - 香港國際機場 (in Chinese). Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  44. "Hong Kong International Airport". Three Runway System. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  45. Chen, Jackie (25 November 2019). "Hong Kong Airport to close Terminal 2 for its three-runway system project". Business Traveller. Business Traveller. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  46. South China Morning Post (17 January 2020). "HK Airport Says Long-Term Investment Plans on Course". Bangkok Post. Bangkok Post Public Company Limited. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  47. "Air China adds Yinchuan – Hong Kong service from late-Jan 2019". routesonline. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  48. Liu, Jim. "Cambodia Airways plans Hong Kong service from June 2020". Routesonline. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  49. Cathay Dragon adds seasonal Tokushima service from Dec 2018 Archived 6 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Routesonline. 5 September 2018.
  50. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. "Cathay Pacific adds Komatsu service from April 2019". Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  52. "Cathay Pacific announces nonstop service from Seattle to Hong Kong" (Press release). PR Newswire. 18 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  53. "Cathay Pacific plans Seattle launch in late-March 2019". Routesonline. 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  54. Hong Kong SAR - English. "Cathay Pacific to fly non-stop to Cape Town from November". News.cathaypacific.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  55. "Air New Zealand and Cathay Pacific extend alliance - Scoop News". scoop.co.nz. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  56. "New Dublin flights from Hong Kong". Cathay Pacific Airways Limited. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  57. "China Eastern resumes Hefei – Hong Kong service in Oct 2019". routesonline. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  58. Ethiopian Airlines NS18 changes as of 08JAN18 Archived 11 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Routesonline. 9 January 2018.
  59. "HK Express resumes Bangkok service from late-March 2019". Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  60. Liu, Jim (7 June 2019). "S7 Airlines Revises S19 Irkutsk – Hong Kong service increase". Routesonline. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  61. "Shandong Airlines schedules Jinan – Hong Kong Jan 2018 launch". routesonline. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  62. Thai Smile adds Hong Kong service from late-Oct 2018 Archived 15 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Routesonline. 13 September 2018.
  63. "Istanbul New Airport Transition Delayed Until April 5, 2019 (At The Earliest)". 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  64. https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/292397/united-expands-chicago-long-haul-routes-from-sep-2020/
  65. Liu, Jim. "United extends International / Guam / Micronesia Island Hopper interim schedule to Sep 2020". Airlineroute. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  66. "Xiamen Airlines adds Fuzhou – Hong Kong service from mid-Aug 2018". routesonline. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  67. "Polar Air Cargo 948". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  68. "Kalitta Air 247". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  69. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 831". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  70. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 769 AHK769 / LD769". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  71. "Southern Air 276". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  72. "Kalitta Air 250". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  73. "AeroLogic 513". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  74. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 562". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  75. "2013 summer schedule". Aero Logic. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  76. "Southern Air 96". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  77. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 456". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  78. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 216". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  79. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 224". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  80. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 128". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  81. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 782 AHK782 / LD782". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  82. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 327". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  83. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 680". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  84. "Ahk Air Hong Kong Limited 208". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  85. Airlines, Ethiopian AirlinesEthiopian. "Page not found - Fly Ethiopian". Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  86. "Ethiopian moves 'DHL' flights to Maastricht". 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  87. "EVA Air Cargo Schedule" (PDF). Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  88. Brett, Damian. "Flexport adds freighter service". Aircargonews.net. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  89. "Hong Kong Airlines Cargo". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  90. British Airways axes B747-8(F) contract with Atlas Air Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ch-aviation.com. Retrieved on 16 May 2014.
  91. Flightradar24. "K-Mile Air flight 8K525". Flightradar24. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  92. "MASkargo adds route". Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  93. "Welcome to Qantas Freight". Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  94. "Archived copy" 顺丰开通厦门—香港—宁波—香港—厦门航线 (in Chinese). News.carnoc.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  95. "Welcome to SIA Cargo - E timetables". Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  96. "Spicejet expands freighter operations to Hong Kong". Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  97. Turkish Airlines Cargo Winter Schedule Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  98. "Facts and Figures, HKIA at a Glance". Hong Kong International Airport. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  99. "Facts and Figures". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  100. "Air Traffic Statistics". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  101. "Passenger traffic surges at Hong Kong International Airport in 2013". TheMoodieReport.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  102. "Introduction". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  103. Airport Authority Hong Kong. "Our Business – The Airport – Welcome to HKIA – Hong Kong International Airport". Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  104. "Vision and Missions". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  105. "Publications". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  106. travelsites33 (19 April 2015). "Hong Kong International Aviation Hub". Flight Hub Reviews. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  107. Transport to Guangdong Archived 18 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  108. "Our Business – The Airport – Welcome to HKIA – Hong Kong International Airport". Hongkongairport.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  109. "New Skypier will improve delta connections". South China Morning Post. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  110. Air Cargo – HKIA Archived 18 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  111. "SuperTerminal 1". Hactl.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  112. "Asia Airfreight Terminal – Our Terminal". Aat.com.hk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  113. "Hong Kong Fact Sheets – Civil Aviation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  114. "CASL". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  115. "Public Buses". Airport Authority Hong Kong. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Note that I have included Discovery Bay services as per the schedule at Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  116. "S1 Bus". Chow Tai Fook Enterprises. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  117. "Mainland Coaches Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Hong Kong International Airport. Retrieved on May 8, 2018.
  118. "New Ferry Service between HKIA and Nansha Port Commences". Hongkongairport.com. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  119. "Hong Kong Airport Transportation Information". Discoverhongkong.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  120. "Pilots reveal death-defying ordeal as engines failed on approach to Chek Lap Kok". South China Morning Post. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  121. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1848810/french-traveller-jumps-his-death-hong-kong-international
  122. "Best airports of 2017 unveiled at World Airport Awards". airlinequality.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  123. "ASQ Award for winners for 2008" Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Airports Council International. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  124. "ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards" Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Airports Council International. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  125. "ASQ Award for winners for 2010" Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Airports Council International. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  126. "World's best airports announced – Asia dominates" Archived 9 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN Go. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.