Nandrolone

Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand name Durabolin).[2][11][8][12] Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias, cachexia (wasting syndrome), osteoporosis, breast cancer, and for other indications.[8] They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat.[8][12][13]

Nandrolone
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈnændrəloʊn/[1]
Trade names• Deca-Durabolin (as ND)
• Durabolin (as NPP)
• Many others (see here)
Other names• 19-Nortestosterone[2][3]
• 10-Nortestosterone
• Estr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
• Estrenolone
• Oestrenolone
• 19-Norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
• Norandrostenolone[2]
• Nortestrionate[2]
• Nortestonate[2]
• SG-4341[2][3]
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: X (Contraindicated)
    Routes of
    administration    		• IM injection (esters)
    • SC injection (esters)
    • Eye drops (NS)
    Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid; Progestogen
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability• Oral: <3% (pigs)[4]
    • Intramuscular: high[5]
    MetabolismLiver (reduction)[6][7]
    Metabolites• 5α-Dihydronandrolone[6][8]
    • 19-Norandrosterone[6]
    • 19-Noretiocholanolone[6]
    • Conjugates[7]
    Elimination half-life• Nandrolone: <4.3 hours[6]
    • ND (IM): 6–12 days[6][8][9]
    • NPP: 2.7 days[9]
    Duration of action• ND (IM): 2–3 weeks[8][10]
    • NPP (IM): 5–7 days[8][9]
    ExcretionUrine[6]
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.006.457
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC18H26O2
    Molar mass274.404 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
      (verify)

    Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire.[8] They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[8][14] Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children.[8][14][15] They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body.[8]

    Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s.[8] They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide.[8] In addition to their medical use, nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance, and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes.[8][16] The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.[8]

    Medical uses

    Nandrolone esters are used clinically, although increasingly rarely, for people in catabolic states with major burns, cancer, and AIDS, and an ophthalmological formulation was available to support cornea healing.[17]:134

    The positive effects of nandrolone esters include muscle growth, appetite stimulation and increased red blood cell production, and bone density.[18] Clinical studies have shown them to be effective in treating anemia, osteoporosis, and breast cancer.

    Nandrolone sulfate has been used in an eye drop formulation as an ophthalmic medication.[2][11]

    Non-medical uses

    Nandrolone esters are used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.[8]

    Side effects
    See also: Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects

    Side effects of nandrolone esters include masculinization among others.[8] In women, nandrolone and nandrolone esters have been reported to produce increased libido, acne, facial and body hair growth, voice changes, and clitoral enlargement.[19] However, the masculinizing effects of nandrolone and its esters are reported to be slighter than those of testosterone.[19] Nandrolone has also been found to produce penile growth in prepubertal boys.[19] Amenorrhea and menorrhagia have been reported as side effects of nandrolone cypionate.[19]

    Nandrolone theoretically may produce erectile dysfunction as a side effect, although there is no clinical evidence to support this notion at present.[20] Side effects of high doses of nandrolone may include cardiovascular toxicity as well as hypogonadism and infertility. Nandrolone may not produce scalp hair loss, although this is also theoretical.[20]

    Pharmacology

    Pharmacodynamics
    Androgenic vs. anabolic activity
    of androgens/anabolic steroids
    MedicationRatioa
    Testosterone~1:1
    Androstanolone (DHT)~1:1
    Methyltestosterone~1:1
    Methandriol~1:1
    Fluoxymesterone1:1–1:15
    Metandienone1:1–1:8
    Drostanolone1:3–1:4
    Metenolone1:2–1:30
    Oxymetholone1:2–1:9
    Oxandrolone1:3–1:13
    Stanozolol1:1–1:30
    Nandrolone1:3–1:16
    Ethylestrenol1:2–1:19
    Norethandrolone1:1–1:20
    Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

    Nandrolone is an agonist of the AR, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and DHT. Unlike testosterone and certain other AAS, nandrolone is not potentiated in androgenic tissues like the scalp, skin, and prostate, hence deleterious effects in these tissues are lessened.[21] This is because nandrolone is metabolized by 5α-reductase to the much weaker AR ligand 5α-dihydronandrolone (DHN), which has both reduced affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) relative to nandrolone in vitro and weaker AR agonistic potency in vivo.[21] The lack of alkylation on the 17α-carbon drastically reduces the hepatotoxic potential of nandrolone. Estrogen effects resulting from reaction with aromatase are also reduced due to lessened enzyme interaction,[22] but effects such as gynecomastia and reduced libido may still occur at sufficiently high doses.

    In addition to its AR agonistic activity, unlike many other AAS, nandrolone is also a potent progestogen.[23] It binds to the progesterone receptor with approximately 22% of the affinity of progesterone.[23] The progestogenic activity of nandrolone serves to augment its antigonadotropic effects,[24][8] as antigonadotropic action is a known property of progestogens.[25][26]

    Relative affinities (%) of nandrolone and related steroids
    CompoundPRARERGRMRSHBGCBG
    Nandrolone20154–155<0.10.51.61–160.1
    Testosterone1.0–1.2100<0.10.170.919–823–8
    Estradiol2.67.91000.60.138.7–12<0.1
    Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference ligands (100%) were progesterone for the PR, testosterone for the AR, estradiol for the ER, dexamethasone for the GR, aldosterone for the MR, dihydrotestosterone for SHBG, and cortisol for CBG. Sources: See template.

    Anabolic and androgenic activity

    Nandrolone has a very high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity.[14] In fact, nandrolone-like AAS like nandrolone itself and trenbolone are said to have among the highest ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of all AAS.[24] This is attributed to the fact that whereas testosterone is potentiated via conversion into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgenic tissues, the opposite is true with nandrolone and similar AAS (i.e., other 19-nortestosterone derivatives).[14] As such, nandrolone-like AAS, namely nandrolone esters, are the most frequently used AAS in clinical settings in which anabolic effects are desired; for instance, in the treatment of AIDS-associated cachexia, severe burns, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[24] However, AAS with a very high ratio of anabolic to androgenic action like nandrolone still have significant androgenic effects and can produce symptoms of masculinization like hirsutism and voice deepening in women and children with extended use.[14]

    Relative affinities of nandrolone and related steroids at the androgen receptor
    CompoundrAR (%)hAR (%)
    Testosterone3838
    5α-Dihydrotestosterone77100
    Nandrolone7592
    5α-Dihydronandrolone3550
    EthylestrenolND2
    NorethandroloneND22
    5α-DihydronorethandroloneND14
    Metribolone100110
    Sources: See template.

    Pharmacokinetics

    The oral activity of nandrolone has been studied.[27][28][29][30][31][32] With oral administration of nandrolone in rodents, it had about one-tenth of the potency of subcutaneous injection of nandrolone.[27][33][19]

    Nandrolone has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT.[34] It is metabolized by the enzyme 5α-reductase, among others.[35] Nandrolone is less susceptible to metabolism by 5α-reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase than testosterone.[35] This results in it being transformed less in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland and in the kidneys, respectively.[35] Metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, and these metabolites may be detected in urine.[36]

    Single intramuscular injections of 100 mg nandrolone phenylpropionate or nandrolone decanoate have been found to produce an anabolic effect for 10 to 14 days and 20 to 25 days, respectively.[37] Conversely, unesterified nandrolone has been used by intramuscular injection once daily.[19][33]

    Hormone levels with nandrolone esters by intramuscular injection

    Chemistry
    Nandrolone, with the differences from testosterone highlighted in red. The methyl group in testosterone at the C19 position has been removed, and the C17β position is where esters are attached to nandrolone.
    See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids

    Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone (19-NT) or as estrenolone, as well as estra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one or 19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one,[42] is a naturally occurring estrane (19-norandrostane) steroid and a derivative of testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one).[2][11] It is specifically the C19 demethylated (nor) analogue of testosterone.[2][11] Nandrolone is an endogenous intermediate in the production of estradiol from testosterone via aromatase in mammals including humans and is present in the body naturally in trace amounts.[43] It can be detected during pregnancy in women.[44] Nandrolone esters have an ester such as decanoate or phenylpropionate attached at the C17β position.[2][11]

    Derivatives

    Esters
    See also: List of androgen esters § Nandrolone esters

    A variety of esters of nandrolone have been marketed and used medically.[2][11] The most commonly used esters are nandrolone decanoate and to a lesser extent nandrolone phenylpropionate. Examples of other nandrolone esters that have been marketed and used medically include nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate, nandrolone cypionate, nandrolone hexyloxyphenylpropionate, nandrolone laurate, nandrolone sulfate, and nandrolone undecanoate.[2][11][8]

    Anabolic steroids
    See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids and List of androgen esters § Esters of synthetic AAS

    Nandrolone is the parent compound of a large group of AAS. Notable examples include the non-17α-alkylated trenbolone and the 17α-alkylated ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) and metribolone (R-1881), as well as the 17α-alkylated designer steroids norboletone and tetrahydrogestrinone (THG). The following is list of derivatives of nandrolone that have been developed as AAS:[8]

    Progestins
    See also: List of progestogens § Testosterone derivatives

    Nandrolone, together with ethisterone (17α-ethynyltestosterone), is also the parent compound of a large group of progestins, the norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) derivatives.[45][46] This family is subdivided into two groups: the estranes and the gonanes.[45] The estranes include norethisterone (norethindrone), norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate, lynestrenol, etynodiol diacetate, and noretynodrel, while the gonanes include norgestrel, levonorgestrel, desogestrel, etonogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate, dienogest (actually a 17α-cyanomethyl-19-nortestosterone derivative), and norelgestromin.[45]

    Synthesis
    19-Nortestosterone synthesis:[47] alternative:[48][49]

    The elaboration of a method for the reduction of aromatic rings to the corresponding dihydrobenzenes under controlled conditions by A. J. Birch opened a convenient route to compounds related to the putative 19-norprogesterone.

    This reaction, now known as the Birch reduction,[50] is typified by the treatment of the monomethyl ether of estradiol (1) with a solution of lithium metal in liquid ammonia in the presence of alcohol as a proton source. Initial reaction constituents of 1,4-dimetalation of the most electron deficient positions of the aromatic ring–in the case of an estrogen, the 1 and 4-positions. Rxn of the intermediate with the proton source leads to a dihydrobenzene; a special virtue of this sequence in steroids is the fact that the double bind at 2 is in effect becomes an enol ether moiety. Treatment of this product (2) with weak acid, oxalic acid for e.g., leads to the hydrolysis of the enol ether, producing β,γ-unconjugated ketone 3. Hydrolysis under more strenuous conditions (mineral acids) results in migration/conjugation of the olefin to yield nandrolone (4).

    Esters
    • Treatment of 4 with decanoic anhydride and pyridine affords nandrolone decanoate.[51]
    • Acylation of 4 with phenylpropionyl chloride yields nandrolone phenpropionate.[52]

    Detection in body fluids

    Nandrolone use is directly detectable in hair or indirectly detectable in urine by testing for the presence of 19-norandrosterone, a metabolite. The International Olympic Committee has set a limit of 2.0 μg/L of 19-norandrosterone in urine as the upper limit,[53] beyond which an athlete is suspected of doping. In the largest nandrolone study performed on 621 athletes at the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games, no athlete tested over 0.4 μg/L. 19-Norandrosterone was identified as a trace contaminant in commercial preparations of androstenedione, which until 2004 was available without a prescription as a dietary supplement in the U.S.[54][55][56][57]

    A number of nandrolone cases in athletics occurred in 1999, which included high-profile athletes such as Merlene Ottey, Dieter Baumann and Linford Christie.[58] However, the following year the detection method for nandrolone at the time was proved to be faulty. Mark Richardson, a British Olympic relay runner who tested positive for the substance, gave a significant amount of urine samples in a controlled environment and delivered a positive test for the drug, demonstrating that false positives could occur, which led to an overhaul of his competitive ban.[59]

    Heavy consumption of the essential amino acid lysine (as indicated in the treatment of cold sores) has allegedly shown false positives in some and was cited by American shotputter C. J. Hunter as the reason for his positive test, though in 2004 he admitted to a federal grand jury that he had injected nandrolone.[60] A possible cause of incorrect urine test results is the presence of metabolites from other AAS, though modern urinalysis can usually determine the exact AAS used by analyzing the ratio of the two remaining nandrolone metabolites. As a result of the numerous overturned verdicts, the testing procedure was reviewed by UK Sport. On October 5, 2007, three-time Olympic gold medalist for track and field Marion Jones admitted to use of the drug, and was sentenced to six months in jail for lying to a federal grand jury in 2000.[61]

    Mass spectrometry is also used to detect small samples of nandrolone in urine samples, as it has a unique molar mass.

    History
    QV Nandrolone Deca, a form of nandrolone used by athletes.

    Nandrolone was first synthesized in 1950.[2][42][17]:130[62] It was first introduced, as nandrolone phenylpropionate, in 1959, and then as nandrolone decanoate in 1962, followed by additional esters.[63]

    Society and culture

    Generic names

    Nandrolone is the generic name of the drug and its INN, BAN, DCF, and DCIT.[2][11][3][64] The formal generic names of nandrolone esters include nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate (BANM), nandrolone cyclotate (USAN), nandrolone decanoate (USAN, USP, BANM, JAN), nandrolone laurate (BANM), nandrolone phenpropionate (USP), and nandrolone phenylpropionate (BANM, JAN).[2][11][3][64]

    Doping in sports

    Nandrolone was probably among the first AAS to be used as a doping agent in sports in the 1960s. It has been banned at the Olympics since 1974.[17]:128 There are many known cases of doping in sports with nandrolone esters by professional athletes.

    Research

    Nandrolone esters have been studied in several indications. They were intensively studied for osteoporosis, and increased calcium uptake and decreased bone loss, but caused virilization in about half of the women who took them and were mostly abandoned for this use when better drugs like the bisphosphonates became available.[20] They have also been studied in clinical trials for chronic kidney failure, aplastic anemia, and as male contraceptives.[17]:134

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