Foreign relations of Egypt

The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Arab world's commerce and culture for centuries, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.

Bilateral relations

Arab relations

The Arab League headquarters is in Cairo, and the Secretary General of the League is traditionally an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996..

Egypt is on good terms with Libya, its western neighbor.

Egypt has fairly good relations with Sudan, its southern neighbor, although it has a land dispute with Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle, a small area of land on the Egypt-Sudan border on the Red Sea coast. Sudan claims the area. Egypt's policy on Sudan is that it is in favor of a united Sudan. As such Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process that was hosted in Kenya under the auspices of IGAD and that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form an independent state in 2011 after the long and brutal Sudanese civil war that cumulatively lasted more than 40 years and claimed over 2 million lives.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.

This support has continued to the present, with former President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.

In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The former Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, played a substantial role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides and was highly respected on both sides.

Africa

In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[1]

The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has become a national preoccupation in both countries.[2][3] Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile.[4] Egypt’s Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said: "Survival is not a question of choice, but an imperative of nature."[5]

Country	Formal relations established	Notes
Algeria		See Algeria–Egypt relations Algeria has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Algiers.
Angola		Angola has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Luanda.
Chad		Chad has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in N'Djamena.
Democratic Republic of the Congo		DR Congo has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Kinshasa.
Djibouti		Djibouti has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Djibouti City.
Eritrea		Egypt has an embassy in Asmara. Eritrea has an embassy in Cairo.
Ethiopia		See Egypt–Ethiopia relations Egypt has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia has an embassy in Cairo.
Ghana		Egypt has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Cairo.
Guinea-Bissau		Egypt is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Conakry, Guinea.[6] Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Egypt from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria. Both countries are full member of the African Union.
Kenya		See Egypt–Kenya relations Egypt has an embassy in Nairobi. Kenya has an embassy in Cairo.
Libya		See Egypt–Libya relations Egypt has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate-general in Benghazi. Libya has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Morocco		See Egypt–Morocco relations Egypt has an embassy in Rabat. Morocco has an embassy in Cairo.
Namibia		Egypt has an embassy in Windhoek. Namibia has an embassy in Cairo.
Nigeria		Egypt has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos. Nigeria has an embassy in Cairo.
Rwanda		Egypt has an embassy in Kigali. Rwanda has an embassy in Cairo.
São Tomé and Príncipe		Egypt is represented in São Tomé and Príncipe by its embassy in Luanda, Angola.[6] Both countries are full members of the African Union.
Senegal		Egypt has an embassy in Dakar. Senegal has an embassy in Cairo.
Somalia		See Egypt–Somalia relations Egypt has an embassy in Mogadishu. Somalia has an embassy in Cairo.
South Africa	1942	See Egypt–South Africa relations The first South African mission in Egypt was established in 1942 as a consulate-general. Egypt has an embassy in Pretoria and South Africa has an embassy in Cairo. Both countries are full members of the African Union, G-24, Group of 77 and Non-Aligned Movement. South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt
South Sudan		See Egypt–South Sudan relations Egypt has an embassy in Juba. South Sudan has an embassy in Cairo.
Sudan		See Egypt–Sudan relations Egypt has an embassy in Khartoum and a consulate-general in Port Sudan. Sudan has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Aswan.
Tanzania		Egypt has an embassy in Dar-es-Salaam. Tanzania has an embassy in Cairo.
Tunisia		Egypt has an embassy in Tunis. Tunisia has an embassy in Cairo.
Zimbabwe		Egypt has an embassy in Harare. Zimbabwe has an embassy in Cairo.

Americas

Country	Formal relations established	Notes
Argentina		See Argentina–Egypt relations Argentina has an embassy in Cairo.[7] Egypt has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[8] List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Egypt (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish) Egyptian–Argentinean relations – From the Egypt State Information Service
Belize	6 May 1994	Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 6, 1994.[9]
Brazil	1924	See Brazil–Egypt relations Brazil has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro.
Canada		See Canada–Egypt relations Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954. Canada has an embassy in Cairo.[10] Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.[11]
Chile		Chile has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Santiago.
Colombia		Colombia has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Bogotá.
Cuba		Cuba has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Havana.
Guyana	10 September 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 10, 1971.[12]
Mexico	31 March 1958	See Egypt–Mexico relations Egypt has an embassy in Mexico City.[13] Mexico has an embassy in Cairo.[14]
Peru		Egypt has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Cairo.
United States	1882	See Egypt–United States relations After the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab–Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance US–Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28, 1974. Military cooperation Following the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and 2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.55 billion in 2020), and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation adjusted US$ 297.9 million in 2020).[15] In 1989 both Egypt and Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States. Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. General Anthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US Central Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most important country in my area of responsibility because of the access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described during the Clinton Administration as the most prominent player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of the administration's strategy to maintaining continued availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important international oil route and as critical route for US warships transiting between the Mediterranean and either the Indian Ocean or the Persian Gulf. The Egyptian military provides indirect support for the foreign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongest military power on the African continent, and the whole Middle East War on Terror Despite differences and periods of friction in relations between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship. It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab states to join the peace process and to normalize their relations with the US. However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US in its war against international terrorism after the September 11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US occupation of the country after the war and further refused to comply with US requests to send troops to the country even under a UN umbrella. The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative government to deal with it. On the other hand, supporters of participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide the Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do not agree. Post-Mubarak relations with U.S. On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[16] On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.[17] Egypt has an embassy in Washington, DC and consulates-general in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and New York City.[18] United States has an embassy in Cairo.[19]
Uruguay		See Egypt–Uruguay relations Egypt has an embassy in Montevideo.[20] Uruguay has an embassy in Cairo.[21]
Venezuela		Egypt has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Cairo.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Afghanistan		Afghanistan has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Kabul.
Armenia	1992-03-01	See Armenia–Egypt relations Egypt was one of the first countries in the Arab world which recognized the independent Armenia in 1991. In May 1992, the first diplomatic mission of the Republic of Armenia in the Arab East was inaugurated in Cairo.[22] Egypt has an embassy in Yerevan. Egypt had a sizable Armenian community since the 19th century. Many ethnic Armenian Egyptians remain in Egypt to this day.
Azerbaijan		Azerbaijan has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Baku.
Bahrain		Bahrain has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Manama.
Bangladesh		Egypt has an embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt. Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence.[23] President Anwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army. Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship.
China		See China–Egypt relations China has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria. Egypt has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.
Georgia	1992-05-11	Egypt is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Yerevan, Armenia. Georgia has an embassy in Cairo.[24] Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Egypt Georgian foreign minister visits Egypt
India		See Egypt–India relations Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Six-Day War, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[25] President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[26]
Indonesia	1946	See Egypt–Indonesia relations Indonesia has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has an embassy in Jakarta. Egypt was one of the first countries to recognize Indonesia's independence. Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia were two of the five founding members of the Non-aligned Movement. Both countries are members of the OIC, the Non-aligned Movement, and the G20 developing nations.
Iran		See Egypt–Iran relations In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year, Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[27] Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during the Gaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known".[28] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons.[29]
Iraq		See Egypt-Iraq relations Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's “natural role” among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).
Israel		See Egypt–Israel relations The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ended in 1973 with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then, relations have improved. Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli–Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Egypt has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Eilat. Israel has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Japan		See Egypt-Japan relations Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[30] with embassies mutually established.[31] At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.[32] Egypt has an embassy in Tokyo. Japan has an embassy in Cairo.
Jordan		See Egypt-Jordan relations Diplomatic relations between the Egyptian and Jordanian government existed since Jordan became independent in 1946. On April 6, 1972 the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[33] They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government,[34] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984. Egypt has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.
Kazakhstan		Egypt has an embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt. In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.[35]
Kuwait		Egypt has an embassy in Kuwait City. Kuwait has an embassy in Cairo.
Lebanon		Egypt has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Malaysia	1957[36]	See Egypt–Malaysia relations Egypt has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia has an embassy in Cairo. Gamel Abdel Nasser gave a headquarters for the Malay Association in Egypt as a gift to Malaysia in 1959. Both countries are members of the OIC and the Non-Aligned Movement.
Mongolia	1964[37]	See Egypt–Mongolia relations Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.[38][39]
North Korea	1963-08-24	Egypt–North Korea relations Diplomatic relations were established on 27 August 1963.[40]
Oman		Egypt has an embassy in Muscat. Oman has an embassy in Cairo.
Pakistan		See Egypt–Pakistan relations Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960. Egypt has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan has an embassy in Cairo.
Palestine		See Egypt–Palestine relations Egypt has representative offices in Ramallah and in Gaza City. Palestine has an embassy in Cairo.
Philippines	1955-01-18	See Egypt–Philippines relations Egypt has an embassy in Manila. Philippines has an embassy in Cairo.
Qatar		See Egypt-Qatar relations Bilateral relations first began with Egypt in 1972.[41] Lately, relations have not been at its best. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, has described the 2013 political transition in Egypt as a "military coup".[42] It is worth mentioning that the main problem between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[42] The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. The Egyptian, Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati governments cited Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as the Muslim Brotherhood.[43] Islam Hassan argues "Egypt has had troubled relations with Qatar for many years, except of Mohamed MorsiÕsperiod in power. The Egyptian government has seen Qatar as a source of instability. TheEgyptian regime also sees that Qatar challenges its rule by financing the Muslim Brotherhood, and other organizations, which the regime has outlawed and consider terrorist organizations. Thus, the Egyptian regime has been trying to push back on Qatar by any means. The current issue between the Saudi bloc and Qatar seemed to be an opportunity to put pressure on Qatar to stop financing the Muslim Brotherhood, its affiliates, and supporters, and to support the Sisi regime."[44][45]
Saudi Arabia		See Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations Egypt has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
South Korea	1995-04-13[46]	See Egypt–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between Egypt and the Republic of Korea began on 13 April 1995. Egypt has an embassy in Seoul, South Korea.[47] South Korea has an embassy in Cairo.[48] Bilateral Trade 2011: Exports: 18.1 billion US dollars Imports: 802 million US dollars The number of South Koreans living in Egypt in 2011 was about 905. South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea.[46]
Syria		See Egypt–Syria relations Egypt has an embassy in Damascus. Syria has an embassy in Cairo.
Turkey	1925	See Egypt–Turkey relations From the time of the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 until the seizure of power by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1805, Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman Empire (with brief interruptions owing to native rebellions, and the French invasion of 1798). The seat of the Caliphate in Istanbul and the seat of culture in Cairo. Turkey established diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1925 at the level of Charge d’ Affaires and upgraded its mission in Cairo to Ambassadorial level in 1948. Both countries have embassies and consulate generals in each other's capitals. Both countries have signed a free trade agreement in December 2005. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Egypt has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
United Arab Emirates		See Egypt–United Arab Emirates relations Egypt has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Cairo.
Vietnam	1963-09-01	Egypt was the first Arab state to establish bilateral relations with Vietnam.[49] Vietnam first opened its commercial representative office in Egypt in 1958, and opened an embassy in Cairo in 1963. Egypt's embassy in Hanoi was opened in 1964.

Europe

European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.

The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between the European Union and its originally 12 Mediterranean Partners: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Palestinian Authority. Libya currently has observer status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, the co-operation and needs covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, including Cyprus and Malta and the 10 Mediterranean Partners.

Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.

Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.

The EU is Egypt's biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37% of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypt's main exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%), and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals (16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.

Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.

Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.

Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint declaration ‘ A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[50]

As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).[51]

In August 2014, the European Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid to Egypt.[52] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[53] and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[54] Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression,[53] but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.

Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsi.[55] In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists.[56] At the same time, her later declarations about el-Sisi's bid for presidential candidacy as “difficult” but “brave”[57] sparked harsh criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of their Anti-Coup Alliance.[58]

In April 2014, the European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize what they called an unlawful take on power.[59]

Country	Formal relations established	Notes
Albania		See Albania–Egypt relations Egypt has an embassy in Tirana.[60] Albania has an embassy in Cairo.[61]
Bulgaria		See Bulgaria–Egypt relations Bulgaria has an embassy in Cairo.[62] Egypt has an embassy in Sofia.
Croatia		See Croatia–Egypt relations Croatia has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Zagreb.
Cyprus		See Cyprus–Egypt relations Diplomatic relations between both countries were established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in 1960. Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Nicosia. During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[63]
Denmark		See Denmark–Egypt relations Denmark has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.[64] Egypt has an embassy in Copenhagen. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Finland	1947-02-15	Finland recognised Egypt on April 8, 1922. Egypt broke off diplomatic relations on January 5, 1942 but diplomatic relations were re-established on February 15, 1947. Egypt has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Cairo (since July 1, 1959) and an honorary consulate general in Alexandria. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Egypt
France		See Egypt–France relations Egypt has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.[65] France has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.[66]
Germany	1957-12[67]	See Egypt–Germany relations Egypt has an embassy in Berlin, as well as consulates in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Cairo.
Greece	1833	See Egypt-Greece relations Both countries share relations since the years BC Since the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis. Egypt has an embassy in Athens. Greece has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria. Sizable communities of Greeks live in Egypt (Alexandria) and Egyptians in Greece (Patras, Athens). Greece and Egypt signed bilateral agreements for trade, tourism and defense cooperations. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece
Ireland		Since 1978, Egypt has an embassy in Dublin, the first embassy of an Arab country in Ireland.[68] Ireland has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.[69]
Italy		See Egypt–Italy relations Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, during World War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle of El Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan. Italy has an embassy in Cairo. Both nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean. See also Italian Egyptian
Kosovo		See Egypt–Kosovo relations Egypt recognised the Republic of Kosovo as an independent state on 26 June 2013.[70] Kosovo has a liaison office in Cairo.
Malta		Malta has an embassy in Cairo and 2 honorary consulates in Alexandria and Suez.[71] Egypt has an embassy in Valletta.[72]
North Macedonia		North Macedonia has an embassy in Cairo.[73]
Poland		See Egypt–Poland relations Egypt has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Cairo.
Portugal		Portugal has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Lisbon.
Romania	1906	Egypt has an embassy in Bucharest.[74] Romania has an embassy in Cairo.
Russia	1943-08-26	See Egypt–Russia relations Egypt has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Serbia	1908	Egypt has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Cairo.[75] Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt
Slovenia		See Egypt–Slovenia relations Since September 2007, Egypt has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Cairo (opened in 1993). Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Spain		See Egypt–Spain relations Egypt has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Cairo.
Switzerland	1909	Official diplomatic relation between both countries date back from 1909, with the opening of a Swiss trade mission in Egypt. Egypt has an embassy in Bern and a general consulate in Geneva.[76] Switzerland has an embassy in Cairo. Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt
Ukraine	1992	See Egypt–Ukraine relations Since 1993, Egypt has an embassy in Kiev.[77] Since 1993, Ukraine has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.[78]
United Kingdom		See Egypt–United Kingdom relations Egypt has an embassy in London. United Kingdom has an embassy in Cairo.

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia	1950	See Australia–Egypt relations Australia has an embassy in Cairo.[79] Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and 2 Consulates-General (in Melbourne and Sydney).[80][81] Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt
New Zealand	1974	See Egypt–New Zealand relations Egypt has an embassy in Wellington.[82] New Zealand has an embassy in Cairo.[83]

International involvement

Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. and Saudi Arabia.

In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed the Damascus Declaration with Syria and the Persian Gulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to United Nations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi Governing Council.

On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear double standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[84]

Egypt is member of ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CTBT, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WCO, EFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO. Egypt is one of only seven U.N. members which is not a member of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

See also

• List of Foreign ministers of Egypt
• Iran-Arab Relations (Egypt)
• List of Ambassadors from Egypt
• List of diplomatic missions in Egypt
• List of diplomatic missions of Egypt
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

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External links

• History of Egypt - U.S. relations
• Assessing the United States-Egyptian Military and Security Relations
• The Future of American-Egyptian relations
• Deniers of Egypt's dark past An article exploring Egypt's Africanness
• Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in London The official website of the Egyptian Embassy in London
• EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Egypt