Star Alliance

Star Alliance is the world's largest global airline alliance.[2] Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Jeffrey Goh[4] and its headquarters is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.[3] As of April 2018, Star Alliance is the largest of the three global alliances by passenger count with 762.27 million, ahead of both skyteam (630 million) and Oneworld(528 million).[5][6] Its slogan is "The Way the Earth Connects".

Star Alliance

Launch date	14 May 1997 (1997-05-14)
Full members	26
Non-voting members	40 affiliates
Pending members	0
Destination airports	1,294[1]
Destination countries	195[2]
Annual passengers (M)	762[2]
Annual RPK (G)	1,739[1]
Fleet size	5,033[1]
Headquarters	Frankfurt am Main, Germany[3]
Management	Jeffrey Goh, CEO[4] Calin Rovinescu, Chairman
Alliance slogan	The Way the Earth Connects.
Website	www.staralliance.com

Star Alliance's 26 member airlines operate a fleet of approximately 5,033 aircraft, serving more than 1,290 airports in 195 countries on more than 19,000 daily departures. The alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals (known as co-location) and many member planes are painted in the alliance's livery.

History

1997–1999: First alliance

"The Star Alliance is Born" – airliners of the five founding members of the alliance gathered together, May 1997.

Four United Airlines planes at San Francisco International Airport. One is painted the Star Alliance special livery.

On 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents: United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways, Air Canada, and Lufthansa.[7][8] The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million (€18 million).[9] The airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, "The Airline Network for Earth",[7] with its goal "an alliance that will take passengers to every major city on earth".[8]

Additions

The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network[7][10] on 22 October 1997, extending the alliance into South America. Also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific.[11] With the addition of the latter two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways (ANA), the group's second Asian airline, on 15 October 1999.[12][13]

2000–2006: Expansion

During the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance; the Austrian Airlines Group (Austrian Airlines, Tyrolean Airways and Lauda Air) joined on 26 March 2000[14][15] and Singapore Airlines on 1 April.[16] BMI (British Midland) and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the alliance's membership to 13.[17] The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances. During the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it.[18] That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member but did not.[19] In 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers (in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, and Bangkok) and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team (AMT), the partnership's executive body.[20] In September 2001, Ansett Australia (the alliance's only Australian member) left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy, giving most of the Australian market to Qantas (a Oneworld member). That year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht.[20]

Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003,[21] Spanair on 1 May,[22] and LOT Polish Airlines (Poland's flag carrier) in October.[23] Around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld.[20] US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004,[24] becoming its second US-based airline. In November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members.[25]

Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, the airline filed for bankruptcy. TAP Air Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network.[26][27] In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliance's sixth European airline, and South African Airways (its first African carrier) became the 17th and 18th members.[28]

2007: First decade

By May 2007, Star Alliance's 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. The alliance introduced Biosphere Connections, a partnership with UNESCO, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to promote environmental sustainability.[29][30]

Today, nearly 30% of global air travellers use the services of our member carriers or, looking at it from an overall industry perspective, two-thirds of worldwide air travellers use one of the three airline alliances.

— Jaan Albrecht, former Star Alliance CEO[31]

VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007,[32] and the two Chinese airlines, Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December.[33]

2008–2010: Second decade of operations

On 1 April 2008, Turkish Airlines joined the alliance after a 15-month integration process beginning in December 2006, becoming its 20th member.[34] EgyptAir, Egypt's national airline and Star Alliance's second African carrier, joined on 11 July 2008.[35]

On 27 October 2009, Continental Airlines became the 25th member of Star Alliance after leaving SkyTeam three days earlier. According to alliance CEO Jaan Albrecht, "Bringing Continental Airlines into Star Alliance has been a truly unique experience. This is the first time an airline has moved directly from one alliance to another and I would like to thank all those involved in ensuring a smooth switch". At the time, it was rumoured that the switch was Continental's first move in a planned merger with United Airlines.[36] Two months later, Brussels Airlines joined the alliance.[37]

Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines joined Star Alliance on 13 May 2010,[38] increasing its foothold in South America.[39] Aegean Airlines, Greece's largest airline by number of passengers, joined on 30 June.[40]

Shanghai Airlines left the alliance on 31 October 2010 when it merged with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member.[41] On 29 September, the chief executive board approved Ethiopian Airlines as Star Alliance's 30th member.[42][43] In 2010 the alliance flew to 1,172 airports in 181 countries, with about 21,200 daily departures.[42]

2011–present: further expansion and stability

Since 2011, the alliance has gained several large members but has lost others due to collapse or mergers. On 13 December 2011, Ethiopian Airlines joined, adding five countries and 24 destinations to the alliance's map.[44]

Star Alliance saw a tumultuous 2012–13, starting with two key departures but ending with a major move into Latin America. In Europe, Spanair ceased operations, and BMI left after being acquired by International Airlines Group (IAG), the parent company of Oneworld members Iberia and British Airways. BMI was integrated into British Airways.[45][46] In North America, Continental merged with United Airlines, reducing Star's membership further, even if it effectively stayed in the alliance after the merger.[47] On 21 June, though, Avianca, TACA Airlines and Copa Airlines joined, massively increasing the alliance's Latin American presence.[48] In November, Blue1 left after becoming an affiliate of parent Scandinavian Airlines.[49] and Shenzhen Airlines joined, augmenting Air China's Chinese network.[50] Taiwanese carrier EVA Air then joined on 18 June 2013, and after TACA's integration into Avianca, the alliance grew to 28 members, making it the largest of the three major airline alliances.[51][52] On 13 December, Air India was again invited to begin an integration process with Star Alliance and joined the alliance on 3 July 2014.[53]

Following this string of expansions, 2014 opened with two major departures through mergers. First, Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines merged with LAN Airlines to become LATAM Airlines Group, leaving the alliance without a presence in the world's fifth-largest country.[54] Next, US Airways completed its merger with American Airlines and also left the alliance.[55] Both parent companies stayed with Oneworld. On 24 June, though, the alliance finally approved Air India which joined on 11 July, leaving the alliance at 27 members, where it stands today.[56][57][58][59]

Future expansion centers around the addition of Connecting Partners, subsidiaries or partners of alliance members which will add connectivity to the alliance without becoming full members. Avianca Brazil joined in this way on 22 July 2015, bringing the alliance back into the Brazilian market partially filling the void left by TAM.[60] South African Airways' low-cost subsidiary, Mango, was initially announced to join as a Connecting Partner in Q3 2016[61] but has since been delayed. Juneyao Airlines, which codeshares with Shenzhen Airlines, joined as a Connecting Partner on 23 May 2017.[62][63][64] Thai Smile, subsidiary of Thai Airways, will join as a Connecting Partner in 2020.[65] On 20 August 2019, Star Alliance announced affiliate member Avianca Brazil's exit from the alliance from 1 September 2019. The departure, however, won't affect Avianca's membership.[66][67] On 30 September 2019, Adria Airways ceased operations, and the airline exited the alliance on 2 October 2019.[68]

Four members of Star Alliance at Tokyo Narita Airport: Thai, United, Swiss and SAS

Member airlines and affiliates

Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways and United Airlines are the five founding members of the alliance.

Members and affiliates

Member	Joined	Affiliates
Aegean Airlines[69]	30 June 2010	Olympic Air
Air Canada^[A][69]	14 May 1997	Air Canada Express^[B]^[D] Air Canada Rouge
Air China[69]	12 December 2007	Dalian Airlines Air Macau
Air India[69]	3 July 2014	Alliance Air Air India Express
Air New Zealand[69]	3 May 1999	N/A
All Nippon Airways[69]	15 October 1999	Air Japan ANA Wings
Asiana Airlines[69]	28 March 2003	Air Seoul Air Busan
Austrian Airlines[69]	26 March 2000	N/A
Avianca[69]	21 June 2012	Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Ecuador Avianca El Salvador Avianca Express Avianca Guatemala Avianca Honduras
Brussels Airlines[69]	9 December 2009	N/A
Copa Airlines[69]	21 June 2012	Copa Airlines Colombia
Croatia Airlines[69]	18 November 2004	N/A
EgyptAir[69]	11 July 2008	N/A
Ethiopian Airlines[69]	13 December 2011	ASKY Airlines Ethiopian Mozambique Airlines Malawian Airlines
EVA Air[69]	18 June 2013	UNI Air^[J]
LOT Polish Airlines[69]	26 October 2003	Nordica Airlines^[P]
Lufthansa^[A][69]	14 May 1997	Air Dolomiti Lufthansa Regional^[B]^[C]^[F] Lufthansa CityLine SunExpress Deutschland^[I] Eurowings^[O] Eurowings Europe^[O]
Scandinavian Airlines^[A][69]	14 May 1997	Scandinavian Airlines Ireland
Shenzhen Airlines[69]	29 November 2012	Kunming Airlines^[K]
Singapore Airlines[69]	1 April 2000	SilkAir^[N] Scoot^[N]
South African Airways[69]	10 April 2006	Airlink Mango^[H] South African Express
Swiss International Air Lines[69]	1 April 2006	Edelweiss Air^[M]
TAP Air Portugal[69]	14 March 2005	TAP Express
Thai Airways^[A][69]	14 May 1997	N/A
Turkish Airlines[69]	1 April 2008	AnadoluJet SunExpress^[L] Air Albania
United Airlines^[A][69]	14 May 1997	United Express^[B]^[G]

^A Founding member.
^B Airlines operating under Air Canada Express, Air New Zealand Link, Lufthansa Regional and United Express are not necessarily members of Star Alliance. However, flights are operated on behalf of the respective member airlines, carry their designator code and are Star Alliance flights.
^C Members of Lufthansa Regional that are fully owned by Deutsche Lufthansa AG.
^D Air Canada Express flights are operated by[70][71] EVAS Air, Jazz Aviation, Sky Regional Airlines.
^E Air India Regional flights are operated by Alliance Air.
^F Lufthansa Regional flights are operated by Air Dolomiti and Lufthansa CityLine.
^G United Express flights are operated by Air Wisconsin, CommutAir, ExpressJet, GoJet Airlines, Mesa Airlines, Republic Airways, and SkyWest Airlines.
^H South African low-cost airline Mango will join the alliance as a Connecting Partner but until now the new date is still unannounced.[61]
^I SunExpress (owned by member airlines Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa) and SunExpress Deutschland (owned by SunExpress) is not part of Star Alliance.
^J UNI Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Eva Air, although it is not a part of Star Alliance.
^K Kunming Airlines is a wholly owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Airlines, although it is not a part of Star Alliance.
^M Edelweiss Air is a subsidiary of Swiss International Air Lines but not a Star Alliance member.[72]
^N SilkAir and Scoot are wholly owned subsidiaries of Singapore Airlines but not Star Alliance members. SilkAir is scheduled to be gradually merged into Singapore Airlines starting from 2020. Scoot is a member of Value Alliance.
^O Eurowings and Eurowings Europe are subsidiaries of Lufthansa but they are not Star Alliance members.
^P Nordica is owned by Polish Aviation Group (owner of LOT Polish Airlines), but is not part of Star Alliance.

Connecting Partners

Connecting Partner	Joined	Affiliates
Juneyao Airlines[62]	23 May 2017	N/A
Thai Smile^[A][65]	25 February 2020	N/A

^A Thai Smile is a subsidiary of Thai Airways.

Former members

Former member	Joined	Exited	Affiliates	Notes
Adria Airways	18 November 2004	30 September 2019	Darwin Airline	Left the alliance on 30 September 2019 after cessation of operations.
Ansett Australia	3 May 1999	12 September 2001	Aeropelican Air Services Hazelton Airlines Kendell Airlines Skywest Airlines	Left the alliance on 12 September 2001 after suffering financial collapse.[73] Ansett resumed operations on 1 October 2001, but would permanently cease operations on 4 March 2002. In 2002, Hazelton and Kendell merged to become Regional Express Airlines. Qantas’s current rival is Virgin Australia.
Avianca Brasil	22 July 2015	31 August 2019	N/A	Left the alliance on 31 August 2019 after cessation of operations.
Blue1	3 November 2004	1 November 2012	N/A	Left the alliance on 1 November 2012 after SAS took over mainline operations, was a member affiliate of Scandinavian Airlines, and is now a part of CityJet.[49][74]
British Midland International	1 July 2000	20 April 2012	BMI Regional Bmibaby	Left the alliance on 20 April 2012 as a result of its merger into International Airlines Group, a Oneworld alliance member.[45]
Continental Airlines	27 October 2009	3 March 2012	Continental Connection Continental Express Continental Micronesia	Merged with United Airlines on 3 March 2012.[75]
Mexicana	1 July 2000	31 March 2004	Aerocaribe	Left the alliance in 2004 after deciding not to renew a codeshare alliance with United Airlines, opting instead to codeshare with American Airlines. Ceased operations on 28 August 2010.[76]
Shanghai Airlines	12 December 2007	31 October 2010	China United Airlines	Left the alliance on 31 October 2010 as a result of its merger with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member.[77]
Spanair	1 May 2003	27 January 2012	AeBal	Ceased operations on 27 January 2012.[78]
TACA Airlines	21 June 2012	27 May 2013	TACA Regional	Merged with Avianca on 27 May 2013; renamed Avianca El Salvador.
TAM Airlines	13 May 2010	30 March 2014	TAM Paraguay	Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger with LAN Airlines, a Oneworld member.[79]
US Airways	4 May 2004	30 March 2014	US Airways Express US Airways Shuttle	Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger with American Airlines, a Oneworld member.[80]
VARIG	22 October 1997	31 January 2007	Nordeste Rio Sul PLUNA	Ceased operations on 20 July 2006.[32]

Former affiliates of current members

Former affiliate	Joined	Left	Affiliate of	Notes
Air Canada Tango	2001	2004	Air Canada	Now part of Air Canada.[81]
Air Nelson	1979	2019	Air New Zealand	Now part of Air New Zealand.[82]
Air Nova	1997	2001	Air Canada	Now known as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Canada.[83]
Air Next	2004	2010	All Nippon Airways	Now part of ANA Wings, a subsidiary of ANA.[84]
Air Nippon	1999	2012	All Nippon Airways	Merged with ANA Wings.[84]
Air Ontario	1997	2001	Air Canada	Branded as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Canada.[83]
Avianca Perú	2012	2020	Avianca	Ceased operations when Avianca filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy amid COVID-19 pandemic.[85]
Blue1	2012	2015	Scandinavian Airlines	Now part of Cityjet after ceasing operations.[49][74]
Centralwings	2004	2009	LOT Polish Airlines	Now part of LOT Polish Airlines, ceased operations.[86]
Cyprus Turkish Airlines	2008	2010	Turkish Airlines	Now part of Turkish Airlines after going bankrupt.[87]
EgyptAir Express	2006	2019	EgyptAir	Merged with EgyptAir.
Korongo Airlines	2009	2015	Brussels Airlines	Now part of Brussels Airlines after not gaining enough traction.[88]
Lauda Air	2000	2013	Austrian Airlines	Replaced by Austrian Airlines operations, now known as Austrian myHoliday.[89]
Lufthansa Italia	2009	2011	Lufthansa	Now part of Lufthansa.[90]
Mount Cook Airlines	1920	2019	Air New Zealand	Now part of Air New Zealand.
United Shuttle	1997	2001	United Airlines	Became part of United Airlines.[91]
Swiss Global Air Lines	2007	2018	Swiss International Air Lines	Operations now folded into Swiss International Air Lines after being dissolved
Swiss Private Aviation	2007	2011	Swiss International Air Lines	Absorbed into Swiss International Air Lines.[92]
Tigerair	2003	2017	Singapore Airlines	Merged with Scoot under Scoot brand.[93]
Tyrolean Airways	2000	2015	Austrian Airlines	Now part of Austrian Airlines.[94]
ZIP	2002	2004	Air Canada	Absorbed into Air Canada.[95]
TED	2004	2009	United Airlines	Became part of United Airlines.[96]

Customer service

Codeshare flights of Star Alliance airlines are consistent. This cooperation led to suspicions of anti-competitive behaviour; the alliance was suspected by the European Union of being a virtual merger of its members, and speculation existed that if government regulations were relaxed the members would merge into one corporation.[97]

Star Alliance developed a "regional" concept in 2004, which helped it penetrate markets with participation by smaller regional carriers. Regional Star Alliance members had to be sponsored by an alliance member. The alliance no longer designates airlines as "regional" members, now referring to its 27 airlines as "members".[98]

In 2007, alliance members flew 18,521 daily flights to 1,321 airports in 193 countries with a fleet of 4,025 aircraft. Its members carried a total of 627.52 million passengers, with revenue of US$156.8 billion (€145 billion). It had 28 percent of the global market based on revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), greater than the combined market share of all airlines not in one of the three major alliances. All alliance carriers combined employed over 405,000 pilots, flight attendants, and other staff.

Premiums

Star Alliance has two premium levels (Silver and Gold), based on a customer's status in a member's frequent-flyer program. Member and regional airlines recognize Star Silver and Gold status, with a few exceptions mostly about airport lounge access. Membership is based on the frequent-flyer programs of the individual airlines. Many members have a premium status with their individual airline program that goes beyond Gold, however these levels are all grouped together as Gold status when being recognized by Star Alliance overall.[99]

Star Alliance Silver

Silver Status recognizes that you have shown a good degree of loyalty to Star Alliance member airlines and earns you two privileges that can make your journey smoother. This includes priority reservations waitlist and priority airport stand-by.

Star Alliance Gold

Star Alliance Gold status is given to customers who have reached a higher level of a member airline's frequent-flyer program. Benefits are priority reservations waitlist, airport stand-by, check-in and baggage handling; an additional checked luggage allowance of 20 kg (or one extra piece, where the piece rule applies), and access to designated Star Alliance Gold lounges the day and place of departure with the presentation of a Star Alliance boarding pass. Some airlines also offer preferred seating (an exit seat or a special section of the plane); guaranteed seating on fully booked flights, subject to the booking class code and notice period, and free upgrades in the form of a voucher, certificate or automatic upgrade at check-in. United restricts US lounge access for their Gold Members to long-haul international passengers; Gold members from other carriers are welcome in US lounges run by United on all itineraries.

Qualifying tiers by airline

Member airline	Mileage program	Star Silver (qualifying tiers)	Star Gold (qualifying tiers)
Austrian Airlines Brussels Airlines Croatia Airlines LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa Swiss International Air Lines Luxair	Miles & More	Frequent Traveller	Senator HON Circle
Aegean Airlines	Miles+Bonus	Silver	Gold
Air Canada	Aeroplan/Air Canada Altitude[100]	Prestige 25K Elite 35K	Elite 50K Elite 75K Super Elite 100K
Air China Shenzhen Airlines	PhoenixMiles	Silver	Gold Platinum
Air India	Flying Returns	Silver Edge Club	Golden Edge Club The Maharajah Club[101]
Air New Zealand	Airpoints	Silver	Gold Elite
All Nippon Airways	ANA Mileage Club	Bronze	Super Flyers Diamond Platinum
Asiana Airlines	Asiana Club	Gold	Diamond Diamond Plus Platinum
Avianca	LifeMiles	Silver	Gold Diamond Cenit
Copa Airlines	ConnectMiles	Silver	Gold Platinum Presidential Platium
EgyptAir	EgyptAir Plus	Silver	Gold Elite Platinum
Ethiopian Airlines	ShebaMiles	Silver	Gold Platinum
EVA Air	Infinity MileageLands	Infinity MileageLands Silver	Infinity MileageLands Gold Infinity MileageLands Diamond
Scandinavian Airlines	EuroBonus	Silver	Gold Diamond Pandion
Singapore Airlines	KrisFlyer	Elite Silver	Elite Gold PPS Club Solitaire PPS Club
South African Airways	Voyager	Silver	Gold Platinum
TAP Air Portugal	Miles&Go	Silver	Gold
Thai Airways International	Royal Orchid Plus	Silver	Gold Platinum
Turkish Airlines	Miles & Smiles	Classic Plus	Elite Elite Plus
United Airlines	MileagePlus	Premier Silver	Premier Gold Premier Platinum Premier 1K Global Services

Livery and logo

Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery, usually, a white fuselage with "Star Alliance" across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo; the colour or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains, depending on the member's livery. Singapore Airlines is the only exception, formerly keeping its logo on the tails of its aircraft but now using the Star Alliance logo on white tails. Asiana Airlines was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery.[102] Aircraft painted in an airline's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors.

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External links

Media related to Star Alliance at Wikimedia Commons

• Official website