Star Alliance

Star Alliance is the world's largest global airline alliance.[2] Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Jeffrey Goh[4] and its headquarters is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.[3] As of April 2018, Star Alliance is the largest of the three global alliances by passenger count with 762.27 million, ahead of both skyteam (630 million) and Oneworld(528 million).[5][6] Its slogan is "The Way the Earth Connects".

Star Alliance
Launch date14 May 1997 (1997-05-14)
Full members26
Non-voting members40 affiliates
Pending members0
Destination airports1,294[1]
Destination countries195[2]
Annual passengers (M)762[2]
Annual RPK (G)1,739[1]
Fleet size5,033[1]
HeadquartersFrankfurt am Main, Germany[3]
ManagementJeffrey Goh, CEO[4]
Calin Rovinescu, Chairman
Alliance sloganThe Way the Earth Connects.
Websitewww.staralliance.com

Star Alliance's 26 member airlines operate a fleet of approximately 5,033 aircraft, serving more than 1,290 airports in 195 countries on more than 19,000 daily departures. The alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals (known as co-location) and many member planes are painted in the alliance's livery.

History

1997–1999: First alliance
"The Star Alliance is Born" – airliners of the five founding members of the alliance gathered together, May 1997.
Four United Airlines planes at San Francisco International Airport. One is painted the Star Alliance special livery.

On 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents: United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways, Air Canada, and Lufthansa.[7][8] The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million (€18 million).[9] The airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, "The Airline Network for Earth",[7] with its goal "an alliance that will take passengers to every major city on earth".[8]

Additions

The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network[7][10] on 22 October 1997, extending the alliance into South America. Also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific.[11] With the addition of the latter two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways (ANA), the group's second Asian airline, on 15 October 1999.[12][13]

2000–2006: Expansion

During the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance; the Austrian Airlines Group (Austrian Airlines, Tyrolean Airways and Lauda Air) joined on 26 March 2000[14][15] and Singapore Airlines on 1 April.[16] BMI (British Midland) and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the alliance's membership to 13.[17] The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances. During the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it.[18] That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member but did not.[19] In 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers (in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, and Bangkok) and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team (AMT), the partnership's executive body.[20] In September 2001, Ansett Australia (the alliance's only Australian member) left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy, giving most of the Australian market to Qantas (a Oneworld member). That year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht.[20]

Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003,[21] Spanair on 1 May,[22] and LOT Polish Airlines (Poland's flag carrier) in October.[23] Around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld.[20] US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004,[24] becoming its second US-based airline. In November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members.[25]

Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, the airline filed for bankruptcy. TAP Air Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network.[26][27] In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliance's sixth European airline, and South African Airways (its first African carrier) became the 17th and 18th members.[28]

2007: First decade

By May 2007, Star Alliance's 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. The alliance introduced Biosphere Connections, a partnership with UNESCO, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to promote environmental sustainability.[29][30]

Today, nearly 30% of global air travellers use the services of our member carriers or, looking at it from an overall industry perspective, two-thirds of worldwide air travellers use one of the three airline alliances.

— Jaan Albrecht, former Star Alliance CEO[31]

VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007,[32] and the two Chinese airlines, Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December.[33]

2008–2010: Second decade of operations

On 1 April 2008, Turkish Airlines joined the alliance after a 15-month integration process beginning in December 2006, becoming its 20th member.[34] EgyptAir, Egypt's national airline and Star Alliance's second African carrier, joined on 11 July 2008.[35]

On 27 October 2009, Continental Airlines became the 25th member of Star Alliance after leaving SkyTeam three days earlier. According to alliance CEO Jaan Albrecht, "Bringing Continental Airlines into Star Alliance has been a truly unique experience. This is the first time an airline has moved directly from one alliance to another and I would like to thank all those involved in ensuring a smooth switch". At the time, it was rumoured that the switch was Continental's first move in a planned merger with United Airlines.[36] Two months later, Brussels Airlines joined the alliance.[37]

Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines joined Star Alliance on 13 May 2010,[38] increasing its foothold in South America.[39] Aegean Airlines, Greece's largest airline by number of passengers, joined on 30 June.[40]

Shanghai Airlines left the alliance on 31 October 2010 when it merged with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member.[41] On 29 September, the chief executive board approved Ethiopian Airlines as Star Alliance's 30th member.[42][43] In 2010 the alliance flew to 1,172 airports in 181 countries, with about 21,200 daily departures.[42]

2011–present: further expansion and stability

Since 2011, the alliance has gained several large members but has lost others due to collapse or mergers. On 13 December 2011, Ethiopian Airlines joined, adding five countries and 24 destinations to the alliance's map.[44]

Star Alliance saw a tumultuous 2012–13, starting with two key departures but ending with a major move into Latin America. In Europe, Spanair ceased operations, and BMI left after being acquired by International Airlines Group (IAG), the parent company of Oneworld members Iberia and British Airways. BMI was integrated into British Airways.[45][46] In North America, Continental merged with United Airlines, reducing Star's membership further, even if it effectively stayed in the alliance after the merger.[47] On 21 June, though, Avianca, TACA Airlines and Copa Airlines joined, massively increasing the alliance's Latin American presence.[48] In November, Blue1 left after becoming an affiliate of parent Scandinavian Airlines.[49] and Shenzhen Airlines joined, augmenting Air China's Chinese network.[50] Taiwanese carrier EVA Air then joined on 18 June 2013, and after TACA's integration into Avianca, the alliance grew to 28 members, making it the largest of the three major airline alliances.[51][52] On 13 December, Air India was again invited to begin an integration process with Star Alliance and joined the alliance on 3 July 2014.[53]

Following this string of expansions, 2014 opened with two major departures through mergers. First, Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines merged with LAN Airlines to become LATAM Airlines Group, leaving the alliance without a presence in the world's fifth-largest country.[54] Next, US Airways completed its merger with American Airlines and also left the alliance.[55] Both parent companies stayed with Oneworld. On 24 June, though, the alliance finally approved Air India which joined on 11 July, leaving the alliance at 27 members, where it stands today.[56][57][58][59]

Future expansion centers around the addition of Connecting Partners, subsidiaries or partners of alliance members which will add connectivity to the alliance without becoming full members. Avianca Brazil joined in this way on 22 July 2015, bringing the alliance back into the Brazilian market partially filling the void left by TAM.[60] South African Airways' low-cost subsidiary, Mango, was initially announced to join as a Connecting Partner in Q3 2016[61] but has since been delayed. Juneyao Airlines, which codeshares with Shenzhen Airlines, joined as a Connecting Partner on 23 May 2017.[62][63][64] Thai Smile, subsidiary of Thai Airways, will join as a Connecting Partner in 2020.[65] On 20 August 2019, Star Alliance announced affiliate member Avianca Brazil's exit from the alliance from 1 September 2019. The departure, however, won't affect Avianca's membership.[66][67] On 30 September 2019, Adria Airways ceased operations, and the airline exited the alliance on 2 October 2019.[68]

Four members of Star Alliance at Tokyo Narita Airport: Thai, United, Swiss and SAS

Member airlines and affiliates
Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways and United Airlines are the five founding members of the alliance.

Members and affiliates
Member Joined Affiliates
Aegean Airlines[69] 30 June 2010 Olympic Air
Air Canada[A][69] 14 May 1997 Air Canada Express[B][D]
Air Canada Rouge
Air China[69] 12 December 2007 Dalian Airlines
Air Macau
Air India[69] 3 July 2014 Alliance Air
Air India Express
Air New Zealand[69] 3 May 1999 N/A
All Nippon Airways[69] 15 October 1999 Air Japan
ANA Wings
Asiana Airlines[69] 28 March 2003 Air Seoul
Air Busan
Austrian Airlines[69] 26 March 2000 N/A
Avianca[69] 21 June 2012 Avianca Costa Rica
Avianca Ecuador
Avianca El Salvador
Avianca Express
Avianca Guatemala
Avianca Honduras
Brussels Airlines[69] 9 December 2009 N/A
Copa Airlines[69] 21 June 2012 Copa Airlines Colombia
Croatia Airlines[69] 18 November 2004 N/A
EgyptAir[69] 11 July 2008 N/A
Ethiopian Airlines[69] 13 December 2011 ASKY Airlines
Ethiopian Mozambique Airlines
Malawian Airlines
EVA Air[69] 18 June 2013 UNI Air[J]
LOT Polish Airlines[69] 26 October 2003 Nordica Airlines[P]
Lufthansa[A][69] 14 May 1997 Air Dolomiti
Lufthansa Regional[B][C][F]
Lufthansa CityLine
SunExpress Deutschland[I]
Eurowings[O]
Eurowings Europe[O]
Scandinavian Airlines[A][69]
 14 May 1997 Scandinavian Airlines Ireland
Shenzhen Airlines[69] 29 November 2012 Kunming Airlines[K]
Singapore Airlines[69] 1 April 2000
 SilkAir[N]
Scoot[N]
South African Airways[69] 10 April 2006 Airlink
Mango[H]
South African Express
Swiss International Air Lines[69] 1 April 2006 Edelweiss Air[M]
TAP Air Portugal[69] 14 March 2005 TAP Express
Thai Airways[A][69] 14 May 1997 N/A
Turkish Airlines[69] 1 April 2008 AnadoluJet
SunExpress[L]
Air Albania
United Airlines[A][69] 14 May 1997 United Express[B][G]

A Founding member.
B Airlines operating under Air Canada Express, Air New Zealand Link, Lufthansa Regional and United Express are not necessarily members of Star Alliance. However, flights are operated on behalf of the respective member airlines, carry their designator code and are Star Alliance flights.
C Members of Lufthansa Regional that are fully owned by Deutsche Lufthansa AG.
D Air Canada Express flights are operated by[70][71] EVAS Air, Jazz Aviation, Sky Regional Airlines.
E Air India Regional flights are operated by Alliance Air.
F Lufthansa Regional flights are operated by Air Dolomiti and Lufthansa CityLine.
G United Express flights are operated by Air Wisconsin, CommutAir, ExpressJet, GoJet Airlines, Mesa Airlines, Republic Airways, and SkyWest Airlines.
H South African low-cost airline Mango will join the alliance as a Connecting Partner but until now the new date is still unannounced.[61]
I SunExpress (owned by member airlines Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa) and SunExpress Deutschland (owned by SunExpress) is not part of Star Alliance.
J UNI Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Eva Air, although it is not a part of Star Alliance.
K Kunming Airlines is a wholly owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Airlines, although it is not a part of Star Alliance.
M Edelweiss Air is a subsidiary of Swiss International Air Lines but not a Star Alliance member.[72]
N SilkAir and Scoot are wholly owned subsidiaries of Singapore Airlines but not Star Alliance members. SilkAir is scheduled to be gradually merged into Singapore Airlines starting from 2020. Scoot is a member of Value Alliance.
O Eurowings and Eurowings Europe are subsidiaries of Lufthansa but they are not Star Alliance members.
P Nordica is owned by Polish Aviation Group (owner of LOT Polish Airlines), but is not part of Star Alliance.

Connecting Partners
Connecting Partner Joined Affiliates
Juneyao Airlines[62] 23 May 2017 N/A
Thai Smile[A][65] 25 February 2020 N/A

A Thai Smile is a subsidiary of Thai Airways.

Former members
Former member Joined Exited Affiliates Notes
Adria Airways 18 November 200430 September 2019

Darwin Airline

 Left the alliance on 30 September 2019 after cessation of operations.
Ansett Australia 3 May 199912 September 2001 Aeropelican Air Services
Hazelton Airlines
Kendell Airlines
Skywest Airlines		 Left the alliance on 12 September 2001 after suffering financial collapse.[73] Ansett resumed operations on 1 October 2001, but would permanently cease operations on 4 March 2002. In 2002, Hazelton and Kendell merged to become Regional Express Airlines. Qantas’s current rival is Virgin Australia.
Avianca Brasil 22 July 201531 August 2019N/A Left the alliance on 31 August 2019 after cessation of operations.
Blue13 November 20041 November 2012N/A Left the alliance on 1 November 2012 after SAS took over mainline operations, was a member affiliate of Scandinavian Airlines, and is now a part of CityJet.[49][74]
British Midland International1 July 200020 April 2012BMI Regional
Bmibaby		 Left the alliance on 20 April 2012 as a result of its merger into International Airlines Group, a Oneworld alliance member.[45]
Continental Airlines 27 October 20093 March 2012 Continental Connection
Continental Express
Continental Micronesia		 Merged with United Airlines on 3 March 2012.[75]
Mexicana1 July 200031 March 2004Aerocaribe Left the alliance in 2004 after deciding not to renew a codeshare alliance with United Airlines, opting instead to codeshare with American Airlines. Ceased operations on 28 August 2010.[76]
Shanghai Airlines12 December 200731 October 2010China United Airlines Left the alliance on 31 October 2010 as a result of its merger with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member.[77]
Spanair1 May 200327 January 2012AeBal Ceased operations on 27 January 2012.[78]
TACA Airlines21 June 201227 May 2013TACA Regional Merged with Avianca on 27 May 2013; renamed Avianca El Salvador.
TAM Airlines13 May 201030 March 2014TAM Paraguay Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger with LAN Airlines, a Oneworld member.[79]
US Airways4 May 200430 March 2014US Airways Express
US Airways Shuttle		 Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger with American Airlines, a Oneworld member.[80]
VARIG22 October 199731 January 2007Nordeste
Rio Sul
PLUNA		 Ceased operations on 20 July 2006.[32]

Former affiliates of current members
Former affiliate Joined Left Affiliate of Notes
Air Canada Tango
2001
2004
Air Canada Now part of Air Canada.[81]
Air Nelson
1979
2019
Air New Zealand Now part of Air New Zealand.[82]
Air Nova
1997
2001
Air Canada Now known as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Canada.[83]
Air Next
2004
2010
All Nippon Airways Now part of ANA Wings, a subsidiary of ANA.[84]
Air Nippon
1999
2012
All Nippon Airways Merged with ANA Wings.[84]
Air Ontario
1997
2001
Air Canada Branded as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Canada.[83]
Avianca Perú
2012
2020
Avianca Ceased operations when Avianca filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy amid COVID-19 pandemic.[85]
Blue1
2012
2015
Scandinavian Airlines Now part of Cityjet after ceasing operations.[49][74]
Centralwings
2004
2009
LOT Polish Airlines Now part of LOT Polish Airlines, ceased operations.[86]
Cyprus Turkish Airlines
2008
2010
Turkish Airlines Now part of Turkish Airlines after going bankrupt.[87]
EgyptAir Express
2006
2019
EgyptAir Merged with EgyptAir.
Korongo Airlines
2009
2015
Brussels Airlines Now part of Brussels Airlines after not gaining enough traction.[88]
Lauda Air
2000
2013
Austrian Airlines Replaced by Austrian Airlines operations, now known as Austrian myHoliday.[89]
Lufthansa Italia
2009
2011
Lufthansa Now part of Lufthansa.[90]
Mount Cook Airlines
1920
2019
Air New Zealand Now part of Air New Zealand.
United Shuttle
1997
2001
United Airlines Became part of United Airlines.[91]
Swiss Global Air Lines
2007
2018
Swiss International Air Lines Operations now folded into Swiss International Air Lines after being dissolved
Swiss Private Aviation
2007
2011
Swiss International Air Lines Absorbed into Swiss International Air Lines.[92]
Tigerair
2003
2017
Singapore Airlines Merged with Scoot under Scoot brand.[93]
Tyrolean Airways
2000
2015
Austrian Airlines Now part of Austrian Airlines.[94]
ZIP
2002
2004
Air Canada Absorbed into Air Canada.[95]
TED
2004
2009
United Airlines Became part of United Airlines.[96]

Customer service

Codeshare flights of Star Alliance airlines are consistent. This cooperation led to suspicions of anti-competitive behaviour; the alliance was suspected by the European Union of being a virtual merger of its members, and speculation existed that if government regulations were relaxed the members would merge into one corporation.[97]

Star Alliance developed a "regional" concept in 2004, which helped it penetrate markets with participation by smaller regional carriers. Regional Star Alliance members had to be sponsored by an alliance member. The alliance no longer designates airlines as "regional" members, now referring to its 27 airlines as "members".[98]

In 2007, alliance members flew 18,521 daily flights to 1,321 airports in 193 countries with a fleet of 4,025 aircraft. Its members carried a total of 627.52 million passengers, with revenue of US$156.8 billion (€145 billion). It had 28 percent of the global market based on revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), greater than the combined market share of all airlines not in one of the three major alliances. All alliance carriers combined employed over 405,000 pilots, flight attendants, and other staff.

Premiums

Star Alliance has two premium levels (Silver and Gold), based on a customer's status in a member's frequent-flyer program. Member and regional airlines recognize Star Silver and Gold status, with a few exceptions mostly about airport lounge access. Membership is based on the frequent-flyer programs of the individual airlines. Many members have a premium status with their individual airline program that goes beyond Gold, however these levels are all grouped together as Gold status when being recognized by Star Alliance overall.[99]

Star Alliance Silver

Silver Status recognizes that you have shown a good degree of loyalty to Star Alliance member airlines and earns you two privileges that can make your journey smoother. This includes priority reservations waitlist and priority airport stand-by.

Star Alliance Gold

Star Alliance Gold status is given to customers who have reached a higher level of a member airline's frequent-flyer program. Benefits are priority reservations waitlist, airport stand-by, check-in and baggage handling; an additional checked luggage allowance of 20 kg (or one extra piece, where the piece rule applies), and access to designated Star Alliance Gold lounges the day and place of departure with the presentation of a Star Alliance boarding pass. Some airlines also offer preferred seating (an exit seat or a special section of the plane); guaranteed seating on fully booked flights, subject to the booking class code and notice period, and free upgrades in the form of a voucher, certificate or automatic upgrade at check-in. United restricts US lounge access for their Gold Members to long-haul international passengers; Gold members from other carriers are welcome in US lounges run by United on all itineraries.

Qualifying tiers by airline
Member airline Mileage program Star Silver
(qualifying tiers)		 Star Gold
(qualifying tiers)
Austrian Airlines
Brussels Airlines
Croatia Airlines
LOT Polish Airlines
Lufthansa
Swiss International Air Lines

Luxair

 Miles & More Frequent Traveller Senator
HON Circle
Aegean Airlines Miles+Bonus Silver Gold
Air Canada Aeroplan/Air Canada Altitude[100] Prestige 25K
Elite 35K		 Elite 50K
Elite 75K
Super Elite 100K
Air China
Shenzhen Airlines		 PhoenixMiles Silver Gold
Platinum
Air India Flying Returns Silver Edge Club Golden Edge Club
The Maharajah Club[101]
Air New Zealand Airpoints Silver Gold
Elite
All Nippon Airways ANA Mileage Club Bronze Super Flyers
Diamond
Platinum
Asiana Airlines Asiana Club Gold Diamond
Diamond Plus
Platinum
Avianca LifeMiles Silver Gold
Diamond
Cenit
Copa Airlines ConnectMiles Silver Gold
Platinum
Presidential Platium
EgyptAir EgyptAir Plus Silver Gold
Elite
Platinum
Ethiopian Airlines ShebaMiles Silver Gold
Platinum
EVA Air Infinity MileageLands Infinity MileageLands Silver Infinity MileageLands Gold
Infinity MileageLands Diamond
Scandinavian Airlines EuroBonus Silver Gold
Diamond
Pandion
Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer Elite Silver Elite Gold
PPS Club
Solitaire PPS Club
South African Airways Voyager Silver Gold
Platinum
TAP Air Portugal Miles&Go Silver Gold
Thai Airways International Royal Orchid Plus Silver Gold

Platinum

Turkish Airlines Miles & Smiles Classic Plus Elite
Elite Plus
United Airlines MileagePlus Premier Silver Premier Gold
Premier Platinum
Premier 1K
Global Services

Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery, usually, a white fuselage with "Star Alliance" across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo; the colour or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains, depending on the member's livery. Singapore Airlines is the only exception, formerly keeping its logo on the tails of its aircraft but now using the Star Alliance logo on white tails. Asiana Airlines was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery.[102] Aircraft painted in an airline's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors.

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