7,8-Dihydroxyflavone

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a naturally occurring flavone found in Godmania aesculifolia, Tridax procumbens, and primula tree leaves.[2][3][4] It has been found to act as a potent and selective small-molecule agonist of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) (Kd ≈ 320 nM), the main signaling receptor of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).[5][6][7] 7,8-DHF is both orally bioavailable and able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier.[8][9] A prodrug of 7,8-DHF with greatly improved potency and pharmacokinetics, R13 (and, formerly, R7), is under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[10][11]

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone
Clinical data
Other names7,8-DHF
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~5% (in mice)[1]
Elimination half-life< 30 minutes (in mice)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.048.903
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H10O4
Molar mass254.241 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

7,8-DHF has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in animal models of a variety of central nervous system disorders,[7] including depression,[8] Alzheimer's disease,[12][13][14] cognitive deficits in schizophrenia,[15] Parkinson's disease,[5] Huntington's disease,[16] amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[17] traumatic brain injury,[18] cerebral ischemia,[19][20] fragile X syndrome,[21] and Rett syndrome.[22] 7,8-DHF also shows efficacy in animal models of age-associated cognitive impairment[23] and enhances memory consolidation and emotional learning in healthy rodents.[24][25] In addition, 7,8-DHF possesses powerful antioxidant activity independent of its actions on the TrkB receptor,[26] and protects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity,[27] 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity,[28] and oxidative stress-induced genotoxicity.[29] It was also found to block methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity, an effect which, in contrast to the preceding, was found to be TrkB-dependent.[30]

In 2017, evidence was published suggesting that 7,8-DHF and various other reported small-molecule TrkB agonists might not actually be direct agonists of the TrkB and might be mediating their observed effects by other means.[31][32]

7,8-DHF has been found to act as a weak aromatase inhibitor in vitro (Ki = 10 μM),[33] though there is evidence to suggest that this might not be the case in vivo.[5] In addition, it has been found to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase and estrogen sulfotransferase in vitro (Ki = 35 μM and 1–3 μM, respectively), though similarly to the case of aromatase, these activities have not yet been confirmed in vivo.[5] Unlike many other flavonoids, 7,8-DHF does not show any inhibitory activity on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.[34] 7,8-DHF has also been observed to possess in vitro antiestrogenic effects at very high concentrations (Ki = 50 μM).[35][36]

A variety of close structural analogues of 7,8-DHF have also been found to act as TrkB agonists in vitro, including diosmetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), norwogonin (5,7,8-trihydroxyflavone), 4'-dimethylamino-7,8-dihydroxyflavone (4'-DMA-7,8-DHF), 7,8,3'-trihydroxyflavone, 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone, 7,8,2'-trihydroxyflavone, 3,7,8,2'-tetrahydroxyflavone, and 3,7-dihydroxyflavone.[37] The highly hydroxylated analogue gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavone), conversely, appears to be an antagonist of TrkB in vitro.[37]

See also

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone was also found to decrease mouse sleep in dark phase and reduce hypothalamus level of orexin A (Feng et al 2015).

References
  1. US application 20150274692, Keqiang Ye, "7,8-Dihydoxyflavone and 7,8-substituted flavone derivatives, compositions, and methods related thereto", published 2015-10-01, assigned to Emory University
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