Duke of York

Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually been given to the second son of English (later British) monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany. However, King George I and Queen Victoria granted the second sons of their eldest sons the titles Duke of York and Albany and Duke of York respectively.

For the nursery rhyme, see The Grand Old Duke of York. For the ships, see HMS Duke of York. For other uses, see Duke of York's (disambiguation).

Dukedom of York
Arms of HRH The Duke of York
Creation date	23 June 1986
Creation	Eighth
Monarch	Queen Elizabeth II
Peerage	Peerage of the United Kingdom
Present holder	Prince Andrew
Heir apparent	none
Remainder to	the 1st Duke's heirs male of the body lawfully begotten
Subsidiary titles	Earl of Inverness Baron Killyleagh
Status	Extant

Initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England, the title Duke of York has been created eight times. The title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times. These occurred during the 18th century, following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single, united realm. The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the previously separate realms could be included.

The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew, the second son of Queen Elizabeth II. The present Duke's marriage produced two daughters only, and he has remained unmarried since his 1996 divorce. It therefore seems likely that the eighth creation of the title will be only the second (after Richard of Shrewsbury) not to become merged into the Crown upon the holder's accession to the role of monarch.

History

In medieval times, York was the main city of the North of England and the see of the Archbishop of York from AD 735. Yorkshire was England's largest shire in area.

York under its Viking name "Jorvik" was a petty kingdom in the Early Medieval period. In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik (d. 954), and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few Earls of York.

The title Duke of York was first created in the Peerage of England in 1385 for Edmund of Langley, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, and an important character in Shakespeare's Richard II. His son Edward, who inherited the title, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The title passed to Edward's nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (who had been executed for plotting against King Henry V). The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became king in 1461 as Edward IV, the title merged into the Crown.

The title was next created for Richard of Shrewsbury, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and, as he died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death.

The third creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, Henry became heir-apparent to the throne. When Henry ultimately became King Henry VIII in 1509, his titles merged into the crown.

The title was created for the fourth time for Charles Stuart, second son of James I. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612, Charles became heir-apparent. He was created Prince of Wales in 1616 and eventually became Charles I in 1625 when the title again merged into the Crown.

The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the second son of Charles I. The city and state of New York in what is now the United States were named for this particular Duke of York. When his elder brother, King Charles II, died without heirs, James succeeded to the throne as King James II, and the title once again merged into the Crown.

During the 18th century the double dukedom of York and Albany was created a number of times in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title was first held by Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Osnabrück, the youngest brother of King George I. He died without heirs. The second creation of the double dukedom was for Prince Edward, younger brother of King George III, who also died without heirs, having never married. The third and last creation of the double dukedom was for Prince Frederick Augustus, the second son of King George III. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army for many years, and was the original "Grand old Duke of York" in the popular rhyme. He too died without heirs.

The sixth creation of the Dukedom of York (without being combined with Albany) was for Prince George of Wales, second son of the future King Edward VII. He was created Duke of York following the death of his elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale. The title merged with the Crown when George succeeded his father as King George V.

The seventh creation was for Prince Albert, second son of King George V, and younger brother of the future King Edward VIII. Albert came unexpectedly to the throne when his brother abdicated, and took the name George VI, the Dukedom then merging into the Crown.

The title was created for the eighth time for Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. At present (2020), he only has two daughters. Thus, if he has no future (legitimate) sons, the title will again become extinct at his death.

Aside from the first creation, every time the Dukedom of York has been created it has had only one occupant, that person either inheriting the throne or dying without male heirs.

Pretenders

In the early 18th century, the eldest son of the overthrown King James II and thus Jacobite claimant to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, known to his opponents as the Old Pretender, granted the title "Duke of York" (in the Jacobite Peerage) to his own second son, Henry, using his purported authority as King James III. Henry later became a cardinal in the Catholic church and is thus known as the Cardinal Duke of York. Since James was not recognised as king by English law, the grant is also not recognised as a legitimate creation.

Dukes of York

First creation, 1385–1415, 1425–1461

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Edmund of Langley House of York (founder) 1385–1402[1] also: Earl of Cambridge (1362)		5 June 1341 Kings Langley son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault	Isabella of Castile 1372 3 children Joan Holland no children	1 August 1402 Kings Langley aged 61
Edward of Norwich House of York 1402–1415[2] also: Duke of Aumale (1397–1399), Earl of Cambridge (1362–1414), Earl of Rutland (1390–1402), Earl of Cork (c. 1396)		1373 Norwich son of Edmund of Langley and Isabella of Castile	Philippa de Mohun no children	25 October 1415 Battle of Agincourt aged 42
Edward of Norwich's brother, Richard of Conisburgh, had been attainted and executed for treason in August 1415. This attainder stood in the way of his son Richard of York succeeding Edward until the king deemed it prudent to restore them.
Richard of York House of York 1425–1460[3] also: Lord Protector of England, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall (1460, see Act of Accord); Earl of Ulster (1264), Earl of March (1328), Earl of Cambridge (1414, restored 1426), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), Baron Mortimer of Wigmore (1331)		21 September 1411 son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge and Anne de Mortimer	Cecily Neville 1437 13 children	30 December 1460 Wakefield aged 49
Edward Plantagenet House of York 1460–1461[4] also: Earl of Ulster (1264), Earl of March (1328), Earl of Cambridge (1414), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), Baron Mortimer of Wigmore (1331)		28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville	Elizabeth Woodville 1 May 1464 10 children	9 April 1483 Westminster aged 40
Edward Plantagenet seized the throne in 1461 as Edward IV, and all of his titles merged with the crown.

Second creation, 1474

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Richard of Shrewsbury House of York 1474–1483 also: Duke of Norfolk (1477), Earl of Norfolk (1477), Earl of Nottingham (1476), possibly Earl of Warenne (1477)		17 August 1473 Shrewsbury son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville	Anne de Mowbray 15 January 1478 no children	unknown
How Richard died is a controversial, frequently debated topic and there is no solid evidence for his date, age or place of death. He was last seen in the Tower of London along with his brother, becoming popularly known as one of the Princes in the Tower. Since he died without legitimate issue his titles became extinct.

Third creation, 1494

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Henry Tudor House of Tudor 1494–1509[5] also: Prince of Wales (1504), Duke of Cornwall (1337)		28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace, London son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York	Catherine of Aragon 11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533 (annulment) 1 child Anne Boleyn 25 January 1533 – 17 May 1536 (annulment) 1 child Jane Seymour 30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537 1 child Anne of Cleves 6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540 (annulment) no children Catherine Howard 28 July 1540 – 23 November 1541 (annulment) no children Catherine Parr 12 July 1543 no children	28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace, London aged 55
Prince Henry succeeded as Henry VIII in 1509 upon his father's death, and his titles merged with the crown.

Fourth creation, 1605

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Charles House of Stuart 1605–1625[6] also: Duke of Albany (1604); Prince of Wales (1616), Duke of Cornwall (1337) and Duke of Rothesay (1398)		19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline son of James I and Anne of Denmark	Henrietta Maria of France 13 June 1625 9 children	30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace, London aged 48
Prince Charles succeeded as Charles I in 1625 upon his father's death, and his titles merged with the crown.

Fifth creation, 1633/1644

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
James House of Stuart 1633/1644–1685[7] also: Duke of Albany (1660), Earl of Ulster (1659)		14 October 1633 St. James's Palace, London son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	Anne Hyde 3 September 1660 8 children Mary of Modena 21 November 1673 7 children	16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris aged 67
James was styled Duke of York from birth and officially created as such in 1644. He succeeded as James II in 1685 upon his brother's death, and his titles merged with the crown.

Sixth creation, 1892

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Prince George House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1892–1910 also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney (1892); Prince of Wales (1901), Duke of Cornwall (1337) and Duke of Rothesay (1398)		3 June 1865 Marlborough House son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark	Mary of Teck 6 July 1893 6 children	20 January 1936 Sandringham House, Sandringham aged 70
Prince George succeeded as George V in 1910 upon his father's death, and his titles merged with the crown.

Seventh creation, 1920

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Prince Albert House of Windsor 1920–1936[8] also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney (1920)		14 December 1895 Sandringham House, Sandringham son of George V and Mary of Teck	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 26 April 1923 2 children	6 February 1952 Sandringham House, Sandringham aged 56
Prince Albert succeeded as George VI in 1936 upon his brother's abdication, and his titles merged with the crown.

Eighth creation, 1986

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Prince Andrew House of Windsor 1986–present[9] also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh (1986)		19 February 1960 Buckingham Palace son of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh	Sarah Ferguson 23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996 (divorce) 2 children	– now 60 years, 171 days old

Family tree

Family tree: Dukes of York

King Edward III of England (1312–r.1327–1377)

DUKE OF YORK, 1385

Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341–1402)

Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (1373–1415)

Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (1375–1415)

DUKE OF YORK, 1385 (RESTORED 1425)

Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (1411–1460)

Edward, 4th Duke of York King Edward IV (1442–1483, r.1461–70, 1471–83)

King Richard III (1452–r.1483–1485)

DUKE OF YORK, 1474

Elizabeth of York (1466–1503) m. King Henry VII

King Edward V (1470–r.1483–1483)

Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (1473–1483)

DUKE OF YORK, 1494

Princess Margaret Tudor (1489–1541) m. James IV of Scotland

Prince Henry, Duke of York King Henry VIII (1491–r.1509–1547)

James V of Scotland (1512–1542)

Edward VI (1537–r.1547–1553) Mary I (1516–r.1553–1558) Elizabeth I (1533–r.1558–1603)

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587)

King James VI & I (1566–r.1603–1625)

DUKE OF YORK, 1605

Princess Elizabeth Stuart (1596–1662) m. Frederick V of the Palatinate

Prince Charles, Duke of York King Charles I (1600–r.1625–1649)

DUKE OF YORK, 1644

Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714) m. Ernest Augustus of Brunswick

King Charles II (1630–r.1660–1685)

Prince James, Duke of York King James II (1633–1701, r.1685–1688)

DUKE OF YORK & ALBANY, 1716

King George I (1660–r.1714–1727)

Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany (1674–1728)

Queen Mary II (1662–r.1689–1694)

Queen Anne (1665–r.1702–1714)

King George II (1683–r.1727–1760)

Prince Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales (1707–1751)

DUKE OF YORK & ALBANY, 1760

King George III (1738–r.1760–1820)

Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany (1739–1767)

DUKE OF YORK & ALBANY, 1784

King George IV (1762–r.1820–1830)

Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1763–1827)

King William IV (1765–r.1830–1837)

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (1767–1820)

Queen Victoria (1819–r.1837–1901)

King Edward VII (1841–r.1901–1910)

DUKE OF YORK, 1892

Prince George, Duke of York King George V (1865–r.1910–1936)

DUKE OF YORK, 1920

King Edward VIII (1894–1972, r.1936)

Prince Albert, Duke of York King George VI (1895–r.1936–1952)

Queen Elizabeth II (1926–r.1952–)

DUKE OF YORK, 1986

Prince Andrew, Duke of York (1960–)

Places and things named after the Dukes of York

Geographic features

Southern hemisphere

• Cape York Peninsula, Australia[10]
• Duke of York Island, Antarctica
• Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea
• Duke of York Islands, Papua New Guinea

Canada

• Duke of York Archipelago, Canada
• Duke of York Bay, Canada

Political entities

Canada

• York, Upper Canada, now Toronto, Ontario[11]
• York County, New Brunswick, Canada[12]

United States

• New York, a U.S. state[13]
• New York City, the largest city in the state of New York and the United States[13]

Schools

• Duke of York's Royal Military School, Dover, Kent, United Kingdom
• Duke of York School, renamed Lenana School after Kenya attained independence in 1963.Nairobi, Kenya

Ships

• HMS Duke of York (1763), a 4-gun cutter purchased in 1763 and sold in 1776
• HMS Duke of York (17), a King George V-class battleship launched in 1940, and broken up in 1958
• Hired armed cutter Duke of York
• Hired armed lugger Duke of York
• TSS Duke of York (1894)
• TSS Duke of York (1935)

Railroad Equipment

• Duke of York was one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were built for and run on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915.

See also

• Duke of Albany
• Duke of York and Albany
• Earl of Inverness, a subsidiary title of the current creation
• Baron Killyleagh, a subsidiary title of the current creation
• Henry Benedict Stuart, created Duke of York in the Jacobite Peerage by his father the titular King James III in 1725. Living in Italy as a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, he called himself the "Cardinal Duke of York" (or "Cardinal called Duke of York") for most of his life and was recognised as such by the Papacy, Modena, France, and Spain. He became the Jacobite pretender himself as "Henry IX" in 1788. The last surviving legitimate descendant of James II, his grandfather, he died without issue in 1807.

References

1. Encyclopædia Britannica Edmund of Langley First Duke of York
2. Encyclopædia Britannica Edward of Norwich Second Duke of York
3. English Monarchs
4. BBC Edward IV
5. Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300071582.
6. Gregg, Pauline (1981), King Charles I, London: Dent
7. Callow, John, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King, Sutton Publishing, Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000. Page
8. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31931/supplement/6313
9. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50606/supplement/1
10. "Cape York". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
11. Scadding, Henry (1873). Toronto of old: collections and recollections illustrative of the early settlement and social life of the capital of Ontario. Toronto, ON.: Adam, Stevenson & Co. p. 21. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
12. "York County". Where is Home? New Brunswick Communities Past and Present. Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
13. "New York Under The Duke of York". Empire State History. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

External links

• Duke of York