Rostock

Rostock (/ˈrɒstɒk/ ROST-ok, German: [ˈʁɔstɔk] (listen)), officially the Hanseatic City of Rostock (German: Hansestadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, close to the border with Pomerania.[lower-alpha 1] With around 208,000 inhabitants, it is the third largest city on the German Baltic coast after Kiel and Lübeck, the eighth largest city in the area of former East Germany, as well as the 39th largest city of Germany. Rostock was the largest coastal and most important port city in East Germany.

Rostock
From top: Rostock skyline, St. Mary's Church, St. Peter's Church, seaside resort Warnemünde, city hall, Warnemünde beach
Flag
Coat of arms
Administrative divisions of Rostock
Rostock
Rostock
Coordinates: 54°5′0″N 12°8′0″E
CountryGermany
StateMecklenburg-Vorpommern
DistrictUrban district
Subdivisions21 boroughs
Government
 • Lord MayorClaus Ruhe Madsen (Ind.)
Area
 • Total181.44 km2 (70.05 sq mi)
Elevation
13 m (43 ft)
Population
 (2018-12-31)[1]
 • Total208,886
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
Time zoneCET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes
18001–18147
Dialling codes0381
Vehicle registrationHRO
Websitewww.rostock.de

Rostock stands on the estuary of the River Warnow into the Bay of Mecklenburg of the Baltic Sea. The city stretches for about 16 km (10 mi) along the river, that flows into the sea in the very north of the city, between the boroughs of Warnemünde and Hohe Düne. The city center lies further upstream, in the very south of the city. While most of Rostock's inhabitants live on the western side of the Warnow, the area east of the river is dominated by the port, industrial estates and the forested Rostock Heath. The city's coastline east and west of the river mouth is relatively undeveloped, with long sandy beaches prevailing. The name of the city and of the river are of Slavic origin.

Rostock is the economic center of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and the state's only regiopolis. The port of Rostock is the fourth largest port in Germany after the North Sea ports of Hamburg, Bremen/Bremerhaven and Wilhelmshaven, and the largest port on the German Baltic coast. The ferry routes between Rostock and Gedser in Denmark as well as Trelleborg in Southern Sweden are among the busiest between Germany and Scandinavia. Rostock–Laage Airport lies in a rural region southeast of the city.

The city is home to the oldest university in the Baltic region and one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Rostock, founded in 1419. The university's hospital, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, is one of two university hospitals in the state, along with Universitätsmedizin Greifswald of the University of Greifswald in Western Pomerania.

History
See also: Timeline of Rostock
Historical population
YearPop.±%
137810,785—    
17739,000−16.6%
187130,980+244.2%
190054,713+76.6%
191065,383+19.5%
191967,953+3.9%
192577,669+14.3%
193390,150+16.1%
1939121,315+34.6%
1950133,109+9.7%
1964179,372+34.8%
1970198,636+10.7%
1981236,011+18.8%
2011200,265−15.1%
2017208,409+4.1%
source:[2]

Early history

In the 11th century Polabian Slavs founded a settlement at the Warnow river called Roztoc (*ras-tokŭ, Slavic for "fork of a river"); the name Rostock is derived from that designation.

The Danish king Valdemar I set the town on fire in 1161. Afterwards the place was settled by German traders. Initially there were three separate cities:

  • Altstadt (Old Town) around the Alter Markt (Old Market), which had St. Petri (St. Peter's Church),
  • Mittelstadt (Middle Town) around the Neuer Markt (New Market), with St. Marien (St. Mary's Church) and
Confirmation of Lübeck law city rights, 1218
  • Neustadt (New Town) around the Hopfenmarkt (Hop Market, now University Square), with St. Jakobi (St. James's Church, demolished after World War II).

In 1218, Rostock was granted Lübeck law city rights by Heinrich Borwin, prince of Mecklenburg.

Hanseatic League
Rostock University, the oldest university in continental northern Europe and the Baltic Sea area, founded in 1419.

During the first partition of Mecklenburg following the death of Henry Borwin II of Mecklenburg in 1226, Rostock became the seat of the Lordship of Rostock, which survived for almost a century. In 1251, the city became a member of the Hanseatic League. In the 14th century it was a powerful seaport town with 12,000 inhabitants and the largest city in Mecklenburg. Ships for cruising the Baltic Sea were constructed in Rostock. The formerly independent fishing village of Warnemünde at the Baltic Sea became a part of Rostock in 1323, to secure the city's access to the sea.

In 1419, the University of Rostock was founded, the oldest university in continental northern Europe and the Baltic Sea area.

15th to 18th centuries
Rostock in the 16th century
Rostock in the 17th century

At the end of the 15th century, the dukes of Mecklenburg succeeded in enforcing their rule over the town of Rostock, which had until then been only nominally subject to their rule and essentially independent. They took advantage of a riot known as Domfehde, a failed uprising of the impoverished population. Subsequent quarrels with the dukes and persistent plundering led ultimately to a loss of the city's economic and political power.

Rostock 1780-90

In 1565 there were further clashes with Schwerin that which had far-reaching consequences. Among other things, the nobility introduced a beer excise that favoured the dukes. John Albert I advanced on the city with 500 horsemen, after Rostock had refused to take the formal oath of allegiance, and had the city wall razed (slighted) in order to have a fortress built. The conflict did not end until the first Rostock Inheritance Agreement of 21 September 1573, in which the state princes were guaranteed hereditary rule over the city for centuries and recognizing them as the supreme judicial authority; this bound Rostock for a long time. The citizens razed (or slighted) the fortress the following spring.

From 1575 to 1577 the city walls were rebuilt, as was the Lagebusch tower and the Stein Gate, in the Dutch Renaissance style. The inscription sit intra te concordia et publica felicitas ("You enter a state of harmony and happiness"), can still be read on the gate, and refers directly to the conflict with the Duke. In 1584 the Second Rostock Inheritance Agreement was enforced, which resulted in a further loss of former city tax privileges. At the same time, these inheritance contracts put paid to Rostock's ambition of achieving imperial immediacy, as Lübeck had done in 1226.

The strategic location of Rostock provoked the envy of its rivals. Danes and Swedes occupied the city twice, first during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) and again from 1700 to 1721. Later in the early 19th century, the French, under Napoleon, occupied the town for about a decade until 1813. In nearby Lübeck-Ratekau, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who was born in Rostock and who was one of few generals to fight on after defeat at the Battle of Jena, surrendered to the French in 1806. This was only after furious street fighting in the Battle of Lübeck, in which he led some of the cavalry charges himself. By the time of the surrender, the exhausted Prussians had neither food nor ammunition.

19th century
Colourful gabled houses of Rostock

In the first half of the 19th century, Rostock regained much of its economic importance, due at first to the wheat trade, then, from the 1850s, to industry, especially its shipyards. The first propeller-driven steamers in Germany were constructed here.

The city grew in area and population, with new quarters developing in the south and west of the ancient borders of the city. Two notable developments were added to house the increasing population at around 1900:

  • Steintor-Vorstadt in the south, stretching from the old city wall to the facilities of the new Lloydbahnhof (Lloyd Railway Station, now Rostock Hauptbahnhof), was designed as a living quarter. It consisted mostly of large single houses, once inhabited by wealthy citizens.
  • Kröpeliner-Tor-Vorstadt in the west, was designed to house the working population as well as to provide smaller and larger industrial facilities, such as the Mahn & Ohlerich's Brewery (now Hanseatische Brauerei Rostock). The main shipyard, Neptun, was nearby at the shore of the river.

20th century

In the 20th century, important aircraft manufacturing facilities were situated in the city, such as the Arado Flugzeugwerke in Warnemünde and the Heinkel Works with facilities at various places, including their secondary Heinkel-Süd facility in Schwechat, Austria, as the original Heinkel firm's Rostock facilities had been renamed Heinkel-Nord. The world's first airworthy jet plane prototype made its test flights at their facilities in what used to be named the Rostock-Marienehe neighborhood (today's Rostock-Schmarl community, along the west bank of the Unterwarnow estuary).

In the early 1930s, the Nazi Party began to gain among Rostock's voters, many of whom had suffered economic hardship during the 1920s. In elections in the summer 1932, when the Nazis achieved 37.3 percent, their greatest national showing in a free election, they polled 40.3 percent in Rostock. A year later, after the Nazi seizure of power and the suppression of other political parties, the Rostock city council (Stadtrat) was composed entirely of Nazis. During Kristallnacht on 10 November 1938, the synagogue in Rostock's Augustenstrasse was destroyed by arson and dozens of Jews were beaten and imprisoned.

Feverish rearmament by the Nazi regime boosted Rostock's industrial importance in the late 1930s, and employment soared at the Heinkel and Arado factories, and at the Neptunwerft shipyard. The city's population grew from 100,000 in 1935 to 121,192 in 1939.

During World War II, Rostock was subjected to repeated and increasingly heavy bombing attacks, especially by the British Royal Air Force. Targets included the Heinkel and Arado plants and the shipyard, but churches and other historic structures in the city centre also were heavily damaged, among them the 14th-century Nikolaikirche (St Nicholas Church) and Jakobikirche (St Jacob's Church). The ruins of the latter were torn down in 1960.

The city was eventually captured by the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front on 2 May 1945 during the Stettin-Rostock offensive operation.

After the war, Rostock – now in the German Democratic Republic – became East Germany's largest seaport. The state expanded the national shipyards in the district of Warnemünde. The city's population, boosted in part by resettled ethnic German refugees who had been expelled from territories in the east, increased in the GDR years to a peak of 260,000. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, Rostock lost its privileged position as the No. 1 port of the GDR, and the city's population declined to about 200,000. However, after 2006, the population increased again. Today, Rostock and Warnemünde are significant tourist destinations on the Baltic Sea.

Since the late 20th century, migrants have come to Germany from Turkey and Africa seeking work. In response to high rates of joblessness and increased levels of crime, some Germans took part in the Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots which occurred from 22 to 24 August 1992 in protest.

  • Depiction of Rostock in 1845
  • Rostock bomb damage, 1942
  • City Hall, Market Square after war
  • Rostock in 2011
  • The 16th century Steintor city gate
  • St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche), 2011

Politics

Districts
1788 historic map of Rostock, showing earlier district names
Modern Districts of Rostock

Symbols
Coat of Arms
Motto: Within your walls may be harmony and happiness (in Latin)

Rostock has had three different coats of arms, known as the Signum, the Secretum and the Sigillum. The Signum, which can be traced back to 1367, was developed last and is to this day the coat of arms of the city.

The Signum depicts a golden griffin on a blue background, with bars of silver and red, the colours of the Hanseatic League, below. It can be seen not only on flags and houses, and at bus stops, but also on bridges, gullies, fences, ships and restaurants.

Administration

Since the 13th century, the governing body of the city has been the city council (Rat), first consisting of ten, later of 24 elected aldermen (Ratsherren). The chairman of the city council was the city mayor. In the 19th century there were three mayors. Since 1925, the head of the city has borne the title of Lord Mayor. Having been elected by the city council for centuries, since 2002 this position is now elected directly by the citizens of Rostock, following a reform.

Roland Methling (Independent), was elected Lord Mayor of Rostock in the first round by 58.2% of the voters on 27 February 2005.

Restored Rostock City Hall, a mixture of Baroque and Brick Gothic architecture.

The city parliament (Bürgerschaft) represents the citizens. Representative are elected for five years. The number of representatives is currently 53.

  • 13 Linke
  • 10 SPD
  • 9 CDU
  • 5 Greens
  • 4 FDP
  • 4 FÜR ROSTOCK – pro OB
  • 3 Rostocker Bund
  • 5 others

The city parliament is presided by the Präsident der Bürgerschaft. He heads and prepares the sessions and, together with the Lord Mayor, represents the city.

Twin towns - sister cities

Rostock is twinned with:[3]

Rostock is a member of the international network New Hanse.

Geographical position of the Rostock Regiopolis

Regiopolis Rostock

Rostock is the first city region that defines itself not only as a city in its boundaries, but as a regiopolis, with a supra-regional sphere of influence. A regiopolis can be compared to a metropolis, but on a smaller scale. This is a sign for the inter-regional cooperation and economic dynamics that can be found in the Rostock area. A taskforce with different actors such as the hanseatic city of Rostock, the administrative district of Rostock, the Regional Planning Association Middle Mecklenburg/Rostock and the local business organisations are working on the promotion and advancement of the concept.[4]

Geography

Geographic location

Rostock is located nearly centrally on Mecklenburg-Vorpommern's Baltic Sea coast. The city is crossed by the Warnow.

The seaside part of Rostock, Rostock-Warnemünde, is about 16 km (10 mi) to the north of the historic city centre. The west and the southeast are the most densely populated parts of town. The overseas port is to the east of Rostock. Rostock stretches 21.6 km (13.4 mi) from the Baltic Sea to the south and 19.4 km (12.1 mi) from east to west.

Climate

Rostock has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with strong influence of the Baltic Sea, more similar with Denmark. The climate is considerably mild if you consider that it is not in direct contact with a warm current.

Climate data for Rostock (Warnemünde), elevation: 10 m, 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)		 17.0
(62.6)		 22.3
(72.1)		 29.5
(85.1)		 32.8
(91.0)		 35.0
(95.0)		 35.5
(95.9)		 36.9
(98.4)		 32.4
(90.3)		 26.1
(79.0)		 19.5
(67.1)		 15.5
(59.9)		 36.9
(98.4)
Average high °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)		 3.9
(39.0)		 7.1
(44.8)		 11.6
(52.9)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.1
(64.6)		 21.8
(71.2)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.0
(64.4)		 13.1
(55.6)		 7.7
(45.9)		 4.2
(39.6)		 12.4
(54.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5)		 1.7
(35.1)		 4.3
(39.7)		 8.2
(46.8)		 12.5
(54.5)		 15.6
(60.1)		 18.3
(64.9)		 18.2
(64.8)		 14.8
(58.6)		 10.3
(50.5)		 5.6
(42.1)		 2.3
(36.1)		 9.5
(49.1)
Average low °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 1.6
(34.9)		 4.7
(40.5)		 8.8
(47.8)		 12.2
(54.0)		 14.6
(58.3)		 14.6
(58.3)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.5
(45.5)		 3.4
(38.1)		 0.3
(32.5)		 6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0)		 −18.4
(−1.1)		 −15.1
(4.8)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 0.0
(32.0)		 2.5
(36.5)		 7.3
(45.1)		 6.5
(43.7)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −9.3
(15.3)		 −15.6
(3.9)		 −18.4
(−1.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.6
(1.87)		 36.5
(1.44)		 41.5
(1.63)		 34.8
(1.37)		 52.9
(2.08)		 70.2
(2.76)		 62.2
(2.45)		 67.1
(2.64)		 60.0
(2.36)		 45.5
(1.79)		 49.1
(1.93)		 48.9
(1.93)		 616.3
(24.26)
Average precipitation days 10.3 8.8 9.1 7.5 8.6 10.1 8.8 9.8 9.8 9.6 10.5 9.9 112.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.4 66.4 119.6 191.8 257.9 230.0 248.6 219.8 158.9 108.6 53.8 38.0 1,739.8
Source: Météo Climat[5][6]

Main sights

Rostock
Panorama of Rostock from the bank of the Warnow river during the Hanse Sail
Aerial view of marina and Yacht Harbour Residence "Hohe Düne" at the Baltic Sea, close to Warnemünde.
Heiligengeisthof (Holy Spirit Courtyard).

One of the most picturesque places in Rostock is the Neuer Markt (New Market Square), with the Town Hall - that was originally built in the 13th century in Brick Gothic style, but extensively transformed in the 18th century, with the addition of a Baroque façade and a banqueting hall. The square also preserved six original, carefully restored gable houses from the 15th and 16th centuries. The other historical houses in Hanseatic style that once bordered the square were destroyed in an Allied air-raid in 1942, and rebuilt in a simplified manner.[9]

The 15th-century Kerkhofhaus (at Große Wasserstraße, behind the Town Hall) is considered the best preserved brick Gothic house in Rostock.

St. Mary's Church Marienkirche, on Ziegenmarkt, is an imposing Brick Gothic church. Built in the 13th century, it was enlarged and modified at the end of the 14th century into the present cross-shaped basilica. The huge tower was not completed until the end of the 18th century. Inside there is an astronomical clock built in 1472 by Hans Düringer.

Kröpeliner Straße - main shopping street

The main pedestrian precinct is Kröpeliner Straße, that runs east from the Neuer Markt to the 14th-century Kröpeliner Tor, a former town gate. The main buildings of Rostock University lie at Universitätsplatz, near the middle of the street, in front of the lively fountain of zest for life (Brunnen der Lebensfreude), known colloquially as "Pornobrunn", for its prevalent nude sculptures.

The Kloster St Katharinen (Convent of St. Catherine), is an old Franciscan monastery founded in 1243, and extended several times during the 14th and 15th centuries. Now used as the seat of the Academy of Music and Theatre (HMT-Rostock).

The Brick Gothic Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas Church), which is the oldest church in Rostock, was built in the mid-13th century. Heavily damaged during World War II and subsequently restored, the building is now used as an exhibition centre and concert hall, due to its outstanding acoustics.

Some parts of the medieval city wall, with four city gates, have survived to the present day.

Warnemünde
Alexandrinenstraße in Warnemünde.
Speicher (office buildings) at night. Headquarters of AIDA Cruises.

Warnemünde is the seaside part of Rostock and a major attraction of the city. Locals and tourists alike enjoy the maritime flair of old houses, a large beach, a lighthouse and the old fisherman's port.

Economy

The economy is mainly characterised by maritime industries (especially shipbuilding), high-tech industries (IT, biotechnology/life sciences, medical engineering), the University of Rostock, tourism and the service sector. Major companies include:

Maritime Industry
  • Caterpillar Inc., manufacturer of diesel engines for ships
  • Deutsche Seereederei Rostock, transport, cruises, property and tourism holding
  • F. Laeisz
  • Neptun Werft, shipyard belonging to Meyer Neptun Group
  • Nordic Yards Warnemünde, shipyard
  • Schiffselektronik Rostock
  • Tamsen Maritim shipyard
Other engineering
Tourism industry
Others
  • Hanseatische Brauerei Rostock, German brewery belonging to the Oetker-Gruppe
  • Rostock University Hospital (Universitätsmedizin)
  • Yara International, supplier of plant nutrients

Education
Historical Botanical Garden of Rostock University, greenhouse

Rostock is home to one of the oldest universities in the world. Founded in 1419, the University of Rostock is the third oldest university in Germany in continuous operation, and one of the oldest universities of the world. It also maintains a botanical garden, the Botanischer Garten Universität Rostock.

The Academy of Music and Theatre (Hochschule für Musik und Theater) offers graduate degrees in artistic fields. Founded in 1994, the institution combined Ernst Busch, the former drama school, and the outpost school of the Hanns Eisler Music School Berlin. Today, the combined school is a member of the Association of Baltic Academies of Music (ABAM), a union of 17 music conservatories at the Baltic Sea and Israel. Unique in Europe is the postgraduate degree in piano duo performance. The school possesses a large opera stage (Katharinensaal) and two chamber music halls. There are concerts every day throughout the year.

Rostock also hosts the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and the Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, as well as two branches of Fraunhofer Institutes, one for Computer Graphics and one for Large Structures in Production Technology.

Culture
Volkstheater Rostock

Events

The city is home to the annual Hanse Sail festival, during which many large sailing ships and museum vessels are brought out to sea, drawing over 1.5 million visitors.

An annual jazz festival, Ostsee-Jazz ("Baltic Sea Jazz"), takes place in June.

Cinemas

The Lichtspieltheater Wundervoll is the art house cinema of Rostock. It opened in 1993 and offers a daily programme in two venues, the Metropol and the Frieda 23 with three cinemas. At Frieda 23 is the Institut für neue Medien (IFNM), Rostock's Institute for New Media, which includes a media workshop. Both Liwu and IFNM are active members of the Landesverband Filmkommunikation Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Special screenings for schools, educational programmes and special programmes are offered as well. It is the central venue for Rostock's Film Festival, the Festival im Stadthafen (FISH), the German Federal Festival for Young German Film.

Museums and zoo
Walter Kempowski archives
  • Rostock Art Gallery (Kunsthalle Rostock)
  • Museum of Cultural History (Kulturhistorisches Museum)
  • Stasi Museum (Dokumentations- und Gedenkstätte der Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik)
  • Warnemünde Local History Museum (Heimatmuseum Warnemünde)
  • Shipbuilding and Shipping Museum (Schiffbau- und Schifffahrtsmuseum)
  • Rostock Zoo
  • Walter Kempowski Archive
  • Max-Samuel-Haus, Rostock Jewish Heritage Centre

Food and drink

Rostock manufactures its own local beer, called Rostocker Pilsner, manufactured at the Hanseatische Brauerei Rostock GmbH (Rostock Hanseatic Brewery Ltd.). The beer is well known throughout the city and is also sold in cities nearby. To celebrate Rostock's 800th birthday, a special light beer called Heller Freude was brewed to commemorate the occasion.

Sport
Ostseestadion, home ground of Hansa Rostock
Club Sport Founded League Venue Head Coach Website
Hansa Rostock Football 1965 3. Liga Ostseestadion Jens Haertel
Rostock Seawolves Basketball 1994 ProA (2nd division) Stadthalle Rostock Dirk Bauermann
Rostocker FC 1895 Football 1895 Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (6th division) Sportpark am Damerower Weg Jan Kistenmacher
HC Empor Rostock Team handball 1946 3. Bundesliga Rostocker Stadthalle Maik Handschke
SV Warnemünde Volleyball 1990 3rd league (men and women team) Sporthalle Gerüstbauerring
Piranhas Rostock Ice hockey 1953 Oberliga (3rd division) Eishalle Rostock Henry Thom
Rostocker Nasenbären Skater hockey 2005 Inline-Skaterhockey-Bundesliga (1st league) OSPA-Arena Dimitri Kramarenko[10]
HSG Warnemünde Water polo 1971 Oberliga SH-MV (3rd league) Neptun-Schwimmhalle

Transport

Car

Rostock can be reached by motorway (Autobahn) A 1 from Hamburg via Lübeck on A 20 and by A 19 from Berlin and A 20 from Stettin in Poland.

Public transport
Rostock Hauptbahnhof (main station)
Transit map of Rostock

Rostock Hauptbahnhof offers fast rail connections to Hamburg and Berlin and from there to almost any other European city.

Rostock is served by the Rostock tramway network, with six tram lines that serve the inner city as well as the suburbs. The city is also served by an extensive bus fleet, as well as a handful of ferries that cross the Warnow.

Ferry/ship

Rostock is Germany's largest Baltic port. Rostock is also home to a large ferry port. It is a main base for ferry operators Scandlines and TT-Line, which both connect Rostock with major Scandinavian destinations. Furthermore, Rostock receives the highest number of cruise tourists in Germany every year.

Ferries leave for

  • Rostock harbour at sunset
  • The cruise ship Regal Princess leaving Rostock at evening

Air

The Rostock–Laage Airport offers connections to major German and international destinations; regular flights to e.g. Munich are offered. The nearest larger international airports are in Hamburg and Berlin. There are also a number of airfields for smaller aircraft, such as Purkshof.

Notable people
Simon Paulli
Albrecht Kossel
Ernst Heinkel, 1942
Peter Schulz, 2010
Joachim Gauck, 2016
Franziska Knuppe, 2011
Jan Ullrich, 2014

This is a list of notable people who were born or lived in the city of Rostock:

early times
18th C
19th C
20th C
Sport
gollark: Muahahaha. I am now monitoring all instances of "bees" on Twitter in near-real time.
gollark: But we need more bee, not less bee.
gollark: We use that to ship LyricLy antimemetic bees frequently.
gollark: It *is* inevitable.
gollark: Should all have `match`, yes.

References
  1. Closest border point with Pomerania from Rostock in Ribnitz-Damgarten between Ribnitz (Mecklenburg) and Damgarten (Pomerania). Border constituted by River Recknitz.
  1. "Statistisches Amt M-V – Bevölkerungsstand der Kreise, Ämter und Gemeinden 2018". Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). July 2019.
  2. Link
  3. "Städtepartnerschaften". rostock-international.de (in German). Rostock. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
  4. Regiopole Rostock (German)
  5. "Climate normals for Germany 1981-2010" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  6. "Weather extremes for Rostock" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  7. "Climate Statistics for Warnemünde, Germany". Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  8. "Rostock-Warnemunde (10170) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved January 28, 2019. Archived January 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  9. Bomben auf Rostock; H.-W. Bohl, B. Keipke, k. Schröder; Konrad Reich Verlag 1995
  10. Rostocker Nasenbären website
  11. Gillmeister, Heiner (2002). "Ein Weltenbummler". In Deutscher Tennis Bund (ed.). Tennis in Deutschland. Von den Anfängen bis 2002 [Tennis in Germany. From the beginnings to 2002.] (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 74–77. ISBN 3-428-10846-9.

Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Rostock
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