Ulipristal acetate

Ulipristal acetate, sold under the brand name Ella among others, is a medication used for emergency contraception (birth control) and uterine fibroids.[1][2][3] As emergency contraception it should be used within 120 hours of sex.[1] For fibroids it may be taken for up to six months.[4] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Ulipristal acetate
Clinical data
Trade namesElla, EllaOne, Esmya, others
Other namesCDB-2914; 11β-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-17α-acetoxy-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: X (Contraindicated)
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth
    Drug classSelective progesterone receptor modulator[1]
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • UK: General sales list (GSL, OTC)
    • US: ℞-only
    Pharmacokinetic data
    BioavailabilityNearly 100%
    Protein binding96.7–99.5%
    MetabolismLikely CYP3A4
    Elimination half-life32 hours[1]
    Excretionca. 90% with feces
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.207.349
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC30H37NO4
    Molar mass475.629 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
     NY (what is this?)  (verify)

    Common side effects include headache, nausea, feeling tired, and abdominal pain.[1] It should not be used in people who are already pregnant.[1] It is in the selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) class of medications.[1] It works by preventing the effects of progesterone thus stopping ovulation.[5]

    Ulipristal acetate was approved for medical use in the United States in 2010.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[6] To improve access, some recommend all who can get pregnant be given a prescription for use if needed.[5]

    Medical uses

    Emergency contraception

    For emergency contraception[7] a 30 mg tablet is used within 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure.[8] It has been shown to prevent about 62–85% of expected pregnancies,[9] and prevents more pregnancies than emergency contraception with levonorgestrel.[10] Ulipristal acetate is available by prescription for emergency contraception in over 50 countries, with access through pharmacists without a prescription being tested in the United Kingdom.[11][12][13][14] In November 2014, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended availability of ellaOne emergency contraceptive without prescription in the European Union.[15] In January 2015 the European Commission issued an implementing decision amending accordingly the marketing authorization of EllaOne in the EU.[16] Since July 2016, it is available without prescription in Israel.

    Uterine fibroids

    Ulipristal acetate is used for pre-operative treatment of moderate to severe symptoms of uterine fibroids in adult women of reproductive age.[17] The use of ulipristal acetate to treat fibroids was suspended in the European Union in March 2020.[17]

    Treatment of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate for 13 weeks effectively controlled excessive bleeding due to uterine fibroids and reduced the size of the fibroids.[18][19][20]

    Two intermittent 3-months treatment courses of ulipristal acetate 10 mg resulted in amenorrhea at the end of the first treatment course in 79.5%, at the end of the second course in 88.5% of subjects. Mean myoma volume reduction observed during the first treatment course (−41.9%) was maintained during the second one (−43.7%).[17] After two to four 3-months courses of treatment, UPA-treated fibroids shown about -70% in volume reduction.[21]

    Volume reduction of uterine fibroid induced by ulipristal acetate was tentatively explained by the combination of multifactorial events involving control of proliferation of the tumor cells, induction of apoptosis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix[22] under the action of matrix metalloproteinases.[23]

    In May 2018, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended measures to minimise the risk of rare but serious liver injury with ulipristal, including contraindication in women with known liver problems; liver tests before, during and after stopping treatment; a card for people to inform them about the need for liver monitoring and to contact their doctor should they develop symptoms of liver injury. In addition, use of the medicine for more than one treatment course has been restricted to women who are not eligible for surgery.[24]

    Contraindications

    Ulipristal acetate should not be taken by women with severe liver diseases[25] because of its CYP mediated metabolism. It has not been studied in women under the age of 18.[26]

    It is also not recommended for women with severe asthma receiving glucocorticoid treatment because it has shown antiglucocorticoid effects in animal studies.[27]

    Pregnancy

    Unlike levonorgestrel, and like mifepristone, ulipristal acetate is embryotoxic in animal studies.[28] Before taking the drug, a pregnancy must be excluded.[8] The EMA proposed to avoid any allusion to a possible use as an abortifacient in the package insert to avert off-label use.[29] It is unlikely that ulipristal acetate could effectively be used as an abortifacient, since it is used in much lower doses (30 mg) than the roughly equipotent mifepristone (600 mg), and since mifepristone has to be combined with a prostaglandin for the induction of abortion.[30] However, data on embryotoxicity in humans are very limited, and it is not clear what the risk for an abortion or for teratogenicity (birth defects) is. Of the 29 women studied who became pregnant despite taking ulipristal acetate, 16 had induced abortions, six had spontaneous abortions, six continued the pregnancies, and one was lost to follow-up.[31]

    Lactation

    It is not recommended to breast feed within seven days of taking the drug since ulipristal acetate is are excreted into the breast milk, and possible effects on the infant have not been studied.[25][32]

    Side effects

    The most common side effects include headache, nausea (feeling sick), abdominal pain (stomach ache), and dysmenorrhea (period pains).[8]

    Interactions

    Ulipristal acetate is metabolized by CYP3A4 in vitro. Ulipristal acetate is likely to interact with substrates of CYP3A4, like rifampicin, phenytoin, St John's wort, carbamazepine or ritonavir, therefore concomitant use with these agents is not recommended.[17][33] It might also interact with hormonal contraceptives and progestogens such as levonorgestrel and other substrates of the progesterone receptor, as well as with glucocorticoids.[17]

    Pharmacology

    Pharmacodynamics

    As an SPRM, ulipristal acetate has partial agonistic as well as antagonistic effects on the progesterone receptor. Ulipristal acetate exhibits similar potency to antagonize progesterone receptor as mifepristone in vitro.[34] It also binds to the androgen receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor, but is only a weak antiandrogen and antiglucocorticoid relative to flutamide and mifepristone, respectively.[35][36] Ulipristal acetate has no relevant affinity to the estrogen and mineralocorticoid receptors.[37] Phase II clinical trials suggest that the mechanism might consist of blocking or delaying ovulation and of delaying the maturation of the endometrium.[38]

    Pharmacokinetics

    In animal studies, the drug was quickly and nearly completely absorbed from the gut. Intake of food delays absorption, but it is not known whether this is clinically relevant.[39]

    Ulipristal acetate is metabolized in the liver, most likely by CYP3A4, and to a small extent by CYP1A2 and CYP2D6. The two main metabolites have been shown to be pharmacologically active, but less than the original drug. The main excretion route is via the feces.[40]

    History

    Ulipristal acetate was granted marketing authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in May 2009.[8] In 2014, the EMA recommended ulipristal be made available without a prescription in the European Union.[41][8]

    The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the drug for use in the United States on 13 August 2010,[42] following the FDA advisory committee's recommendation.[43][44] Watson Pharmaceuticals announced the availability of ulipristal acetate in the United States on 1 December 2010, in retail pharmacies, clinics, and one on-line pharmacy, KwikMed.[45]

    Society and culture

    Brand names

    Ulipristal acetate is marketed in the United States under the brand name Ella and in Canada under the brand name Fibristal.[3] It is also marketed under the brand names EllaOne and Esmya in many countries including the United Kingdom and Ireland.[3] A few less-widely used brand names also exist.[3]

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    gollark: Generally not a very efficient one, at least, because of the competing interests of all the humans involved and very slow self-regulation.
    gollark: That would kind of defeat the point of the trolley problem.
    gollark: That post and the comments seem to provide a decent enough explanation, yes.
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    References
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    4. British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 510, 560. ISBN 9780857111562.
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    6. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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