Delta Air Lines

Delta Air Lines, Inc., typically referred to as Delta, is one of the major airlines of the United States and a legacy carrier. It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.[9] The airline, along with its subsidiaries and regional affiliates, including Delta Connection, operates over 5,400 flights daily and serves 325 destinations in 52 countries on six continents.[10] Delta is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance.[10]

Delta Air Lines, Inc.
IATA ICAO Callsign
DL DAL DELTA
FoundedMarch 2, 1925 (1925-03-02)
(as Huff Daland Dusters)
Macon, Georgia, U.S.[1]
Commenced operationsJune 17, 1929 (1929-06-17)[2]
AOC #DALA026A[3]
Hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programSkyMiles
Alliance
Subsidiaries
Fleet size840 (as of June 2020) (23 of which are in storage)[5][6]
Destinations325 (as of 22 December 2019)[7]
Traded as
ISINUS2473617023
HeadquartersAtlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Key peopleC.E. Woolman (founder)
Ed Bastian (CEO)
Glen Hauenstein (President)
Joanne Smith (E.V.P. & Chief People Officer)
Revenue US$47.007 billion (2019)
Operating income US$6.618 billion (2019)
Net income US$4.767 billion (2019)
Total assets US$64.532 billion (2019)
Total equity US$15.358 billion (2019)
Employees91,000 (2019)
Websitedelta.com
Notes

Delta has nine hubs, with Atlanta being its largest in terms of total passengers and number of departures.[10] It is ranked second among the world's largest airlines by number of scheduled passengers carried, revenue passenger-kilometers flown, and fleet size. It is ranked 69th on the Fortune 500.[11] The company slogan is "Keep Climbing"[12]

History
Main article: History of Delta Air Lines

Early history

Delta Air Lines' history begins with the world's first aerial crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters, Inc. The company was founded on March 2, 1925, in Macon, Georgia before moving to Monroe, Louisiana in summer 1925.[13] They flew a Huff-Daland Duster, the first true crop duster, designed to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops.[14] C.E. Woolman, general manager and later Delta's first CEO, led a group of local investors to acquire the company's assets. Delta Air Service was incorporated on December 3, 1928, and named after the Mississippi Delta region.[15][16][17][1]

Passenger operations began on June 17, 1929, from Dallas, Texas, to Jackson, Mississippi, with stops at Shreveport and Monroe, Louisiana. By June 1930, service had extended east to Atlanta and west to Fort Worth, Texas.[18] Passenger service ceased in October 1930 when the airmail contract for the route Delta had pioneered was awarded to another airline, which purchased the assets of Delta Air Service. Local banker Travis Oliver, acting as a trustee, C.E. Woolman, and other local investors purchased back the crop-dusting assets of Delta Air Service and incorporated as Delta Air Corporation on December 31, 1930.

Delta Air Corporation secured an air mail contract in 1934, and began doing business as Delta Air Lines over Mail Route 24, stretching from Fort Worth, Texas, to Charleston, South Carolina.[18][19][13] Delta moved its headquarters from Monroe, Louisiana, to its current location in Atlanta in 1941.[20] The company name officially became Delta Air Lines in 1945.[21] In 1946, the company commenced regularly scheduled freight transport. In 1949, the company launched the first discounted fares between Chicago and Miami. In 1953, the company launched its first international routes after the acquisition of Chicago and Southern Air Lines.[22] In 1959, it was the first airline to fly the Douglas DC-8. In 1960, it was the first airline to fly Convair 880 jets. In 1964, it launched the Deltamatic reservation systems using computers in the IBM 7070 series. In 1965, Delta was the first airline to fly the McDonnell Douglas DC-9.

Growth and acquisitions

By 1970, Delta had an all-jet fleet, and in 1972 it acquired Northeast Airlines. Trans-Atlantic service began in 1978 with the first nonstop flights from Atlanta to London. In 1981, Delta launched a frequent-flyer program. In 1987, it acquired Western Airlines, and that same year Delta began trans-Pacific service (Atlanta-Portland, Oregon-Tokyo). In 1990, Delta was the first airline in the United States to fly McDonnell Douglas MD-11 jets. In 1991, it acquired substantially all of Pan Am's trans-Atlantic routes and the Pan Am Shuttle, rebranded as the Delta Shuttle. Delta was now the leading airline across the Atlantic.[1][23]

In 1997, Delta was the first airline to board more than 100 million passengers in a calendar year. Also that year, Delta began an expansion of their international routes into Latin America.[24] In 2003, the company launched Song, a low-cost carrier.[1]

Bankruptcy and restructuring (2005–2007)

On September 14, 2005, the company filed for bankruptcy, citing rising fuel costs.[25][26][27] It emerged from bankruptcy in April 2007 after fending off a hostile takeover from US Airways and its shares were re-listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[28][29][30]

Acquisition of Northwest Airlines (2008)

The acquisition of Northwest Airlines was announced April 14, 2008. It was approved and consummated on October 29, 2008. Northwest continued to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta until December 31, 2009, when the Northwest Airlines operating certificate was merged into that of Delta.[31] Delta completed integration with Northwest on January 31, 2010, when their computer reservations system and websites were combined, and the Northwest Airlines brand was officially retired.[32]

Destinations and hubs

Destinations
Main articles: List of Delta Air Lines destinations and List of Delta Connection destinations

Delta and its worldwide alliance partners operate more than 15,000 flights per day.[10] Delta is the only U.S. carrier that flies to Accra, Copenhagen, Dakar, Düsseldorf, Johannesburg, Lagos, Nice and Stuttgart.

In March 2020, Delta announced they are suspending all flights to continental Europe for 30 days, and cutting 40% of their capacity.[33]

Hubs

Delta currently has nine hubs.[10][34]

  • Atlanta – Delta's hub for the Southeast and its main gateway to Latin America and the Caribbean. In addition to its corporate headquarters, Delta operates its primary hub in Atlanta as well as Delta TechOps, which is Delta's primary maintenance base.[35]
  • Boston – Delta's secondary transatlantic hub. Boston-Logan had previously been a Delta hub from the latter half of the 20th century to the early 2000s. The present Terminal A was built for Delta's sole use, but following the 2005 bankruptcy, Delta scaled back operations and leased 11 gates in the terminal. Delta subsequently regained all the Terminal A gates and began building up operations again in the mid-2010s, culminating in the reestablishing of BOS as a hub in 2019.
  • Detroit – Inherited through the merger with Northwest, Detroit serves as one of Delta's two Midwest hubs and is Delta's second-largest overall. It is the primary Asian gateway for the Eastern United States and it also provides service to many destinations in the Americas and Europe.
  • Los Angeles – Delta's secondary West Coast hub. Delta inherited its LAX hub from Western Airlines, but dismantled it in the mid-1990s, opting to relocate most of those aircraft to the east coast. Since then, it has re-opened the hub, offering service to select cities in Latin America, Asia, Australia, and Europe, as well as major domestic cities and West Coast regional destinations.
  • Minneapolis/St. Paul – Inherited through the merger with Northwest, Minneapolis–Saint Paul serves as one of Delta's two Midwest hubs and is Delta's third-largest overall. It is the primary Canadian gateway for the airline while also including many American metropolitan destinations, a number of regional destinations in the upper Midwest as well as some select destinations in Europe and Asia.
  • New York–JFK – Delta's primary transatlantic hub. Delta inherited its JFK hub from its partnership with Pan Am after Pan Am's collapse in 1991. The hub also offers service on many transcontinental "prestige routes" to west coast destinations such as Los Angeles and San Francisco.
  • New York–LaGuardia – Delta's second New York hub. This important domestic hub was created as a result of a slot swap with the now-defunct US Airways. Delta's service at LaGuardia covers numerous East Coast U.S. cities, and a number of regional destinations in the U.S. and Canada.
  • Salt Lake City – Inherited through the merger with Western Airlines, Salt Lake City serves as the fourth-largest hub for the airline. Delta service covers most major U.S. destinations as well as a number of regional destinations in the U.S. with an emphasis on the Rocky Mountain region, as well as select destinations in Canada, Mexico, as well as select cities in Europe and Hawaii.
  • Seattle/Tacoma – Delta's primary West Coast hub. The hub serves as an international gateway to Asia for the Western United States. Delta service also includes many major U.S. destinations as well as regional destinations in the Pacific Northwest. Delta started aggressively building its presence in Seattle in 2011 and announced SEA's hub status in 2014, while notably sparking tensions with Seattle-based Alaska Airlines.[36]

Alliance and codeshare agreements

Delta was a founding member of the SkyTeam Alliance in 2000,[37] and has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[38][39]

Joint ventures

In addition to the above codeshares, Delta has also entered into joint ventures with the following airlines.

  • Aeromexico – Delta owns 49% of Mexican flag carrier Aeroméxico. In 2015, Delta and Aeromexico applied for an immunized joint venture. After two years, the joint venture was approved with two conditions: both airlines had to surrender four slot pairs at John F. Kennedy International Airport and 24 at Mexico City International Airport to competitors (both airports have slot restrictions). The joint venture began in May 2017, at which time Aeromexico moved to Delta gates at both Kennedy and Los Angeles International Airport.[51]
  • Air France/KLM/Alitalia – Delta, as successor to Northwest Airlines, has a transatlantic joint venture with Air France–KLM and Alitalia. The program coordinates trans-Atlantic operations, including ticket pricing, schedules, capacity, and revenue. On January 27, 2012, the European Commission launched an investigation into possible violations of competition law.[52]
  • Korean Air – In 2016, Delta and Korean Air began to lay the groundwork for a trans-Pacific joint venture to compete against those between American Airlines and Japan Airlines, and United Airlines and All Nippon Airways. Unlike other planned joint ventures, the Delta-Korean Air joint venture was quick to receive approval by both the US Department of Transportation and the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.[53] They aim to increase belly cargo cooperation and offer benefits to its customers across one of the most comprehensive route networks in the trans-Pacific market. This joint venture gives Delta and Korean Air's shared customers seamless access to more than 290 destinations in the Americas and more than 80 in Asia. This joint venture officially launched in May 2018, exactly one year after the joint venture with Aeromexico began.[54]
  • LATAM Airlines Group - In September 2019, Delta announced its plans to buy 20% of LATAM Airlines Group for $1.9 billion which will expand Delta's access to Latin America. In related transactions, Delta paid for LATAM's withdrawal from oneworld and also acquired the undelivered Airbus A350 XWB aircraft from the LATAM order book along with two aircraft leased externally by LATAM.[55] The acquisition of the stake was completed on December 30, 2019.[56]
  • Virgin Atlantic – On December 11, 2012, Delta announced that it would acquire the 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic held by Singapore Airlines for $360 million. The two airlines operate a total of 31 roundtrip flights between the UK and North America, including nine daily roundtrip flights between London and New York City airports (John F. Kennedy International Airport and Newark), with costs shared between the two airlines.[57] The two airlines' application for antitrust immunity was granted by the United States Department of Transportation on September 23, 2013.[58]
  • Virgin Australia – In 2017, Delta announced a joint venture with Virgin Australia, strengthening its trans-Pacific network and allowing the carrier to add direct flights between Australia and the United States.
  • WestJet – Delta Air Lines and Canadian airline WestJet operate a codeshare agreement on select routes in North America. On July 19, 2018, WestJet and Delta Air Lines signed a ten-year agreement. The airlines' also aligned their frequent flier programs and are co-located at key hub airports.

Fleet
Delta Air Lines has the largest Boeing 757 fleet of any airline.
A Delta Air Lines Boeing 767-300ER at John F. Kennedy International Airport
Main article: Delta Air Lines fleet

As of June 2020, Delta operates a fleet of 840 aircraft[6] manufactured by Airbus and Boeing.[10] Delta operates the largest Boeing 717, Boeing 757, and Boeing 767 fleets in the world, and the largest Airbus A330 fleet of any US airline. Prior to its 2008 merger with Northwest Airlines, Delta's fleet was made up of solely Boeing and McDonnell Douglas aircraft. Airbus aircraft from Northwest joined the fleet after the merger, and more have since been added.

Delta often seeks to acquire and utilize older aircraft, especially narrow-bodies, and it has created an extensive MRO (maintenance, repair, and overhaul) organization, called TechOps, to support them. However, in early 2011, Delta began talks with Airbus, Boeing and Bombardier Aerospace to discuss replacing the McDonnell Douglas DC-9s, McDonnell Douglas MD-88s, and older A320 and 757-200 aircraft.[59] On August 22, 2011, Delta placed an order for 100 Boeing 737-900ER aircraft[60] and deferred an order of 100 small narrow-body jets until 2012.[61]

As part of its strategy to operate less-expensive used airplanes, Delta agreed in 2012 to lease 88 Boeing 717s acquired by Southwest Airlines as part of its acquisition of AirTran Airways.[62] They replaced some DC-9s and some 50-seat regional aircraft such as the CRJ-200. The first revenue flight was on October 25, 2013,[63] Delta officially retired its last DC-9 on January 6, 2014; it was used on an as-needed basis until January 22, 2014, when the last one was removed from service.[64] Delta was the final US carrier operating the DC-9.[65] As a continuation of the narrowbody fleet refresh and expansion, Delta ordered 75, and later expanded that order to 95, Airbus A220 (formerly the Bombardier CSeries) aircraft, and became the first American carrier to order the plane.[66][67][68]

The airline has not been as keen to acquire or operate aging wide-body aircraft. In August 2014, Delta announced it would begin to retire its aging Boeing 747-400 fleet, which Delta acquired as part of the Northwest merger.[69] During a 2014 earnings call, CEO Richard Anderson announced that they would be retired by the end of 2017.[70] As of 2017, the oldest aircraft in the fleet were the Boeing 757-200s, with an average age of over 20 years.[71] On November 20, 2014, the airline announced an order for 25 Airbus A350 XWB and 25 Airbus A330neo aircraft to replace the 747 fleet as it was retired, as well as some aging 767s. A350 deliveries began in the second quarter of 2017, while the first A330-900neo flew in 2019.[72] Delta retired the 747 on January 3, 2018, with its final revenue flight from Seoul-Incheon to Detroit (DL158) occurring on December 19, 2017, becoming the last major U.S. airline to fly the 747.[73][74]

On December 14, 2017, Delta ordered 100 Airbus A321neos, with 100 further options for $25.4 billion at list prices, to be delivered from 2020; equipped with Pratt & Whitney PW1100Gs and configured with a maximum capacity of 197 passengers, they will replace the airline's aging Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Boeing 757-200s, McDonnell Douglas MD-88s and McDonnell Douglas MD-90s.[75]

In a memo on March 18, 2020, to company employees, Delta CEO Ed Bastian announced that as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on airline operations, they accelerated the retirement of the remaining MD-88s and MD-90s aircraft, as well as some older Boeing 767s.[76] All the MD-88 and MD-90 aircraft were retired on June 2, 2020, with its final revenue flight from Washington-Dulles to Atlanta on MD-88 (DL88), and from Houston to Atlanta on MD-90 (DL90), becoming the last operator to fly the MD-90 and as well the last major U.S. airlines to fly the MD-88. The retirement of their MD-88s and MD-90s officially ended the 80-year era of Delta flying Douglas and McDonnell Douglas aircraft which started in 1940, with the DC-3.[77] Furthermore, on May 14, 2020, Delta announced that the airline will be retiring their Boeing 777s as a result of the pandemic, and to further simplify their wide-body fleet in favor of the Airbus A350-900s.[78]

Cabin

Delta underwent a cabin branding upgrade in 2015.[79] The airline now offers or plans to offer six different cabin service options: Delta One, Delta Premium Select, First Class, Comfort+, Main Cabin, and Basic Economy. Availability and exact details vary by route and aircraft type.

Delta One
Delta One Suite on a Boeing 777

Delta One is the airline's premier business class product, available on long haul international flights, as well as transcontinental service from New York JFK to Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle/Tacoma.[79]

Delta One features lie-flat seating on all aircraft types, and direct aisle access from every seat on all types except the Boeing 757-200 (in which only a special sub-fleet of approximately 20 aircraft feature lie-flats).[80] The Boeing 767-300ER and Boeing 767-400ER seats, designed by James Thompson, feature a space-saving design whereby the seats are staggered such that when in the fully flat position, the foot of each bed extends under the armrests of the seat in front of it. Delta One cabins on the Boeing 777-200ER/LR fleet are configured in a herringbone layout, while Airbus A330 cabins (featuring the Cirrus flat-bed sleeper suite by Zodiac Seats U.S.) are configured in a reverse herringbone pattern.[81]

All seats are also equipped with a personal, on demand in-flight-entertainment (IFE) system, universal power-ports, a movable reading light, and a folding work table. Passengers also receive complimentary chef-curated meals, refreshments, alcoholic beverages, a Tumi Inc. amenity kit, premium bedding, and pre-flight Sky Club access.[82]

In August 2016, Delta announced the introduction of Delta One Suites on select widebody fleets. The suites will feature a door to the aisle for enhanced privacy, as well as improved storage space, a larger IFE screen, and updated design. The suites rolled out on the Airbus A350 fleet, first delivered in July 2017, followed by installation within the Boeing 777 fleet.[83][84]

Premium Select
Delta Premium Select on an Airbus A350-900

In April 2016, Delta CEO Ed Bastian announced that a new Premium Economy cabin will be added. Since renamed to Premium Select, this cabin will feature extra legroom; adjustable leg rests; extra seat pitch, width, and recline; and a new premium service. Delta introduced it on its new Airbus A350, first delivered in fall 2017, to be followed by the Boeing 777.[85] In October 2018, Delta announced that they would be selling First Class seats on domestically configured Boeing 757 aircraft flying transatlantic routes as Premium Select.[86]

First Class
First class on a Delta A220-100

First Class is offered on mainline domestic flights (except those featuring Delta One service), select short- and medium-haul international flights, and Delta Connection aircraft with more than 50 seats. Seats range from 18.5 to 20.75 inches (47.0 to 52.7 cm) wide and have between 37 and 40 inches (94 and 102 cm) of pitch. Passengers in this class receive a wider variety of free snacks compared to Main Cabin, as well as free drinks and alcohol, and full meal service on flights 900 miles (1,400 km) and longer. Certain aircraft also feature power ports at each seat and free entertainment products from Delta Studio. First Class passengers are also eligible for priority boarding.[82]

Delta Comfort+
Delta Comfort+ on an Airbus A321

Delta Comfort+ seats are installed on all aircraft excluding Delta's new A350s and feature 34–36 inches (860–910 mm) of pitch; on all Delta One configured aircraft, 35–36 inches (890–910 mm) of pitch and 50 percent more recline over standard Main Cabin seats.[87] Additional amenities include: Sky Priority Boarding, dedicated overhead space, complimentary beer, wine, and spirits on flights 250 miles (400 km) or more, and complimentary premium snacks on flights 900 miles (1,400 km) or more. Complimentary premium entertainment is available via Delta Studio, with free headsets available on most flights.[82] On transcontinental flights between JFK-LAX/SFO, Delta Comfort+ passengers also get Luvo snack wraps. Medallion members can upgrade from Main Cabin to Comfort+ for free, while other customers can upgrade for a fee or with SkyMiles.[88]

Main Cabin
Main Cabin on an Airbus A350-900

Main Cabin (Economy Class) is available on all aircraft with seats ranging from 17 to 18 inches (43 to 46 cm) wide and 30 to 33 inches (76 to 84 cm) of pitch. The main cabin on Boeing 737, 777, and selected Boeing 757-200 and 767-300 aircraft have an articulating seat bottom where the seat bottom moves forward in addition to the seat back tilting backwards when reclining.[89]

Main Cabin passengers receive complimentary snacks and non-alcoholic drinks on all flights 250 miles (400 km) or longer. Alcoholic beverages are also available for purchase. Complimentary meals and alcoholic drinks are provided on long-haul international flights as well as selected transcontinental domestic flights, such as between New York–JFK and Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego.[90][91] As part of Delta's Flight Fuel buy on board program, meals are available for purchase on other North American flights 900 miles (1,400 km) or longer.[90]

Delta operated a different buy on board program between 2003 and 2005.[92][93] The previous program had items from differing providers, depending on the origin and destination of the flight.[94][95] Prices ranged up to $10 ($13.54 when adjusted for inflation). The airline started the service on a few selected flights in July 2003, and the meal service was initially offered on 400 flights.[96] Delta ended this buy on board program in 2005; instead, Delta began offering snacks at no extra charge on flights over 90 minutes to most U.S. domestic flights and some flights to the Caribbean and Latin America. Beginning in mid-March 2005 the airline planned to stop providing pillows on flights within the 48 contiguous U.S. states, Bermuda, Canada, the Caribbean, and Central America. In addition, the airline increased the price of alcoholic beverages on Delta mainline flights from $4 ($5.24 when adjusted for inflation) to $5 ($6.55 when adjusted for inflation); the increase in alcohol prices did not occur on Song flights.[96]

Basic Economy

Basic Economy is a basic version of Main Cabin, offering the same services with fewer flexibility options for a lower price.[79] Examples of fewer flexibility options include no ticket changes, no paid or complimentary upgrades regardless of frequent-flier status, and only having a seat assigned at check-in.[97]

On-board amenities

Wi-Fi

On August 5, 2008, Delta announced it would be installing the Aircell mobile broadband network, Gogo Inflight Internet, which enables customers traveling with Wi-Fi enabled devices, such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets, to access the Internet for a fee. Gogo was initially offered on Delta's fleet of McDonnell Douglas MD-88 and MD-90 aircraft but has expanded to the remaining domestic fleet, as well as Delta Connection aircraft with a first-class cabin.[98]

Delta has the largest fleet of Wi-Fi equipped aircraft in the world.[99] The airline introduced its first inflight Wi-Fi on international routes to Tokyo from Los Angeles and Atlanta in March 2014, and stated its intent to offer the service on all transoceanic flight routes by the end of 2015.[100] Even though Delta had announced the retirement of its 747 fleet, all Delta 747s were Wi-Fi equipped before their withdrawal. Delta is currently installing Wi-Fi on the Boeing 777 fleet.[101]

In 2019, the company announced plans to eventually offer free Wi-Fi on all flights.[102][103]

In-flight entertainment

History

In the 1960s, audio programming was introduced where passengers wore headphones consisting of hollow tubes piping in music. These were installed in some Delta aircraft. Some early wide-bodied aircraft, including the Lockheed L-1011, Boeing 767-200, and Boeing 767-300 fleet, had movies projected onto the cabin bulkhead. Also during the late 1980s and early 1990s, CRT monitors over the aisles were added to the 757 fleet, making them the first narrowbody aircraft to feature video entertainment. The MD-90 introduced Delta's first IFE system with LCD monitors in 1995, and the 777 introduced Delta's first in-seat video system in 1999, initially using the Rockwell Collins Total Entertainment System. Delta's first all-digital IFE system with AVOD (Panasonic eFX) was first introduced in 2003 on Delta's former low-cost subsidiary, Song. The Rockwell Collins IFE system on the 777s was replaced by the Panasonic eFX system in 2007, followed by the Panasonic eX2 in 2011. The Panasonic eFX and eX2 systems are trademarked by Delta as "Delta on Demand".[104]

In the spring of 2010, Delta installed the Panasonic eFX AVOD system in Economy on six 767-300ERs that are used on routes that are 12 hours or longer.[105] Delta also announced it would be installing AVOD in Economy class on all Boeing 767-300ER and 747 aircraft over the next 3 years.[106]

On July 27, 2010, Delta announced that it would be the launch customer of the new eX2 AVOD system with the Eco 9i Integrated Smart Monitor, a new ultra-lightweight IFE system by Panasonic Avionics Corporation and Zodiac Seats U.S.[107] The systems have been installed on the entire 747-400 fleet as of October 2012, and are currently being installed on the 767-300ER fleet (except for the six aircraft previously retrofitted with the eFX system in 2010).[108] A different version of the Integrated Smart Monitor developed by Panasonic Avionics Corporation and BE Aerospace was installed on the Airbus A330 fleet. These seats were also installed on all Boeing 757-300, Boeing 737-900ER, Airbus A321 and select Boeing 757-200 domestic aircraft, and replaced the existing seats and monitors on the international Boeing 757-200 fleet. The previous seats on the international 757-200 fleet have been placed on select domestic 757-200 aircraft, mainly ones flying between Hawaii and the U.S. mainland.

In 2012, Delta began replacing the overhead CRT monitors on the pre-merger Delta 757-200 fleet with new LCD monitors.[109] This was completed in late 2012.

The 767-400ER fleet initially featured LCDs over the aisles, but were replaced in 2009 by the Panasonic eFX AVOD system when the last of the 767-400ERs were converted from domestic to international use. CRT projectors were originally featured in economy class on Boeing 767-300s, with the international 767-300ERs also featuring ceiling-mounted CRT displays over the aisles, which have since replaced by LCD monitors, and are now in the process of being converted to the eFX2 AVOD system.

When Delta's ex-TWA ETOPS 757s were first delivered, they featured a system made by Sony Transcom (a former subsidiary of Sony now sold to Rockwell Collins) system that was factory installed for TWA. The system featured overhead drop-down LCD monitors similar to Delta's non-Transcon 737-800s and 757-300s. Delta replaced the Sony Transcom system with the Panasonic eFX system featuring in-seat video and AVOD at the same time as the new BusinessElite seats and slimline economy class seats were installed.[110]

Current fleet
Delta aircraft in temporary storage at Kansas City International Airport during the COVID-19 pandemic

Audio and video are available on all aircraft except for the Boeing 717 and Delta Connection aircraft. Boeing 777-200ER, 777-200LR, along with 767-300 and A330 aircraft that have completed cabin modifications, feature the Panasonic eX2 system. Compared to the older eFX system, this offers greater storage capacity, as well as lighter and larger personal video screens.[111] Boeing 767-400ER aircraft, selected 757-200 aircraft, as well as the remaining internationally configured Boeing 767-300ER aircraft that have not completed cabin modifications, use the Panasonic eFX AVOD system.

Domestic Boeing 767-300s, Boeing 737-700s, as well as selected transcontinental Boeing 757-200s and selected Boeing 737-800s using the Panasonic eFX system, also feature live television via Dish Network in both first class and economy. Some Boeing 737-800s, as well as all Boeing 757-300s feature systems with drop-down LCD displays below the overhead bins.[112]

All aircraft with AVOD, except for the A220 (formerly CSeries), feature Panasonic's iXplor moving map program. 737-800s with overhead video and the coach sections of 767-300ER aircraft with overhead video feature the Rockwell Collins Airshow moving map, which is often shown during takeoff and landing. Other aircraft formerly equipped with the Rockwell Collins Airshow moving map included the Lockheed L-1011-250 and -500, MD-11, and Boeing 767-400ER and 777-200ER. The L-1011 and MD-11 fleet have since been retired, while the 767-400ER and 777-200ER have since had their Airshow systems replaced by the Panasonic iXplor system built into the eFX and eX2 AVOD systems.

Delta Sky Magazine

Delta Sky Magazine and its online edition is an airline magazine published by MSP Communications in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is available in every seat on all routes.[113]

Reward programs

SkyMiles
Main article: SkyMiles

SkyMiles is the frequent flyer program for Delta Air Lines. Miles do not expire but accounts may be deactivated by Delta in certain cases, such as the death of a program member or fraudulent activity.[114]

Delta Sky Club
A SkyClub in Concourse B at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Delta Sky Club is the branding name of Delta's airport lounges. Membership is available through an annual membership that can be purchased with either money or miles. International passengers traveling in Delta One class get free access. Membership can also be granted through top-level Delta status or by being an American Express cardholder with certain exceptions. As of January 2019, Delta no longer offers single day passes.[115]

Features vary by location but generally include free drinks (including alcoholic beverages), snacks, and reading material. Wi-Fi is free for members and guests and is mostly provided in the US by AT&T.

Originally, Delta's membership-based airport clubs were called Crown Room lounges, with Northwest's called WorldClubs.

SkyBonus

On November 27, 2001, Delta Air Lines launched SkyBonus,[116] a program aimed toward small-to-medium businesses spending between $5,000 and $500,000 annually on air travel.[117] Businesses can earn points toward free travel and upgrades, as well as Sky Club memberships and SkyMiles Silver Medallion status. Points are earned on paid travel based on a variety of fare amount paid, booking code, and place origin or destination.[118] While enrolled businesses are able to earn points toward free travel, the travelling passenger is still eligible to earn SkyMiles during his or her travel.[118]

In early 2010, Delta Air Lines merged its SkyBonus program with Northwest's similar Biz Perks program.[118]

Corporate affairs

Finances

For the fiscal year 2018, Delta Air Lines reported earnings of US$5.1 billion, with an annual revenue of US$44.438 billion, an increase of 8.02% over the previous fiscal cycle. Its shares traded at over $48 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$39.182 billion in April 2019.[119]

Financial information for Delta, by year
Year Revenue
in mil. USD$		 Net income
in mil. USD$		 Total assets
in mil. USD$		 Price per share
in USD$		 Employees Refs.
2005 16,480 −3,836 20,039 [120]
2006 17,532 −6,205 19,622 [121]
2007 19,154 1,612 32,423 [122]
2008 22,697 −8,922 45,084 8.76 [123]
2009 28,063 −1,237 43,789 6.97 [124]
2010 31,755 593 43,188 11.66 [125]
2011 35,115 854 43,499 8.59 [126]
2012 36,670 1,009 44,550 9.321 [127]
2013 37,773 10,540 52,252 18.53 78,000 [128]
2014 40,362 659 54,005 35.12 80,000 [129]
2015 40,704 4,526 53,134 43.42 83,000 [130]
2016 39,639 4,373 51,261 41.11 84,000 [131]
2017 41,244 3,577 53,292 48.52 87,000 [132]
2018 44,438 3,935 60,270 47.83 89,000 [133][134]

Personnel

Between its mainline operation and subsidiaries, and as of March 2015, Delta employs nearly 80,000 people.[10] Ed Bastian is the current Chief Executive Officer and has served in this position since May 2, 2016.[135] Joanne Smith is Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer responsible for the oversight and support of personnel needs at Delta. She was appointed on October 1, 2014, replacing Mike Campbell.[136]

Delta's 14,500 mainline pilots are represented by the Air Line Pilots Association, International and are the union's largest pilot group.[137][138] The company's approximately 180 flight dispatchers are represented by the Professional Airline Flight Control Association (PAFCA).[139] Not counting the pilots and flight dispatchers, Delta is the only one of the five largest airlines in the United States, and one of only two in the top 9 (the other being JetBlue), whose non-pilot USA domestic staff is entirely non-union.[137]

Delta Global Staffing

Delta Global Staffing (DGS) was a temporary employment firm located in Atlanta, Georgia. Delta Global Staffing was a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines, Inc. and a division of the internal company DAL Global Services.

Delta Air Lines sold majority ownership of DAL Global Services to Argenbright Holdings on December 21, 2018. As part of the sale, Delta dissolved the staffing division of DGS. [140]

It was founded in 1995 as a provider of temporary staffing for Delta primarily in Atlanta. DGS has since expanded to include customers and businesses outside the airline and aviation industries. DGS now supports customers in major US metropolitan areas.

Delta Global Staffing provided contract workers for short and long term assignments, VMS partnering, VOP on-site management, temp-to-hire, direct placements, and payroll services. DGS services markets such as call centers, customer services and administrative placements, IT & professional recruiting, logistics, finance & accounting, hospitality, and aviation/airline industry. [141]

Delta Air Lines headquarters in Atlanta

Headquarters and offices

Delta's corporate headquarters is located on a corporate campus on the northern boundary of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, within the city limits of Atlanta.[142][143][144] This location has served as Delta's headquarters since 1941, when the company relocated its corporate offices from Monroe, Louisiana to Greater Atlanta.[145][146] The crop dusting division of Delta remained headquartered in Monroe until Delta ceased crop dusting in 1966.[1] Before 1981, the Delta corporate campus, an 80-acre (32 ha) plot of land in proximity to the old Hartsfield Airport terminal, was outside the City of Atlanta limits in unincorporated Fulton County. On August 3, 1981, the Atlanta City Council approved the annexation of 141 acres (57 ha) of land, an area containing the Delta headquarters. As of 1981 Delta would have had to begin paying $200,000 annually to the City of Atlanta in taxes. In September 1981, the airline sued the city, challenging the annexation on the basis of the constitutionality of the 1960 City of Atlanta annexation of the Hartsfield old terminal.[147] The City of Atlanta was only permitted to annex areas that are adjacent to areas already in the Atlanta city limits.[147]

In addition to hosting Delta's corporate headquarters, Hartsfield-Jackson is also the home of Delta TechOps, the airline's primary maintenance, repair, and overhaul arm and the largest full-service airline MRO in North America, specializing in engines, components, airframe, and line maintenance.[148]

Delta maintains a large presence in the Twin Cities, with over 12,000 employees[149] in the region as well as significant corporate support functions housed in the Minneapolis area, including the company's information technology divisional offices.[150]

Corporate identity
An Airbus A330-300 painted in Delta's current livery, "Upward & Onward"

Delta's logo, often called the "widget", was originally unveiled in 1959. Its triangle shape is taken from the Greek letter delta, and recalls the airline's origins in the Mississippi Delta.[151] It is also said to be reminiscent of the swept-wing design of the DC-8, Delta's first jet aircraft.[152]

Delta's current livery is called "Upward & Onward". It features a white fuselage with the company's name in blue lettering and a widget on the vertical stabilizer. Delta introduced its current livery in 2007 as part of a re-branding after it emerged from bankruptcy. The new livery consists of four colors, while the old one (called "colors in motion") used eight. This meant the switch saved the airline money by removing one day from each aircraft's painting cycle. The airline took four years to repaint all of its aircraft into the current scheme, including aircraft inherited from Northwest Airlines.[151]

Environmental initiatives

In 2008, Delta Air Lines was given an award from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment (DfE) program for their use of PreKote, a more environmentally friendly, non-hexavalent chromium surface pretreatment on its aircraft, replacing hazardous chemicals formerly used to improve paint adhesion and prevent corrosion. In addition, PreKote reduces water usage by two-thirds and reduces wastewater treatment.

PreKote is also saving money by reducing the time needed to paint each airplane. With time savings of eight to ten percent, it will save an estimated more than $1 million annually.[153]

Deltalina
Main article: Deltalina

As part of the re-branding project, a safety video featuring a flight attendant showed up on YouTube in early 2008, getting over 1 million views and the attention of news outlets, specifically for the video's tone mixed with the serious safety message. The flight attendant, Katherine Lee, was dubbed "Deltalina" by a member of FlyerTalk for her resemblance to Angelina Jolie.[154][155] Delta had considered several styles for its current safety video, including animation, before opting for a video presenting a flight attendant speaking to the audience. The video was filmed on a former Song Airlines Boeing 757-200.[156]

Accidents and incidents

The following are major accidents and incidents that occurred on Delta mainline aircraft. For Northwest Airlines incidents, see Northwest Airlines accidents and incidents. For Delta Connection incidents, see Delta Connection incidents and accidents.

Delta Air Lines reported incidents
Flight Date Aircraft Location Description Injuries
Fatal Serious Minor Uninjured Ground
4[157] August 14, 1935 Stinson Model A Gilmer, Texas En route to Shreveport, Louisiana, the left engine was ripped off of the aircraft due to a propeller blade failure. The pilot attempted to make an emergency landing in a cotton field, but lost control and crashed. 4 0 0 0 0
N/A[158] April 22, 1947 Douglas DC-3 Columbus, Georgia A Vultee BT-13, owned by the Tuskegee Aviation Institute, landed on top of a Delta DC-3, which was flying from Macon to Columbus. 9 (8 on DC-3) 0 0 0 0
705[159] March 10, 1948 DC-4 Chicago Crashed near Chicago Municipal (Midway) Airport shortly after takeoff while en route to Miami. Officials determined that longitudinal control of the airplane was lost resulting in the crash. The cause for the loss of control remains undetermined. 12 1 0 0 0
318[160] May 17, 1953 DC-3 Marshall, Texas Crashed 13 miles (21 km) east of Marshall, Texas. The flight, which originated from Dallas Love Field, was on approach to Shreveport, Louisiana. The crash was attributed to adverse weather conditions with a thunderstorm in the area. 19 1 0 0 0
1903 May 23, 1960 Convair 880 Atlanta Crashed during a training exercise in Atlanta. The aircraft stalled and crashed killing all four crew members. 4 0 0 0 0
9877[161] March 30, 1967 DC-8 New Orleans Crashed during a training exercise near New Orleans. The improper use of flight and power controls by both instructor and the Captain-trainee during a simulated two-engine out landing approach, resulted in the loss of control. The aircraft crashed into a residential area, destroying several homes and a motel complex and killing 13 people on the ground.[162] 6 0 0 0 13
9570[163] May 30, 1972 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Fort Worth, Texas A training exercise, crashed during landing procedures in Fort Worth, Texas. The probable cause of the accident was wake turbulence resulting from a touch-and-go landing moments before of American Airlines Flight 1114, operated using a DC-10. The right wing hit the ground causing a fire resulting in the aircraft being written off. 4 0 0 0 0
954[164] December 20, 1972 Convair 880 Chicago The Delta CV-880 taxied across runway 27L in heavy fog. At the same time, North Central Airlines Flight 575, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31, took off from the same runway. The aircraft collided. 10 (all on DC-9-31) 0 17 (severity unknown) 101 0
723 July 31, 1973 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Boston Crashed into a seawall. Contributing to the accident was a defective flight deck instrument giving the crew misleading guidance during the instrument approach in visibility less than a half mile with 500-foot (150 m) cloud ceilings. 89 occupants died including Leopold Chouinard, who died from burns months after the accident, leaving no survivors.[165][166] 89 0 0 0 0
516[167] November 27, 1973 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Chattanooga Crashed into approach lights during a thunderstorm.[168] 0 4 75 0 0
1080 April 12, 1977 Lockheed L-1011 Tristar Los Angeles Emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport due to a jammed stabilizer during a flight from San Diego International Airport. The cause of the incident was a lack of greasing due to a high amount of water entering the metal bearings caused by weather factors. All 52 passengers and crew on board survived.[169] 0 0 0 All 0
191 August 2, 1985 Lockheed L-1011 Tristar Dallas–Fort Worth On a Fort Lauderdale–Dallas/Fort Worth- Los Angeles route, the plane crashed due to severe microburst-induced wind shear. One person on the ground was killed as the plane crossed a highway. The crash would later become the subject of a television movie. Numerous changes to pilot wind shear training, weather forecasting, and wind shear detection were made as a result of this crash.[170] 136 13 13 2 1
37[171] July 8, 1987 Lockheed L-1011 North Atlantic Ocean Near collision with a Continental Airlines 747 carrying 418 passengers and crew. Both the Delta (London-Cincinnati) and Continental (London-Newark) were heading to the U.S. with nearly 600 people total on both aircraft. The Delta flight strayed 60 miles (97 km) off course to the south from its assigned "C" track during its flight and came within 30 feet (9.1 m) of colliding with the 747 as the L-1011 flew under it in Canadian airspace, flying on the "D" track (there are five westbound and five eastbound tracks from the United States to the United Kingdom). 0 0 0 All 0
1141 August 31, 1988 Boeing 727 Dallas–Fort Worth Crashed after takeoff bound for Salt Lake City, Utah. The investigation stated the probable cause of this accident to be improper configuration of the flaps and leading edge slats. 14 26 50 18 0
157[172] August 23, 1995 Lockheed L-1011 TriStar Mid Pacific en route LAX-HNL Rear bulkhead separation at 33,000 feet resulting from inadequate airframe certification and approval. Pilot descended to 14,000 feet and returned safely to LAX. Damaged beyond repair. Sold to Lockheed for aging airframe research.[173] 0 0 0 All 0
1288[174] July 6, 1996 MD-88 Pensacola An uncontained engine failure of the port (left) engine on the aircraft resulted in a fan hub piercing the cabin. The flight was scheduled to fly to Atlanta. The aircraft involved in this accident, N927DA, was repaired and returned to service. The aircraft was retired on August 10, 2018.[175] 2 2 3 135 0
1989[176][177] September 11, 2001 Boeing 767-300 En route from Boston Flight 1989, bound for Los Angeles International Airport was caught in the path of United Airlines Flight 93. The two aircraft were so close that ATC were initially confused as to which plane had been hijacked. The Delta pilot managed to avoid United 93 and the flight was later diverted to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport.[177] 0 0 0 All 0
129[178] February 3, 2002 McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Dublin Flight 129 from Atlanta skidded off the runway at Dublin Airport in high winds. The port engine of MD-11 N803DE had severe damage.[179] 0 0 0 All 0
1086 March 5, 2015 McDonnell Douglas MD-88 LaGuardia Airport While landing in heavy snowfall, Flight 1086 from Atlanta departed the left side of runway while traveling approximately 100 mph (160 km/h), coming to rest nearly perpendicular to the runway with its nose on an embankment beside the waters of Flushing Bay. The accident resulted in damage to the aircraft's left wing (including a fuel leak), nose landing gear well, main electronics bay, nose radome/weather radar, and undercarriage damage forward of the front doors. The aircraft's braking system and condition of the runway surface are being considered as possible causes of the incident.[180][181] 0 0 23 109 0
159 June 16, 2015 Boeing 747-400 Over Chinese airspace Flight 159 from Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport to Incheon International Airport was over Chinese airspace when the aircraft flew through a severe hailstorm. This resulted in substantial damage to the aircraft's radome, wing, and tail plane.[182][183] The aircraft was written off due to its age and because Delta had already begun retiring its Boeing 747-400 fleet.[184] Temporary repairs were made and the aircraft was ferried from Seoul to Pinal Airpark in Marana, Arizona. 0 0 0 All 0
89 January 14, 2020 Boeing 777-200 South Los Angeles Flight 89 from Los Angeles International Airport to Shanghai Pudong International Airport reported a problem when one of its engines experienced a compressor stall shortly after takeoff. The plane turned back and dumped fuel over a five-mile portion of the Los Angeles county area, causing 56 injuries on the ground.[185] The plane made a safe emergency landing at LAX with no injuries. 0 0 0 All 56
  • The attempted bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on December 25, 2009, occurred four days before the operating certificates of Northwest and Delta were combined (December 31, 2009). The aircraft involved in the incident was in Delta livery and reported in some early news reports as "Delta Flight 253."[186]

Hijackings

There have been over a dozen attempted hijackings that resulted in no injuries and the surrender of the often lone hijacker. These incidents are not included. The following are notable hijackings because of fatalities or success in forcing the aircraft to fly to another country:

  • On February 21, 1968, a Delta DC-8 was hijacked to Havana, Cuba. This was the first successful hijacking to Cuba from the U.S. since 1961, and was the start of multiple hijacking attempts to Cuba in the late 1960s. This coincided with the introduction of passenger screening using metal detectors in U.S. airports starting in the late 1960s.
  • On July 31, 1972, Delta Flight 841, a Detroit to Miami DC-8 flight, was hijacked to Algiers, Algeria by 8 hijackers. The aircraft stopped in Boston to pick up an international navigator. The flight was allowed to return with passengers to the U.S., stopping in Barcelona for refueling.[187][188]
  • On February 22, 1974, Samuel Byck, an unemployed tire salesman from Pennsylvania, shot and killed an Aviation Police Officer, then stormed aboard Delta Air Lines Flight 523, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 flight at Baltimore Friendship Airport (now Baltimore–Washington International Airport) scheduled to fly to Atlanta, and shot both pilots, killing the First Officer, Fred Jones. He intended to crash the plane into the White House.[189] After shooting the pilots, the hijacker grabbed a passenger and demanded that she fly the aircraft.[190] The passengers meanwhile fled the aircraft. The hijacking attempt ended when, after a standoff with police, Byck was shot twice through an aircraft porthole by a Maryland policeman, severely wounding him. Before police stormed the plane, Byck killed himself. The plane never left the gate during this incident.
  • On August 23, 1980, a Delta Air Lines L-1011 on a San Juan to Los Angeles flight was hijacked and flown to Cuba.[191] The hijacker was jailed by Cuban authorities, and all passengers were released unharmed.
  • On September 13, 1980, a Delta Air Lines New Orleans to Atlanta flight was taken over by two hijackers and forced to fly to Cuba. The flight continued to Atlanta after stopping in Havana. The hijackers were imprisoned by Cuban authorities. One hijacker was released and later sought US residency. The suspect was later arrested by US authorities in 2002[192] and sentenced to 10 years in prison the following year.[193]
  • Additional hijackings that resulted in no injuries and the flight landing in Cuba include March 28, 1984 (Delta 357, a 727, New Orleans-Dallas),[194] August 18, 1983 (Delta 784, a 727, Miami-Tampa),[195] July 17, 1983 (Delta 722, a 727, Miami-Tampa),[196] and June 11, 1979 (Delta 1061, a L-1011, New York LaGuardia-Fort Lauderdale).[197]
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See also

References
Notes
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Bibliography
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