York

York is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 198,051 as of 2011 census. The population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census. Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire. The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities, which makes it a popular tourist destination in England. The local authority is the City of York Council, a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city. The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. It is about 25 miles (40 km) north-east of Leeds and 34 miles (55 km) north-west of Kingston upon Hull. York is the most populous district within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire and second largest built-up area.

This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see York (disambiguation) and City of York (disambiguation).

York
City and unitary authority
City of York
Clockwise from top right: Millennium Bridge, George Hudson Street, Micklegate Bar, Ouse Bridge, FTR bus, York Minster
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Chocolate City[1]
Motto(s): 
Let the Banner of York Fly High[2]
Shown within North Yorkshire
York
Location within England
York
Location within the United Kingdom
York
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionYorkshire and the Humber
Ceremonial countyNorth Yorkshire
Historic countyYorkshire
Foundedas Eboracum c. 71 AD
City statusTime immemorial
Unitary status1 April 1996[3]
Administrative centre • York Guildhall
 • West Offices
Government
 • TypeUnitary authority
 • BodyCity of York Council
 • LeadershipLeader and cabinet
 • ExecutiveLiberal Democrat and Green coalition
 • Lord MayorJanet Looker (L)
 • Council LeaderKeith Aspden (LD)
Area
 • Total105.00 sq mi (271.94 km2)
Population
 (mid-2019 est.)
 • Total210,618
 • Rank(Ranked 87th)
 • Density1,780/sq mi (687/km2)
 • Urban
153,717
 • Ethnicity
(2011 Census)[4]
94.3% White
Demonym(s)Yorker • Yorkie[5]
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
Postcode areas
YO
Dialling codes01904
ISO 3166-2GB-YOR
ONS code00FF (ONS)
E06000014 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSE603517
NUTS 3UKE21
Primary airportLeeds Bradford Airport (Outside of York)
Councillors47
MPs
Websiteyork.gov.uk

The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Deira, Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.[6] In the 19th century, York became a major hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre, a status it maintained well into the 20th century. During the Second World War, York was bombed as part of the Baedeker Blitz. Although less affected by bombing than other northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration efforts continued into the 1960s.[7]

The economy of York is dominated by services. The University of York and National Health Service are major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy. In 2016, York became sister cities with the Chinese city of Nanjing, as per an agreement signed by the Lord Mayor of York, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture.[8][9] Today, the city is a popular tourist attraction, especially for international visitors from America, Germany, France and China.[10][11] In 2017, York became UK's first human rights city, which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making.[12]

History
Main article: History of York

Origin of the name

The word York (Old Norse: Jórvík) is derived from the Brittonic name Eburākon (Latinised variously as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci), a combination of eburos "yew-tree" (compare Old Irish ibar "yew-tree" (Irish iobhar, iubhar, iúr; Scottish Gaelic iubhar), Welsh efwr "alder buckthorn", Breton evor "alder buckthorn") and a suffix of appurtenance *-āko(n) "belonging to-, place of-" (compare Welsh -og)[13] meaning either "place of the yew trees" (efrog in Welsh, Old Irish iubrach "grove of yew trees, place with one or more yew trees", iúrach in Irish Gaelic and iùbhrach in Scottish Gaelic; the city itself is called Eabhrach (Irish) and Eabhraig in those languages, from the Latin Eboracum); or alternatively, "the settlement of (a man named) Eburos" (a Celtic personal name is mentioned in different documents as Eβουρος, Eburus and Eburius and, when combined with the Celtic possessive suffix *-āko(n), could be used to denote his property).[14][13]

The name Eboracum became the Anglian Eoforwic in the 7th century: a compound of Eofor-, from the old name, and -wic a village, probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a Germanic root *eburaz ('boar'); by the 7th century the Old English for 'boar' had become eofor. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík.[15]

The Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic (modern Norman Évèroui) in works such as Wace's Roman de Rou.[16] Jórvík, meanwhile, gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.[6][17] Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Latinised Brittonic, Roman name.[18]

The 12th‑century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his fictional account of the prehistoric kings of Britain, Historia Regum Britanniae, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus.[19]

The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature.[20]

Early history
Roman wall and the west corner tower of Eboracum. The top half is medieval.

Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.[21]

The city was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000 legionary soldiers. The site of the principia (HQ) of the fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.[15][22]

Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 AD.

The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay 207–211 AD, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a 'colonia' or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.[22][23] In 314 AD a bishop from York attended the Council at Arles to represent Christians from the province.[24]

While the Roman colonia and fortress were on high ground, by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.[25] York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.[26]

Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city.[27] The first wooden minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.[28] Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor Oswald.[15][29] In the following century, Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter's School, founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.[30]

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in 954 AD by King Eadred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.[31] As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan, Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints' Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle. After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Saxon Eoforwic to Jorvik. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak boasted more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town's central Coppergate area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as the Arabian Gulf have also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.[32]

After the conquest
A panorama of 15th-century York by E Ridsdale Tate, York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of Baile Hill

In 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "Harrying of the North" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.[33][34]

The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, Archbishop Thomas started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.[29]

Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle

In the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 Jews died (although some authorities put the figure as high as 500).[35][36]

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road, became a major trading centre. King John granted the city's first charter in 1212,[37] confirming trading rights in England and Europe.[29][38] During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries.[39]

York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.

16th to 18th centuries
A portion of the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, York, founded in 1155, extensively damaged by fire in 1157, rebuilt by 1294 and destroyed during the Dissolution, c. 1539

The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under King Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of York's many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.[40][41]

Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot.[42] Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I, the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.

A map of York, 1611

In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax[40] on 15 July.

Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York's many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the racecourse.[41][43]

Modern history
The Great hall at the National Railway Museum

mak all t'railways cum to York

— George Hudson[44]

The railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the York and North Midland Railway), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century.[45]

The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.[46][47] At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph.[48] Another chocolate manufacturer, Terry's of York, was a major employer.[41][49] By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.[47]

In 1942, the city was bombed during the Second World War (part of the Baedeker Blitz) by the German Luftwaffe and 92 people were killed and hundreds injured.[50] Buildings damaged in the raid included the Railway Station, Rowntree's Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the Bar Convent and the Guildhall which was left in total disrepair until 1960.

Low Petergate with the cathedral in the background

With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area.[51] The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975,[52] the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984[53] and the York Dungeon in 1986.[54] The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.[55] In March 2012, York's Chocolate Story opened.[56]

York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).[57] York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 Condé Nast Traveller Readers' Choice Awards.[58] In 2018, The Sunday Times deemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".[59][60] The result was confirmed in a YouGov survey, reported in August 2018, with 92% of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.[61]

Early photography

York was a centre of early photography, as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79. Photographers who had studios in York included William Hayes, William Pumphrey, and Augustus Mahalski who operated on Davygate and Low Petergate in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a Polish lancer in the Austro-Hungarian war.[62][63]

Governance

Local government
For a detailed history of local government in the City of York, see City of York Council.
York Guildhall is the seat of local government

The City of York is governed by the City of York Council. It is a unitary authority that operates on a leader and cabinet style of governance, having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The city council consists of 47 councillors[64][65] representing 21 wards, with two or three per ward serving four-year terms. Its headquarters are at the Guildhall and West Offices in the city centre.

York is divided into 21 administrative wards: Acomb, Bishopthorpe, Clifton, Copmanthorpe, Dringhouses and Woodthorpe, Fishergate, Fulford and Heslington, Guildhall, Haxby and Wigginton, Heworth, Heworth Without, Holgate, Hull Road, Huntington and New Earswick, Micklegate, Osbaldwick and Derwent, Rawcliffe and Clifton Without, Rural West York, Strensall, Westfield, and Wheldrake.[66]

The members of the cabinet, led by the Council Leader, makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.[67][68] Following the Local Government Act 2000, the Council Leader commands the confidence of the city council; the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council. The Leader of the council and the cabinet (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the city council. The current Council Leader, Liberal Democrats' Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed on 22 May 2019, following the 2019 City of York Council election.

The Mansion House is home to the Lord Mayor of York

York's first citizen and civic head is the Lord Mayor, who is the chairman of the City of York Council. The appointment is made by the city council each year in May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city's other civic head. The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings.[65] The incumbent Lord Mayor since 22 May 2019 is Councillor Janet Looker, and the Sheriff is Jo Trythall.[69]

York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people, and who also elect York's Member of Youth Parliament.[70][71]

As a result of the 2019 City of York Council election the Conservative Party was reduced to two seats. The Liberal Democrats had 21 councillors. The Labour Party had 17 councillors and the Green Party had four with three Independents.[72] Due to no overall control, the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party agreed to form a coalition on 14 May 2019.[73]

Party Seats City of York Council (2019 election)
Liberal Democrats 21                                            
Labour 17                                    
Green 4          
Conservative 2      
Independent 3        

York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, and therefore did not form part of any of its three historic ridings, or divisions. Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370. York is an ancient borough, and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor, its Sheriff and Aldermen.[74][75] As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district.[76] The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council's own proposal.

Parliamentary constituencies
Rachael Maskell (L), MP
for York Central since 2015
Julian Sturdy (C), MP
for York Outer since 2010

From 1997 to 2010, the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York.[77] These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, John Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.[78]

Ceremonial governance

York is within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire and was formerly within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lieutenant of the County of York, West Riding and the County of The City of York. The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff. The holder of the Royal dukedom of York has no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city.

Geography
Main article: Areas of the City of York

Location

The city is 22 miles (35 km) north-east of Leeds, and is part of the Leeds Region.[79]

York lies in the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds. The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age.[80]

The city's Lendal Bridge crosses the Ouse

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was marshy, making the site easy to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years; more than 300 homes were flooded.[81] In December 2015 the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.[82] The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister David Cameron.[83] Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ings are flood meadows along the Ouse, while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Architecture
See also: York sites of interest and Medieval parish churches of York
The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar.

York Minster, a large Gothic cathedral, dominates the city.

York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th-century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history.

York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk.[84][85] These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.[86] They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.[87]

The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km), and encloses an area of 263 acres (106 ha).[88] The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.

The Shambles is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between c. 1350 and 1475

A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson's Square.[89] The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived.[90] Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early-14th‑century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.

The Art Deco style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street
The 60s Brutalist-style Stonebow House is an example of modern architecture

As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, Jorvik Viking Centre, York Art Gallery, the Richard III Experience, Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall (owned by the York Archaeological Trust), the 18th-century Fairfax House, the Mansion House (the historic home of the Lord Mayor) and the so-called Treasurer's House (owned by the National Trust).[91] The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard and the world-famous LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman, which has been overhauled in the Museum.[92] Although noted for its Medieval history, visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting the York Cold War Bunker, former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps.[93]

St William's College facade.

York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the York Minster.[94]

Climate

York has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and the Humber region. Owing to its lowland location, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer.[95] Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. As with much of the British Isles, the weather is changeable. York experiences most sunshine from May to July, an average of six hours per day.[96] With its inland location, summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 °C or more. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) and a lowest temperature of −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) (Monday 6 December 2010). The most rainfall in one day was 88.4 millimetres (3.5 in).[97]

Climate data for York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16
(61)		 17
(63)		 22
(72)		 25
(77)		 30
(86)		 32
(90)		 35
(95)		 34
(93)		 32
(90)		 29
(84)		 20
(68)		 17
(63)		 35
(95)
Average high °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4)		 7.5
(45.5)		 10.0
(50.0)		 12.6
(54.7)		 16.6
(61.9)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.1
(70.0)		 18.4
(65.1)		 13.9
(57.0)		 9.7
(49.5)		 6.9
(44.4)		 13.6
(56.5)
Average low °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4)		 0.9
(33.6)		 2.4
(36.3)		 3.9
(39.0)		 6.7
(44.1)		 9.7
(49.5)		 11.8
(53.2)		 11.6
(52.9)		 9.5
(49.1)		 6.6
(43.9)		 3.3
(37.9)		 0.9
(33.6)		 5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −16
(3)		 −10
(14)		 −13
(9)		 −3
(27)		 1
(34)		 2
(36)		 5
(41)		 5
(41)		 −1
(30)		 −4
(25)		 −8
(18)		 −16
(3)		 −16
(3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.7
(2.07)		 39.9
(1.57)		 44.9
(1.77)		 50.1
(1.97)		 43.8
(1.72)		 58.0
(2.28)		 53.2
(2.09)		 62.4
(2.46)		 46.9
(1.85)		 57.7
(2.27)		 57.8
(2.28)		 55.8
(2.20)		 626.0
(24.65)
Average precipitation days 11.1 9.1 9.5 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.9 10.0 8.6 10.4 11.3 10.7 117.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 59 98 141 190 218 229 203 156 103 65 47 1,548
Source 1: Met Office[98]
Source 2: BBC Weather[99]

Green belt
Main article: York Green Belt

York is bounded by a green belt area, which more rigorously manages development around the rural area of the district and portions of surrounding districts,[100] primarily to preserve the setting and historic character of York.[101] The belt covers nearly all of the city district including all its outer villages, and extends into the surrounding North Yorkshire districts of Hambleton, Harrogate, Ryedale, and Selby.

Neighbouring towns and places

Demography
Ethnicity: York Local Authority compared
2011 UK censusYork[4]Yorkshire and
the Humber[102]		England[103]
Total population198,0515,283,73353,012,456
White94.3%88.8%85.4%
Mixed1.2%1.6%2.3%
Asian3.4%7.3%7.8%
Black0.6%1.5%3.5%
Other0.5%0.8%1%

The York urban area (built-up area) had a population of 153,717 at the time of the 2011 UK census,[104] compared with 137,505 in 2001.[105] The population of the City of York (Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3% White, 1.2% Mixed, 3.4% Asian and 0.6% Black. York's elderly population (those 65 and over) was 16.9%, however only 13.2% were listed as retired.[4]

Also at the time of the 2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.[106]

In 2001, the population density was 4,368/km2 (11,310/sq mi).[105] Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York's residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7, compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.[107] The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.[107] The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5.[107] The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.

Population change

The table below details the population change since 1801.

Population growth in York since 1801
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941[a] 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001[b] 2011
Population 24,080 27,486 30,913 36,340 40,337 49,899 58,632 67,364 76,097 81,802 90,665 100,487 106,278 112,402 123,227 135,093 144,585 154,749 158,170 172,847 181,131 198,051
Source: Vision of Britain[108]

Religion
Religion: York Local Authority compared
UK Census 2011York[4]Yorkshire
and the
Humber[102]		England[103]
Christian59.5%59.5%59.4%
No religion30.1%25.9%24.7%
Muslim1.0%6.2%5.0%
Buddhist0.5%0.3%0.5%
Hindu0.5%0.5%1.5%
Jewish0.1%0.2%0.5%
Sikh0.1%0.4%0.8%
Other religions0.4%0.3%0.4%
Religion not stated7.8%6.8%7.2%
Nave of York Minster
Main article: Religion in York

Christianity is the religion with the largest following in York, with 59.5% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2011 census. The percentages following each non-Christian religion were all below the national average for England, but those responding as "No Religion" were higher than the national average.

Stained glass at York Minster

There are 33 active Anglican churches in York, which is home to the Archbishop of York and York Minster, the Mother Church and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York.[109] York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.[110]

Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city, forming a network of churches known as One Voice York.[111]

Other Christian denominations that are active in York include the Religious Society of Friends who have three meeting houses,[112] Methodists within the York Circuit of The Methodist Church York and Hull District,[113] and Unitarians. St Columba's United Reformed Church in Priory Street, originally built for the Presbyterians, dates from 1879.[114] York's only Mosque is located in the Layerthorpe area, and the city also has a UK Islamic Mission centre.[115] Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.[116] There is also an active Jewish community.[117]

Economy
Yorkshire Museum; tourism is an important contributor to the economy
The Grand Hotel from the wall in York
See also: List of companies based in York

York's economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.[118] The service industries include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounts for 10.7% of employment. Tourism has become an important element of the economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural activities. As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents (2014–16)[119] and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors (2016).[120]

Tour boats offer visitors a glimpse of the city from another perspective

A 2014 report, based on 2012 data,[121] stated that the city receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs.[122] In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors.[123]

Morris dancers entertain tourists in King's Square near The Shambles

Unemployment in York was low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.[118] The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 2,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Network Rail, Northern, York Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of York. Other major employers include British Telecom, CPP Group, Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.[124][125]

Commerce accounts for a large part of the city's economy.

Today's economic position is very different from the 1950s, when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.[126] Most industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as Asea Brown Boveri or ABB at the time of closure), which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people, but closed in the mid-1990s.[126][127] York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees) and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

On 20 September 2006, Nestlé announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.[128] This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory.[129] Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.[130]

The Aviva Building – York is home to the office of one major company.

Since the closure of the carriage works, the site has been developed into offices. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York.[131] Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.[132]

Regional gross value added figures for York, at 2005 basic prices in millions of pounds sterling, are:[133]

YearAgricultureIndustryServicesTotal
1995305791,4432,052
2000137822,1682,963
2003167792,5053,299

Public services
York's Central Library is located in the city centre

Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council appointed a watch committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.[134] On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force's central headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby are in Fulford.[135] Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, whose headquarters is at Northallerton.[136]

York Hospital is the city's primary medical facility.

The city's first hospital, York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate[137] funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by York Hospital, which opened the same year and gained Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase and outpatient services.[138] It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.[138]

The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.[139] Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries.

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794.[140] The first free public library, the York Library, was built on Clifford Street in 1893, to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. A new building was erected on Museum Street in 1927, and this is still the library today; it was extended in 1934 and 1938.[141]

Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.[142] York's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is CE Electric UK;[143] there are no power stations in the city. Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington, manages York's drinking and waste water.[144]

York Crown Court

The city has a magistrates' court,[145] and venues for the Crown Court[146] and the County Court.[147] The Crown Court House was designed by the architect John Carr, next to the then prison (including execution area).[148]

Between 1773 and 1777, the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr's elegant Court House for the Assizes of the whole county. The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the "Eye of the Ridings", or the "Eye of York".

1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband. Horse theft was a capital offence. The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine. The corporation employed a "common informer" whose task was to bring criminals to justice.[149]

The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.

Transport

Water
Cumberland Street along the river

York's location on the River Ouse, and in the centre of the Vale of York, means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.[39] The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to seagoing ships of the time. Today, both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.[150]

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant such traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today, navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented.

Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge

Roads
Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long-distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles (15 km) from the city. The transpennine M62 motorway is less than 20 miles (30 km) away providing links to Manchester and Liverpool.

Goodramgate; the term Snickleways means a collection of small streets and footpaths

The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles (5 km) from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from mediaeval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence, many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car-free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, six bus-based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.[151]

Railway
York railway station from Queen Street
York railway station interior

York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839, at the beginning of the railway age. For many years, the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway.[49] York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long-distance trains on CrossCountry services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle, with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham.[152] TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Middlesbrough, Leeds, Manchester, Manchester Airport and Liverpool. Local stopping services by Northern connect York to Selby, Harrogate, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.[152]

Air

York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, some 7 miles (11 km) south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum. Elvington is used for private aviation. In 2003, plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.[153]

York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia.[152] Leeds Bradford Airport is closer to York but the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York was withdrawn as of April 2009.[154] Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports, as well as Pakistan and New York City.

Bus
First bendy bus on Rougier Street

Public transport within the city is largely bus-based. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental and controversial FTR bus concept, which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.[155] The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election.[156] Transdev York also operates a large number of local bus services. Open-top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York, on behalf of City Sightseeing.

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies with Transdev York, EYMS and Reliance operating most of them.[157] Longer-distance bus services are provided by a number of operators, including Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire Motor Services routes to Hull, Beverley, Driffield, Market Weighton and Pocklington, and Harrogate Bus Company services to Knaresborough and Harrogate. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington and Whitby.[158]

Local Transport Plan 2006

English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans (LTPs), which are strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer-term vision. LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes. The final Local Transport Plan 2006–2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006. The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years. The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility, air quality and safety. Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan's life span include outer ring road improvements, improved management of the highway network, improvements to the bus network including park and ride services, provision of off-road walking and cycling routes, air quality improvements and safety measures.[159]

Education
See also: List of schools in York
Bootham School was established by Quakers in 1823

The University of York's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.[160] It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status. The city formerly hosted a branch of the University of Law before it moved to Leeds. The University of York also has a medical school, Hull York Medical School.[161]

The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves.[162] Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even golf course management.[163]

University of York, view across the lake to Central Hall

There are 70 local council schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.[164] The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city. Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11–16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.[165] In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School.[166]

York also has several private schools. St Peter's School was founded in 627. The scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught there.[167] It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes.[168] Two schools have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educational[169] and The Mount School is all-girls.[170] Pupils from The Minster School, York sing in York Minster choir.

Culture

Theatre
York Theatre Royal

The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star, Berwick Kaler.[171] The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.[172][173] The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.[174] The Department of Theatre, Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.[175]

Interior of York's Grand Opera House

The York Mystery Plays are performed in public at intervals, using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the Shipwrights' Play is the Building of Noah's Ark and the fish-sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah's Ark).[176] The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570, they were revived in 1951 during the Festival of Britain, when York was one of the cities with a regional festival.[177] They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years. They were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, using some professional but mostly amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy and Robson Green (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench as a school girl, in 1951, 1954 and 1957. (She remains a Patron of the plays). The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996, within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002, 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares, in the Dean's Park, or at the Eye of York.[178] They go around the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012, the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at St. Mary's Abbey in the York Museum Gardens.[179]

Music

The Academy of St Olave's, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in St Olave's Church, Marygate, is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York.[180] A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events including the York Early Music Festival.[181][182] Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city.[183]

York ham
York Ham

One of the notable local products is York ham,[184] a mild-flavoured ham with delicate pink colouring. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce.[185][186] As a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, York ham is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.[187] Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original "York Ham" and the reason why the premises became famous.[188]

Gastronomy
Bettys Café Tea Rooms

Each September since 1997, York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production. The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days, from all over the country.[189]

In the centre of York, in St Helen's Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys' founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen's Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement 'Bettys Bar' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. 'Bettys Mirror', on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.[190]

Beer and pubs
The Kings Arms

The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a pub crawl to raise money for local charities. It has its origins in the 13th century, when an Assize of Bread and Ale was used to regulate the quality of goods. The current version was resurrected in the 1990s by the Sheriff of York and is led by the Guild of Scriveners.[191] In June 2015 York CAMRA listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre, some of which are hundreds of years old.[192] These include the Golden Fleece, Ye Olde Starre Inne, noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733,[193] and The Kings Arms, often photographed during floods.[194] On 18 June 2016, York CAMRA undertook a "Beer Census" and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York, reinforcing the city's reputation as a top UK beer destination.[195]

The Knavesmire, home of York Racecourse, plays host to Yorkshire's largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA – York Beer & Cider Festival.[196] It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders.[197]

UNESCO status bids

In 2010 York's city council and a number of heritage organisations submitted a bid for York's entire city centre to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[198] This nomination, to the UK's Department for Culture, Media and Sport would have included York on a list of tentative sites to be reviewed by UNESCO itself. York's bid failed, leading to 'disappointment' from the team involved.[199] This indirectly led to the city making a successful bid to be part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a city of Media Arts.[200][201]

Media

The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and three local radio stations Minster FM, Vale Radio and BBC Radio York.[202][203][204][205][206] Local arts, culture news and events are covered by One&Other.[207] Another digital news website is YorkMix run by former print journalists, that incorporates Local News; What's On; Food & Drink; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists.[208] In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber.[209]

On 27 November 2013, Ofcom awarded the 12-year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel, with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015.[210]

York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.[211]

The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision.[212] Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.[213][214]

Sport
Bootham Crescent is the home ground of York City
Celebrations following York's victory in the 2012 Play-off final
York City Rowing Club

The city's football team is York City who are competing in National League North as of the 2019–20 season. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their 'giant killing' status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent.[215]

York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1868, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.[216] The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved to Bootham Crescent. In 2020, they played in The Championship.[217] There are three amateur rugby league teams in York; New Earswick All Blacks (in New Earswick), York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s was an annual rugby league nines tournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009.[218] Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference.

Rugby Union has been played in York since the 1860s, with multiple teams currently playing within the city. York Rugby Union Football Club (RUFC) was formed in 1928, and amalgamated with the York Cricket Club in 1966. The teams' home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park. The men's 1st team play in North 1 East, with the women's team in RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.[219] York Railway Institute (RI) RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane, York. The men's team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4), and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.[220] Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker Nestle Rowntree's, Nestle Rowntree (York) RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re-founded in 1954. They currently play their home games at York St. John University Sports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4).[221]

An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge.[222] The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training. There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of York.

A view of the stands at York Racecourse

York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005.[223] In August racing takes place over the four-day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.[224]

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.[225]

York hosts the UK Snooker Championship, which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport, at the York Barbican Centre.

On 6 July 2014, York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France. Starting the Départ Fictif from York Racecourse, the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards Knaresborough.[226] In 2015, the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year, with the Day 2 stage finishing in York.[227]

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballers Lucy Staniforth,[228] Under-20 World Cup winning captain Lewis Cook[229] and former England manager Steve McClaren.[230]

York Garrison

York Garrison is the collective term given to the group of barracks based in the greater York area belonging to the British Army, this includes York Tower and Strensall Camp. The current units and formations based in the garrison today include:[231]

Geodesy

York Minster was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps for Yorkshire.[246]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom
York is twinned with:

On 22 October 2014, it announced the first 'temporal twinning' with Jórvík, the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066.[249]

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of York.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Individuals

Military Units
gollark: Does the plethora ore-scanner thing do 3D now?
gollark: Ah. Well, I just use neural interface scanning anyway, so I don't think this'll do much.
gollark: Why install an anti-xray plugin? Block scanners exist.
gollark: The way that should be phrased is "if you move the pit of despair I will install potatOS on a computer".
gollark: You know what I really dislike? Phrasing imperative statements as future tense.

See also

Notes
a There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition.
b There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here).

References
  1. "York - The Chocolate City". York's Chocolate Story. York's Chocolate Story. n.d. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  2. "Yorkshire City Facts". The Press. WordPress. n.d. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  3. "The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order 1995". www.legislation.gov.uk. UK Legislation. 7 March 1995. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  4. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – York Local Authority (1946157112)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  5. "Demonyms of the United Kingdom". Peoplefrom.co.uk. Peoplefrom.co.uk. n.d. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  6. "Timeline". York Tourism Bureau. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  7. "When sparks flew across the sky". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  8. "Lord Mayor signs up for China links". York Press. 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  9. "International Campaign – China Focus". Visit York. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  10. "York succeeds in attracting Chinese tourists". York Press. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  11. "New Tourism Figures Revealed for York". Minster FM. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  12. "Human rights city". York Press. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  13. Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.
  14. Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39.
  15. "York's history". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  16. Wace, Robert. "Le Roman de Rou et des ducs de Normandie". BnF Gallica. p. 362. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. Li Barunz de Everwic Schire (the barons of Yorkshire)
  17. Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. p. 35. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
  18. "Ebor Festival". York City of Festivals. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  19. Geoffrey of Monmouth (1136). Historia Regum Britanniae. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016 – via Wikisource.
  20. "How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York – Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion". Debretts.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  21. Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
  22. Shannon, John; Tilbrook, Richard (1990). York – the second city. Jarrold Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-7117-0507-0.
  23. "Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  24. P M Tillott, ed. (1961). "Before the Norman Conquest". A History of the County of York: the City of York. London. pp. 2–24. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019 – via British History Online.
  25. Russo, Daniel G. (1998). Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-313-30079-0.
  26. Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990). An Atlas of Roman Britain. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007). p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84217-067-0. Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period; some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount.
  27. "York history timeline". YorkHistory.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  28. "The First Minster: History of York". History of York. York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  29. "York Minster: a very brief history". York Minster. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  30. Ritchie, Dr Anna (1 July 2001). "Alcuin of York". BBC History Online. BBC. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  31. "Jorvik: Viking York". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  32. "From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada's defeat: 8 Viking dates you need to know". History Extra. BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  33. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "York" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.
  34. "The Old Baile". An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences. London. 1972. pp. 87–89. Retrieved 16 June 2020 – via British History Online.
  35. "The 1190 Massacre". History Of York. York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  36. "Death in York". BBC. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  37. "BBC News – Charter Day celebrations for York announced". BBC News. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  38. "Norman and Medieval York". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  39. Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: The later middle ages – Communications, markets and merchants. British History Online. pp. 97–106. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  40. "The Age of Decline". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  41. "Post-medieval York". Secrets Beneath Your Feet. York Archaeological Trust. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  42. "Transplanted Englishman brings country's Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville". ThisWeek Online. ThisWeek Newspapers. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2005.
  43. "Georgian York – social capital of the North". City of York Council. 22 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  44. Dow, Andrew, ed. (2006). Dow's Dictionary of Railway Quotations. JHU Press. 774. YORK. ISBN 9780801882920.
  45. Sources:
  46. Rennison, Robert William (1996). Civil engineering heritage: Northern England. Thomas Telford. 5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134. ISBN 9780727725189. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  47. "Industrialisation". www.historyofyork.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  48. "History of Nestlé Rowntree". Nestlé UK Ltd. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  49. "The Railway Age to the present day". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012.
  50. "Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  51. "York Central Historic Core: Conservation Area Appraisal" (PDF). City of York Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  52. "History of the NRM". National Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  53. Colin Renfrew; Paul G. Bahn (2008). Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice (5 ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 542. ISBN 9780500287194.
  54. "York Dungeon celebrates 30th anniversary". York Press. 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  55. "Founding students return to York 40 years on". University of York. 7 October 2003. Archived from the original on 9 November 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  56. "Inside York's new chocolate museum". York Press. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  57. "York voted top city for tourists". BBC News Online. BBC. 14 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  58. "Conde Nast Traveller". Conde Nast Traveller. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  59. "York — the best place to live in the UK 2018". The Sunday Times. 18 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  60. "This is the best place to live in the UK, according to a prestigious list". The Standard. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  61. "YouGov – York is Britain's most popular city". YouGov: What the world thinks. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  62. Murray, Jill. "KNO/3/8: Transcript of 'Yorkshire Artists' by J W Knowles". explore York libraries and archives. pp. 112x, 113. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  63. "Records of Augustus Mahalski, Photographer". Archives Hub. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  64. "Your councillors". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  65. "The Constitution – Part 1 Summary and explanation" (PDF). City of York Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  66. "City of York Council – wards". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  67. "committee details – leisure culture and social inclusion". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  68. "committee details – city strategy". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  69. Laversuch, Chloe (22 May 2019). "New Lord Mayor of York Councillor Janet Looker is sworn in". York Press. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  70. "York Youth Council". York Youth Council. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  71. "York teenagers to help improve bus services". York Press. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  72. "City of York local elections 2019". City of York Council. 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  73. "Lib Dems and the Green Party join forces to run City of York Council". YorkMix. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  74. Bartholomew, John (1887). "Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  75. "Gazetteer of British Place Names – Map 2. Administrative counties and unitary authority areas". Association of British Counties. 10 September 2006. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  76. The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order. Stationery Office Books. 6 April 1995. ISBN 978-0-11-052605-8. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  77. "Your MPs". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  78. "Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York". Boundary Commission for England. 5 November 2003. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word document) on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  79. "Distance from Leeds to York". ukdistance.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  80. Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
  81. Dennis, Ian A.; Macklin, Mark G.; Coulthard, Tom J.; Brewer, Paul A. (2002). "The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Wiley InterScience. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  82. "York floods: Hundreds evacuated and swathes of historic city underwater as rivers reach record levels". The Independent. 27 December 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  83. "Storm Frank: Jeremy Corbyn explains why he has only just turned up in the North – 'I didn't want to get in the way' – live". The Telegraph. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  84. "The city walls". City of York Council. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  85. "York City Walls Walk Map". Walks in Yorkshire. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017.
  86. Wilson, Barbara; Mee, Frances (2005). The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence. York Archaeological Trust. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-874454-36-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  87. Pevsner, Nikolaus; Neave, David (1995) [1972]. Yorkshire: York and the East Riding (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-071061-2.
  88. Wilson & Mee 2005, p. 1
  89. Jones, Mark W.; et al. (31 January 2004). A Walk Around the Snickelways of York. Dales Court Press. ISBN 978-1-871125-72-6.
  90. "The Shambles, York UK". Inside York. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  91. "York – Museums & Art Galleries". Tourist Net UK Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  92. "About Flying Scotsman". National Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  93. "York Cold War Bunker". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  94. Sheahan, James Joseph; Whellan, T. (1857). History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding. 1. p. 501. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  95. "England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region – Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region" (PDF). East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  96. "Average Conditions:York, United Kingdom". BBC Weather. BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  97. "Weather Pages". Department of Electronics, University of York. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  98. "York climate". metoffice.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  99. "Average Conditions – York, United Kingdom". BBC Weather. BBC. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  100. Fawcett, Tony. "Green Belts: A greener future – Campaign to Protect Rural England". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
  101. Council, City of York. "City of York Council download – The Development Control Local Plan (2005) and proposals maps | Planning and building – Planning policy". www.york.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018.
  102. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Yorkshire and The Humber Region (2013265923)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  103. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – England Country (2092957699)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  104. "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  105. "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  106. "2001 Census: Key Statistics: Household Composition (KS20): Area: York (Local Authority)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  107. "Crime figures for 2007/08 in York". UpMyStreet. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  108. "York UA/City: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  109. Diocese of York Directory 2011/12. Diocese of York. 2011. pp. 187–200.
  110. "Parishes". Middlesbrough Diocese. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  111. "Archbishop of York to maintain Easter baptisms tradition". York Press. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  112. "Quakers in the York area". yorkquakers.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  113. "Circuits & Churches". The Methodist Church York and Hull District. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  114. "St Columba's with New Lendal URC York". St Columba's York, United Reformed Church. yolasite.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  115. "York Mosque and Islamic Centre – About Us". York Mosque. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  116. "Buddhist organisations in York, NY, North-East areas". CommuniGate. This is Bradford. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  117. Sherwood, Harriet. "Eight centuries after the pogrom, pride flickers again in York's Jewish community". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  118. "Labour Market ProfileYork". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  119. "Most Visited Towns by Trip Purpose 2014–16 (Excel, 32KB)". Visit Britain. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  120. "Inbound Town Data". Visit Britain. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  121. "Tourists spend more than £600m". BBC. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  122. "Report" (PDF). VisitYork. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  123. Traveller, Condé Nast. "The best cities in the UK". www.cntraveller.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  124. "The Major Employers in the City of York Council area". City of York Council. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  125. "University of York Profile 2009" (PDF). University of York. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  126. "The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy" (PDF). The Future York Group Report. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  127. "Yet more railway jobs axed in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 13 September 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  128. "More jobs lost at chocolate firm". BBC News Online. BBC. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  129. "Job losses 'bitter blow' for city". BBC News Online. BBC. 14 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  130. "York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock". York Press. Newsquest Media Group. 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  131. "Welcome to Science City York – 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity". Science City York. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  132. "About Science City York". Science City York. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
  133. "Regional Gross Value Added" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 2005. pp. 240–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  134. P.M. Tillott, ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: Public services. British History Online. pp. 460–472. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  135. "North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander – Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins". North Yorkshire Police. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  136. "Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service". North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  137. "York County Hospital". York History. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  138. "York Hospital – About our hospital". National Health Service. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  139. "About Us – Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust". Yorkshire Ambulance Service. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  140. "York History – York Public Library". York History. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  141. "York Central Library". History of York. 23 September 1927. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  142. "History". The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  143. "Welcome – CE Electric UK". CE Electric UK. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  144. "Your water services". Yorkshire Water. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  145. "Her Majesty's Courts Service – York Magistrates' Court". Her Majesty's Courts Service. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  146. "Crown Court Directory – York". CourtServe Legal Information Centre. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  147. "County Court Directory – York". CourtServe Legal Information Centre. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  148. "John Carr – Architect: History of York". York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  149. "The County Court House". York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  150. "River Ouse". Canal & River Trust. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  151. "Park & Ride". City of York Council. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  152. "Trains". City of York Council. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  153. "Up in the air for Elvington". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 9 October 2003. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  154. "Welcome to YorkAirLink.com". First Group plc. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  155. "ftr – York's new public transport scheme". City of York Council. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  156. "Controversial ftr buses make their final journey in York". York Press. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  157. "Bus companies operating in York". City of York Council. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  158. "History of the Yorkshire Coastliner – Linking Leeds and York with the Coast". Yorkshire Coastliner. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  159. "Local Transport Plan 2006–2011". City of York Council. 23 February 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  160. "The University of York". University of York. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  161. "Guardian Medical school ranking tables". Guardian Education. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  162. "About the new college". York College. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  163. "Welcome to Askham Bryan College". Askham Bryan College. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  164. "Schools and colleges". City of York Council. 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  165. "Secondary schools in York". City of York Council. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  166. "£10m merger unveiled as 'York High School'". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 September 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  167. "Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin". New Advent. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  168. "Guy Fawkes History". St Peter's School Archives. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  169. "The School and its Ethos". Bootham School York. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  170. "Welcome to The Mount School York". The Mount School York. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  171. Hickling, Alfred (15 December 2008). "Theatre review: Dick Turpin – Theatre Royal, York". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  172. "What's on Grand Opera House York". Grand Opera House York. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  173. "About Joseph Rowntree Theatre". Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  174. "About Riding Lights". Riding Lights Theatre Company. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  175. "Department of Theatre, Film and Television – The University of York". Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  176. J S Purvis, The York Cycle of Mystery Plays, London S.P.C.K. 1957 repr.1962
  177. "NCEM Archive". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  178. "Guilds of York". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  179. "York Mystery Plays 2012". Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  180. "Academy of St. Olave's Orchestra – Welcome". Academy of St Olave's. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  181. "The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome". The National Centre for Early Music. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  182. "York Early Music Festival: Overview". The National Centre for Early Music. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  183. "University of York Concerts". University of York. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  184. "Food Legends of the United Kingdom: York Ham". Information Britain. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  185. "Home Cooking – Ham Varieties and Terminology". About.com. The New York Times Company. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  186. "Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham". Recipe Tips. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  187. Alden, Lori. "Cook's Thesaurus: Ham". Food Subs. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  188. "History of 57 & 59 Blossom Street". Oliver's of the Mount. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  189. "York Festival of Food and Drink – Who we are and what we do". York Food Festival Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  190. "Bettys Café Tea Rooms, York". Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  191. "Sheriff of York to test York's beers in traditional Assize of Ale". York Press. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  192. "York Real Ale Pub Map 2015" (PDF). yorkcamra.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  193. "'Houses: Stonegate', in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 5, Central (London, 1981), pp. 220–235". www.britishhistory.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  194. "The January Floods in York (1982)". www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  195. "York Beer Census 18 June 2016". York Campaign for Real Ale. 18 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  196. "York Beer & Cider Festival is back and in a new exciting location". York Beer & Cider Festival. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  197. "Tickets go on sale for York Beer and Cider Festival". The Press. 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  198. "York submits bid for World Heritage status". BBC News. BBC. 11 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  199. "York World Heritage Site bid fails". BBC News. BBC. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  200. "City bids for Unesco Media Arts recognition". Yorkshire Post. Yorkshire Post. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  201. "York celebrates securing UNESCO City of Media Arts accolade". UNESCO. UK National Commission for UNESCO. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  202. "York news, North Yorkshire news and information from The Press newspaper in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  203. "Events in York, Visit York, Local News Yorkshire, Things to Do in York – Oneandother.com – York". Oneandother.com. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  204. "Minster FM – Welcome". Minster FM. The Local Radio Company. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  205. "On the air, hear and now". The Press. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  206. "BBC Radio York". BBC Local – York & North Yorkshire. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  207. "About Us". One&Other. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  208. "Home". YorkMix. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  209. "YorkMix nominated for two awards". YorkMix. 2 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  210. "The York Channel". Local Television – York & North Yorkshire. The York Channel. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  211. "Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile". York St John University. 2006. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  212. "YSTV – Watch TV. Make TV. YSTV". York Student Television. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  213. "University Radio York – About URY". University Radio York. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  214. "URY – Media UK". Media UK. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  215. "York City FC Official Website". York City Football Club. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  216. "York lose survival fight". BBC Sport. BBC. 20 March 2002. Archived from the original on 23 February 2003. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  217. "Welcome to the official York City Knights website". York City Knights. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  218. "York International Rugby 9s". York City of Festivals. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  219. "York Rugby Union Football Club". York Rugby Union Football Club. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  220. "York RI Rugby Union Football Club". York RI Rugby Union Football Club. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  221. "Nestle Rowntree (York) Rugby Union Football Club". Nestle Rowntree (York) Rugby Union Football Club. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  222. "York City Rowing Club". York City Rowing Club. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  223. "Day One: Royal Ascot at York". BBC Sport. BBC. 14 June 2005. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  224. "York Racecourse History". York Racecourse. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  225. "York Speedway". John Skinner. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  226. "Tour de France Stage 1". Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  227. "Stage 2 – Selby to York 174 km". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  228. "Lucy Staniforth: Bristol Academy midfielder wants new deal". BBC Sport. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  229. "York's World Cup-winning captain Lewis Cook has right ingredients to make it to the top says ex-Minstermen mentor". York Press. 14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  230. "Millthorpe School – Steve McClaren – Nunthorpe Grammar School". Millthorpe School. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  231. "Army in York - British Army Website". www.army.mod.uk. 8 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  232. "York Garrison". forcesyork.2day.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  233. "1st (United Kingdom) Division". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  234. "Intelligence Corps Battalions". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  235. "2 Signal Regiment". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  236. "Army Reserve Units". Google My Maps. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  237. "The Royal Dragoon Guards [UK]". www.regiments.org. 18 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  238. "Yorkshire Regiment". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  239. "4th Infantry Brigade and HQ North East". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  240. "Leeds - British Army Website". www.army.mod.uk. 8 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  241. "About Us | Yorkshire (North & West) ACF". Army Cadet Force. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  242. "Defence School of Transport". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  243. "York Garrison". forcesyork.2day.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  244. "34 Field Hospital". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  245. "212 Field Hospital". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  246. "198 years and 153 meridians, 152 defunct" (PDF). p. . Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  247. "Enquiry Y4537: – City of York Council". City of York Council. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  248. "Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  249. "York twinned with Viking city Jorvik". BBC News. BBC. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  250. "Famous Honorary Freemen". www.freemenofyork.com. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  251. "Dame Judi gets 'freedom' of York". BBC News. 13 July 2002. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  252. "All Saints' Church, Pavement, York". The Royal Dragoon Guards Museum and Regimental Association. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  253. "Soldiers exercise their Freedom of the City". York Press. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  254. "York soldiers to be honoured". York Press. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  255. "Freedom of the City of York by Royal Air Force Linton on Ouse" (PDF). Royal Air Force. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  256. "RAF Linton-on-Ouse – Royal Air Force". www.raf.mod.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  257. "RAF staff in Freedom of the City". BBC News. 19 September 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  258. "Gurkhas parade through York: 13 photos". York Press. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  259. "Video: the Gurkhas receive the Freedom Of York in colourful ceremony • YorkMix". 8 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

Media related to York at Wikimedia Commons

York travel guide from Wikivoyage

Photos and images

Historical and genealogical sources

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.