Foreign relations of Mongolia

Mongolia has diplomatic relations with 188 states—187 UN states, the Holy See and the European Union.[1] Of the states with limited recognition it has relations only with the State of Palestine.

Foreign relations of Mongolia

It seeks neutral and cordial relations with many countries including in cultural and economic matters. It has a modest number of missions abroad.

Mongolia so far has no diplomatic relations with four UN states: Botswana, Swaziland, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago.

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Algeria	1961-06-25
Angola	1976-02-10
Benin	1977-04-02
Botswana	none
Burkina Faso	1985-10-25
Burundi	2013-07-08
Cameroon	2015-04-13
Cape Verde	1975-11-19
Central African Republic	1970-06-18
Chad	2014-04-04
Comoros	2011-12-05
Côte d'Ivoire	1986-07-06
Democratic Republic of the Congo	1975-02-04
Djibouti	2016-01-21
Egypt	1963-04-02	Further information: Egypt–Mongolia relations Diplomatic relations between Egypt and Mongolia were established in 1964.[2] Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.[3][4] In 2001, Mongolia sent policemen to Egypt to attend trainings sessions on anti-terrorism and the prevention of drug trafficking.[5] Mongolian President Natsagiin Bagabandi and his wife Azadsurengiin Oyunbileg paid an official visit to Egypt in April 2004, during which he invited Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to pay him a return visit in Mongolia.[6] Almost exactly one year later, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit visited Mongolia, during which he began the planning of mutual visits of the ministers of finance of the two countries.[7] Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Egypt (in Mongolian)
Equatorial Guinea	2014-02-21
Eritrea	2013-06-24
Ethiopia	1967-01-24
Gabon	2014-09-15
Ghana	1965-12-07
Guinea	1960-04-22
Guinea-Bissau	1975-10-14
Kenya	2012-03-22[8]
Lesotho	1985-07-02
Liberia	1976-04-23
Libya	1976-06-16	Ties were established between the two nations when both had socialist governments. Mongolian delegates visited Libya in 1978, 1981, and 1986. Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Libya (in Mongolian)
Madagascar	1979-05-11
Malawi	2011-12-21
Mali	1961-01-25
Mauritania	1967-06-30
Mauritius	2014-07-04
Morocco	1970-07-14
Mozambique	1975-09-27
Namibia	1990-10-30
Niger	2016-05-02
Nigeria	1971-09-21
Rwanda	2013-11-26
São Tomé and Príncipe	1975-10-22
Senegal	1985-12-12
Seychelles	1981-08-21
Sierra Leone	2013-09-27
Republic of the Congo	1966-12-31
Somalia	1971-02-28
South Africa	1994-05-25
South Sudan	2011-12-20
Sudan	1970-07-07
Swaziland	2018-11-24
Tanzania	1967-01-17
The Gambia	2011-12-22
Togo	2013-09-06
Tunisia	1977-02-15
Uganda	2013-11-21
Zambia	1978-10-02
Zimbabwe	1984-08-30

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Antigua and Barbuda	2013-06-19
Argentina	1971-09-07[1]	Argentina is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing (China). Mongolia does not have any representation in Argentina.
Aruba	none
Bahamas	2016-07-11
Barbados	none
Belize	2017-06-20	Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 20, 2017.[9]
Bermuda	none	Further information: Mongolia–United Kingdom relations Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory. The UK is responsible for its foreign relations.
Bolivia	1989-03-01[1]
Brazil	1987-06-19[1]
Canada	1973-11-30[1]	Further information: Canada–Mongolia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on November 30, 1973. Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa, and in 2002 opened an honorary consulate in Toronto. Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.[10]
Cayman Islands	none	Further information: Mongolia–United Kingdom relations Cayman Islands is a British Overseas Territory. The UK is responsible for its foreign relations.
Cuba	1960-12-07[1]	Mongolia has an embassy in Cuba.
Chile	1971-06-01[1]
Colombia	1988-08-10[1]
Costa Rica	1977-06-06[1]
Dominica	2011-10-18[1]
Dominican Republic	2010-05-27[1]
Ecuador	1982-10-30[1]
El Salvador	1999-07-14[1]
Grenada	1980-07-25[1]
Guatemala	2006-07-03[1]
Guyana	1979-12-15[1]
Haiti	2014-01-14[11]
Honduras	2011-10-19[1]
Jamaica	2012-10-26[11]
Mexico	1975-09-24	Further information: Mexico–Mongolia relations In October 2001, Mexican President Vicente Fox paid an official visit to Mongolia.[12] Mexico is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea and maintains an honorary consulate in Ulaanbaatar.[13][14][15] Mongolia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[16][17]
Nicaragua	1979-10-13[1]
Panama	2012-01-17[1]
Paraguay	2003-06-17[1]
Peru	1997-05-30[1]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	2016-04-12
Saint Lucia	2014-09-27
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	2011-10-13[1]
Suriname	2013-09-27
Trinidad and Tobago	none
United States	1987-01-27[1]	The U.S. government recognized Mongolia in January 1987 and established its first embassy in Ulaanbaatar in June 1988. It formally opened in September 1988. The first U.S. ambassador to Mongolia, Richard L. Williams, was not a resident there. Joseph E. Lake, the first resident ambassador, arrived in July 1990. Secretary of State James A. Baker, III visited Mongolia in August 1990, and again in July 1991. Mongolia accredited its first ambassador to the United States in March 1989. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright visited Mongolia in May 1998, and Prime Minister Enkhbayar visited Washington in November 2001. Deputy Secretary of State Richard L. Armitage visited Mongolia in January 2004, and President Bagabandi came to Washington for a meeting with President George W. Bush in July 2004. President Bush, Mrs. Bush, and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Mongolia in November 2005. It was the first ever visit of a U.S. President to Mongolia.[18][19] Defense Secretary Rumsfeld visited in October 2005 and Speaker of the House of Representatives Dennis Hastert visited Mongolia in August 2005. Agriculture Secretary Johanns led a presidential delegation in July 2006 in conjunction with Mongolia's celebration of its 800th anniversary. President Enkhbayar visited the White House in October 2007 and the two presidents signed the Millennium Challenge Compact for Mongolia. In 2008, the IRS presented a discussion of US Federal income tax to Director General Zorig Luvsandash from the General Department of National Taxation of the Republic of Mongolia. In August 2011, Joe Biden made the first visit to Mongolia by a sitting U.S. vice president since Henry Wallace toured the region in 1944.[20] Bilateral relations between Mongolia and the United States (in Mongolian)
Uruguay	1997-10-07[1]
Venezuela	1990-12-14[1]

East Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
People's Republic of China	1949-10-16[1]	In the Post–Cold War era, China has taken major steps to normalize its relationship with Mongolia, emphasizing its respect for Mongolia's sovereignty and independence. In 1994, Chinese Premier Li Peng signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation.[21] China has become Mongolia's biggest trade partner and source of foreign investment as well as the destination for 48% of Mongolian exports.[22] Bilateral trade reached US$1.13 billion by the first nine months of 2007, registering an increase of 90% from 2006.[23] China offered to allow the use of its Tianjin port to give Mongolia and its goods access to trade with the Asia Pacific region.[22] China also expanded its investments in Mongolia's mining industries, seeking to exploit the country's natural resources.[22][23] Mongolia and China have stepped up cooperation on fighting terrorism and bolstering regional security. China is likely to support Mongolia's membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and granting it observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[22]
Republic of China (Taiwan)	none	As the Republic of China did not recognize Mongolia until 1945, both countries did not exchange any diplomats between 1946 and 1949, and Mongolia recognized the People's Republic of China in 1949, there have never been formal diplomatic relations between Mongolia and the Republic of China. Until the 1990s, the Republic of China still considered Mongolia part of its territory. The Republic of China (currently on Taiwan) has not renounced claim to Mongolia as one of its provinces, primarily out of concern that such a move would be viewed as a precursor to renouncing sovereignty over all of Mainland China and Taiwan independence. In 2002 several ROC officials and government agencies passed laws and made strong statements recognizing Mongolia's sovereignty over the area (unofficially). "Outer Mongolia" was removed from the ROC's official maps and a representative office was established in Ulaanbaatar. Citizens of the Republic of China may travel to Mongolia using Republic of China passports (as is the case for most countries except the PRC), but Mongolian visas are stapled into (and not applied directly onto) the passport and Mongolian immigration authorities stamp the stapled visa instead of the passport. This is also the case for Hong Kong visas and entry/exit stamps.
Japan	1972-02-24[1]	Japan has been a major ally of Mongolia since the advent of democracy in 1991, and remains the largest single donor. Japanese aid and loans to Mongolia between 1991 and 2003 equal $1.2 billion, equaling 70 percent of total aid and loans. The two countries established a cultural exchange dialogue in 1974, a trade agreement in 1990, an air relations agreement in 1993, and an investment agreement in 2003. Trade between Mongolia and Japan in the first ten months of 2004 was $83.3 million. In addition, about 500 Mongolian students study in Japan. Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj visited Japan in 2011, and the two countries made a joint announcement regarding a strategic alliance. In 1991, Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu visited Mongolia, becoming the first to do so. Mongolian President Natsagiin Bagabandi first visited Japan in 1998. Mongolia has an embassy in Tokyo, established in 1973. Japan has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Mongolia Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Japan (in Mongolian)
North Korea	1948-10-15[1]	Mongolia has an embassy in North Korea. Relations date back to 1948, when Mongolia recognised Kim Il-sung's Soviet-backed government in the North. North Korean refugees are a delicate issue between the two governments. In 2005, South Korean charity groups received from the Mongolian government an allocation of 1.3 square kilometres of land at an unspecified location 40 kilometres outside of Ulaanbaatar to establish a refugee camp.[24] However, as of November 2006, Miyeegombyn Enkhbold, Mongolia's prime minister, officially denied the existence of such camps. One scholar estimated that 500 North Korean refugees enter Mongolia each month, along with some legal migrant labourers who come under an inter-governmental agreement to work in light industry and infrastructure projects.[25]
South Korea	1990-03-26[1]	Mongolians in South Korea form the largest population of Mongolian citizens abroad.. Their numbers were estimated at 33,000 as of 2008. South Korea established an embassy in Ulaanbaatar in 1990.[26] Mongolia established its embassy in Seoul in 1991. The relationship between the two countries has been defined by the Joint Mongolia-South Korean notice made during the visit of South Korean president Kim Dae-jung to Mongolia in 1990.

South East Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Brunei	1992-05-18[1]
Cambodia	1960-11-30[1]
East Timor	2003-10-28[1]
Indonesia	1956-12-22[1]
Laos	1962-09-12[1]
Malaysia	1971-09-08[1]	Mongolia has not presented any ambassador to Malaysia for seven years due to the murder of a Mongolian citizen on the country, but later decided to appointing an ambassador on 2014.[27]
Myanmar	1956-09-26[1]	[28]
Philippines	1973-10-11[1]
Singapore	1970-06-11[1]
Thailand	1974-03-05[1]
Vietnam	1954-11-17[1]	The two countries established diplomatic ties in 1954.[29] Mongolia has an embassy in Vietnam. The countries signed a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty in 1961, renewed it in 1979, and signed a new one in 1995.[29] On 13 January 2003, the countries signed an 8-point cooperative document committing to cooperation between the two governments and their legislative bodies, replacing an earlier document signed in 1998.[30]

South Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Bangladesh	1972-06-28[1]
Bhutan	2012-01-18[1]
India	1955-12-24[1]	India established diplomatic relations in December 1955. India was the first country outside the Soviet bloc to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia. Since then, there have been treaties of mutual friendship and cooperation between the two countries in 1973, 1994, 2001 and 2004.
Maldives	1985-11-06[1]
Nepal	1961-01-05[1]
Pakistan	1962-07-06[1]
Sri Lanka	1962-02-01[1]

Russia, Central Asia and the Middle East

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Afghanistan	1962-02-01[1]	In December 2013 Mongolia re-established its embassy in Kabul.[31][32]
Azerbaijan	1992-04-16[1]
Bahrain	1998-05-16[1]
Iran	1971-05-20[1]
Iraq	1962-02-05[1]
Israel	1991-10-02[1]
Jordan	1981-05-21[1]
Kazakhstan	1992-01-22[1]	Mongolia has an embassy in Nur-Sultan and a consulate general in Almaty. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Ethnic Kazakhs make up the only significant ethnic minority in Mongolia.
Kuwait	1975-06-17[1]
Kyrgyzstan	1992-04-22[1]	Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj made an official visit to Kyrgyzstan in 2012.
Lebanon	1998-02-05[1]
Oman	1992-04-27[1]
State of Palestine	1988-11-22[1]
Qatar	1998-01-21[1]	In 2020, Mongolia signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar to establish political consultations between the ministries of foreign affairs of both the countries.[33]
Russia	1921-11-05[1]	Further information: Mongolia–Russia relations Relations between Mongolia and the Russian Federation have been traditionally strong since the Communist era, when Soviet Russia was the closest ally of the Mongolian People's Republic. Russia has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and two consulate generals (in Darkhan and Erdenet). Mongolia has an embassy in Moscow, three consulate generals (in Irkutsk, Kyzyl and Ulan Ude), and a branch in Yekaterinburg. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (Russia is a participating state, while Mongolia is a partner). After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia developed relations with the new independent states. Links with Russia and other republics were essential to contribute to stabilisation of the Mongolian economy. The primary difficulties in developing fruitful coordination occurred because these new states were experiencing the same political and economic restructuring as Mongolia. Despite these difficulties, Mongolia and Russia successfully negotiated both a 1991 Joint Declaration of Cooperation and a bilateral trade agreement. This was followed by a 1993 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation[21] establishing a new basis of equality in the relationship. Mongolian President Bagabandi visited Moscow in 1999, and Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Mongolia in 2000[21] in order to sign the 25-point Ulaanbaatar Declaration, reaffirming Mongol-Russian friendship and cooperation on numerous economic and political issues.
Saudi Arabia	2007-02-12[1]
Syria	1967-07-31[1]	Ties between Mongolia and Syria were established on July 31, 1967, when both countries had socialist governments. Mongolian delegates (from the then-ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) traveled to Syria in 1978, 1982, and 1985, while Syrian (Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party) delegates visited Mongolia in 1983 and 1986. Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Syria (in Mongolian)
Tajikistan	1992-04-24[1]
Turkmenistan	1992-04-23[1]
United Arab Emirates	1996-04-01[1]
Uzbekistan	1992-01-25[1]
Yemen	1970-08-28[1]

Europe

Mongolia seeks closer relations with countries in Europe and hopes to receive most-favoured-nation status from the European Union (EU). During 1991, Mongolia signed investment promotion and protection agreements with Germany and France and an economic cooperation agreement with the United Kingdom. Germany continued former East German cooperative programs and also provided loans and aid.

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Albania	1949-05-24[1]
Andorra	2011-11-21[1]
Armenia	1992-02-11[1]	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1992.[34] Armenia is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China.[34]
Austria	1963-07-01[1]
Belarus	1992-01-24[1]
Belgium	1971-07-08[1]	The Benelux (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) is represented in Mongolia through embassies in Beijing (China). Mongolia has an embassy in Brussels.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1993-02-24[1]
Bulgaria	1950-04-22[1]	Further information: Bulgaria–Mongolia relations Bulgaria has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Sofia. Diplomatic relations between the two counties were first initiated on 22 April 1950. Due to the similar ideological situation in both countries, their relations witnessed a steady development up until the 1990s. Bilateral relations somewhat deteriorated for the next ten years. From 2001, though, they get back to a more positive track with the current Bulgarian president Georgi Parvanov making an official visit to Ulaanbaatar in the summer of 2007. Until the beginning of the 1990s Bulgaria was Mongolia's 3rd biggest trading partner. Agricultural products and light industry goods were the main exports. Due to the subsequent economical and political changes in both countries the volume of trade shrank considerably. The volume of trade between Bulgaria and Mongolia totaled $2 million for 2008, with the main exporter being Bulgaria.[35]
Croatia	1993-03-10[1]	Further information: Croatia–Mongolia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 10, 1993.[36] Croatia is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing (China). Mongolia has an honorary consulate in Zagreb.
Cyprus	1973-12-19[1]	Cyprus-Mongolia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 19, 1973.[37][38] Cyprus is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China.[39] Mongolia is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.[40]
Czech Republic	1993-01-01[1]	Diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Czechoslovakia commenced on 25 April 1950. In the 1980s, Czechoslovakia was Mongolia's second-largest trading partner, behind the Soviet Union. After the 1992 dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Mongolia reaffirmed its relations with the newly formed Czech Republic in 1993.[41] However, in the 1990s, trade volumes declined sharply, though the Czech Republic still accounts for about 1% of Mongolia's imports. The Embassy of the Czech Republic in Ulaanbaatar was formally reopened in 1999.[42] As of 2005, annual bilateral trade between the two countries was valued at US$5 million.[43] The Czech government has also been involved in various water supply development programs in Mongolia.
Denmark	1968-08-05[1]	Mongolia has a general consulate in Copenhagen.[44] Denmark has one general consulate in Ulaanbaatar.[45]
Estonia	1991-11-20[1]
Finland	1963-07-15[1]
France	1965-04-27[1]
Georgia	1992-05-12[1]
Germany	1974-01-31[1]	Mongolia established ties with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1974, with embassies in Ulaanbaatar and Berlin
Greece	1967-03-03[1]	Greece is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing (China). Mongolia is represented in Greece through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and an honorary consulate in Athens.
Holy See	1992-04-04[1]
Hungary	1950-04-28[1]	Hungary has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Budapest
Iceland	1974-06-04[1]
Ireland	1998-12-22[1]
Italy	1970-06-29[1]
Kosovo	none	Mongolia does not recognize Kosovo as a country.
Latvia	1991-10-15[1]
Liechtenstein	1998-03-18[1]
Lithuania	1991-12-11[1]
Luxembourg	1976-07-11[1]	The Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) is represented in Mongolia through embassies in Beijing (China).
Malta	1979-08-08[1]
Moldova	1992-01-30[1]
Monaco	2008-05-22[1]
Montenegro	2007-02-01[1]
Netherlands	1972-03-06[1]	The Benelux (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) is represented in Mongolia through embassies in Beijing (China). Mongolia has an honorary consulate in Breda.
North Macedonia	1995-06-27[1]
Norway	1968-01-11[1]
Poland	1950-04-14[1]
Portugal	1974-07-26[1]
Romania	1950-04-29[1]
San Marino	2007-04-25[1]
Spain	1977-07-05[1]	Further information: Mongolia–Spain relations
Serbia	1956-11-20[1]
Slovakia	1993-01-01[1]
Slovenia	1993-02-18[1]
Sweden	1964-06-30[1]
Switzerland	1964-05-22[1]
Turkey	1969-06-24[1]	Mongolia has an embassy in Ankara.[46] Turkey has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.[47] Both countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). There are around 134 Turks who live in Mongolia.
Ukraine	1992-01-21[1]	* Mongolia is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Poland. An embassy previously existed in Kyiv but was closed and replaced with a consular department. Ukraine is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in China.
United Kingdom	1963-01-23[1]	Further information: Mongolia–United Kingdom relations First Western nation to establish diplomatic ties.
European Union	1989-08-01[1]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta	none[48]

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia	1972-09-15[1]	Main article: Australia–Mongolia relations The Mongolian Consulate was established in Canberra in March 1997. An embassy was established in October 2008.[49] Sükhbaataryn Batbold became the first head of government to visit Australia in 2011. Australia opened its embassy in Ulaanbaatar in December 2015.[50]
Cook Islands	none
Fiji	1976-03-15[1]
Kiribati	2014-01-15[11]
Marshall Islands	2015-05-25[11]
Federated States of Micronesia	2013-12-06
Nauru	2011-10-13[1]
New Zealand	1975-04-08[1]
Niue	none
Palau	2013-09-25[1]
Papua New Guinea	1976-06-16[1]
Samoa	2011-12-21[1]
Solomon Islands	2011-10-13[1]
Tonga	2000-04-04[1]
Tuvalu	2011-12-05[1]
Vanuatu	2013-09-23[1]

International organisation participation

AsDB, ASEAN (observer), ASEM, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, SCO (observer)

Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 because of repeated threats to veto by the Republic of China, which considered Mongolia to be part of its territory (see China and the United Nations).

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Mongolia
• List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia
• Visa requirements for Mongolian citizens

References

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44. "Mongoliets Konsulat". Retrieved 4 February 2019.
45. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark: Mongolia Archived 2010-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
46. Embassy of Mongolia in Ankara
47. "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
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• Franck Billé; Grégory Delaplace; Caroline Humphrey (1 August 2012). Frontier Encounters: Knowledge and Practice at the Russian, Chinese and Mongolian Border. Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-906924-87-4.

External links

• (in English) Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Permanent Mission of Mongolia to the United Nations
• List of countries with established diplomatic relations