Rade language
Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê), is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[4]
| Rade | |
|---|---|
| klei Êđê | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Rade |
Native speakers | 180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:rad – Radeibh – Bih |
| Glottolog | rade1240 Rade[2]biha1246 Bih[3] |
Dialects
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[5] lists 9 dialects of Ede. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.
- Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
- Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
- Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
- Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
- Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
- Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
- Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột
Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[6][7] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[8]
A patrilineal Ede subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[9]
Classification
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[5] provides the following classification for the Ede dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the 9 Ede dialects.
- Area 1
- Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
- Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
- Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
- Area 2
- Mdhur
- Bih
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[5] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Ede Kpă and the other 8 dialects of Ede, with Bih as the most divergent Ede dialect.
- Kpă - Krung: 85.5%
- Kpă - Adham: 82%
- Kpă - Ktul: 82%
- Kpă - Mdhur: 80%
- Kpă - Blô: 82%
- Kpă - Êpan: 85%
- Kpă - Drao: 81%
- Kpă - Bih: 73%
Vocabulary
- Khoa sang - the most senior in age and authority
- Dega - Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
- Ih - you
- Ung - husband
- Ñu - her/him
- Diñu - they
- Drei - we
- khăp - love
- bi êmut - hate
- ama - father, dad daddy
- jhat - ugly, bad
- siam - pretty
- siam mniê - beautiful girl
- jāk- good
- khăp - love
- brei - give
- djō - true
- nao - go
- kâo - I/me
- anăn - name
- c̆ar - country
- c̆iăng - want/like
- Aê Diê - God
- blŭ - speak
- klei blŭ - language
- bur - rice porridge
- êmong - fat
- êwang - skinny
- jŭ - black
- hruê/hrê - to be from
- mơ̆ng - from
- sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- năm, kjuh,sa-băn, dua-băn, pluh: 6,7,8,9,10
- c̆ar my/c̆ar amêrik - America
- c̆ar krŭr - Cambodia
- anak - person
- hriăm - learn
- roă/ruă - sound of displeasure/pain
- Buôn Ama Y'Thuôt - Buôn Ma Thuôt
- c̆ih - type/write
- klei my - English
- klei êdê - Rade/Ede
Phonology
The spelling is shown in italics.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | ĭ /i/ | i /iː/ | ư̆ /ɨ/ | ư /ɨː/ | ŭ /u/ | u /uː/ |
| Mid | ê̆ /e/ | ê /eː/ | ơ̆ /ə/ | ơ /əː/ | ô̆ /o/ | ô /oː/ |
| Low | ĕ /ɛ/ | e /ɛː/ | ă /a/ | a /aː/ | ŏ /ɔ/ | o /ɔː/ |
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | č /c/ | k /k/ | /ʔ/ |
| aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | čh /cʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | ||
| implosive | ƀ /ɓ/ | đ /ɗ/ | dj /ʄ/ | |||
| Fricative | s /s/ | h /h/ | ||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | |||
| Rhotic | r /r/ | |||||
gollark: Informational texts are kind of less so.
gollark: That's a story. Those are in order.
gollark: Yes, that. I alt-tab lots.
gollark: Podcasts have most of the same problems, too.
gollark: Theoretically you *can* just leave it playing and then do other stuff, but it's easy to be distracted.
References
- Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) - Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Rade". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bih". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
- Đoàn Văn Phúc. 1998. Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê. Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội.; École française d'Extrême-Orient.
- "Documentation and description of endangered languages". www.hrelp.org. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
- Tam Nguyen. 2015. Language endangerment factors: A case study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
- Phâm Côn Sơn. 2005. Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ. Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
- Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk - Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam. 2012. Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
- Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk - Sở giáo dục - Đào tạo - Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam. 1993. Từ điển Việt - Êđê. Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
- Linh Nga Niê Kdam. 2013. Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3
External links
- Alphabet and pronunciation
- ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
- Waddington, Ray. "Indigenous Peoples of the World — The Ede". www.peoplesoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
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