Upstate New York

Upstate New York is the portion of New York State north of the New York metropolitan area. The Upstate region includes most of the land area of the state of New York, but a minority of the state's population.[1] Although the precise boundary is debated, Upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Island, and most definitions of the region exclude all or part of Westchester and Rockland counties.[2][3] Major cities in Upstate New York, from east to west, include Albany, Utica, Binghamton, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo.[3][4]

View of the Fulton Chain Lakes (4th Lake) in the Adirondack Park, from Bald Mountain
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Regions of New York
Downstate New York
Upstate New York

Before the American Revolutionary War, Upstate was populated by Native Americans and was home to the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The region saw many battles between the Iroquois, the inhabitants of the region, and the Continental Army, and several treaties drawn up after the war forced the Iroquois to relinquish control of their land to settlers of European descent. It is largely rural with rugged terrain.

Upstate New York was transformed by the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which greatly eased the movement of goods from the upper midwest, the cities along the Great Lakes, and Upstate New York, to the port of New York City. As a result, Upstate became a hotbed for manufacturing, giving birth to such firms as General Electric, IBM, Kodak, and Xerox, and it welcomed a large influx of immigrants. Since the mid-20th century, American de-industrialization has contributed to economic and population decline Upstate,[5][6] and the region is largely considered part of the Rust Belt.

Upstate New York contains vast areas of rural land. As a result, Upstate also supports a strong agricultural industry, and is notable for its milk and other dairy products, its fruit production (especially apples), and winemaking.[7] Significant hydroelectric power is generated by plants on the Genesee and Niagara Rivers. The Catskills supply New York City's water. The region is home to several popular tourist and recreational destinations, including Niagara Falls, the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains, and the Finger Lakes, the latter created by retreating glaciers.

Definition
New York City is highlighted in red; "Upstate" refers to some or all of the area north and west of the city.
The Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River, as seen from Bear Mountain. It connects the northern parts of Westchester and Rockland Counties, considered by some to be the southern edge of Upstate.

There is no clear official boundary between Upstate New York and Downstate New York. The most expansive definition of the term Upstate New York excludes only New York City and Long Island, which are always considered to be part of "Downstate" New York; this usage is common among New York City residents.[8] This definition is used by the Department of Environmental Conservation.[9]

Another usage locates the Upstate/Downstate boundary further north, at the point where New York City's suburbs segue into its exurbs, as the exurbs do not fall within the US Census' urban area. This latter boundary places most, but not all, of Westchester and Rockland Counties in Downstate, while putting the northwestern edge of Rockland County as well as the northernmost quarter of Westchester County (including Peekskill) in Upstate; area residents often use Interstate 84 to delineate the boundary between upstate and downstate New York.[10]

Yet another usage follows the U.S. Census definition of the New York metropolitan area prior to 2010, which included Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam Counties. This was the definition used by the plaintiffs in the federal redistricting case Rodriguez v. Pataki.[11]

In New York State law, the definition of the Upstate boundary also varies: while Westchester is seemingly always considered downstate under state law, some definitions include Rockland and Putnam Counties in the downstate region, and others also include Orange and Dutchess Counties; all of these counties are served by Metro-North Railroad lines.[8][12] Ulster County, and, in the largest state-defined extent of downstate, Columbia County, are also sometimes included.[8] The division line between the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York places Sullivan County and Dutchess County in the Southern District, and Ulster and Columbia Counties in the Northern District.[13]

Within New York State, surveys have had difficulty determining a consensus. In a 2016 poll of New York voters in which respondents were asked to choose among four definitions of where Upstate begins, three were about equally common, selected by between 25% and 30% of respondents each: north of New York City, north of Westchester County, and north of Poughkeepsie in Dutchess County. (The fourth, which also stated north of Poughkeepsie but excluded Buffalo as a unique region neither Upstate nor Downstate, drew only 7%.)[14] An informal 2018 poll found the Hudson Valley region is the most heavily disputed area regarding whether it is Upstate or Downstate.[15]

Residents of Upstate New York prefer to identify with a more specific subregion, such as Western New York or Central New York.

A number of businesses and institutions in the area have "Upstate" as part of their name.[16][17] Examples of this include the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, the Upstate New York Chapter of the Arthritis Foundation serving 31 of New York's 62 counties,[18] and the VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York, which includes all of New York State northward and westward from Kingston, New York in Ulster County.[19] Other organizations in New York with "Upstate" in their name include the Upstate Collegiate Athletic Association (now known as the Liberty League), the Upstate Correctional Facility, the Upstate New York Club Hockey League, the Upstate New York Synod, and the Upstate Citizens for Equality.

Culture
See also: Arts in Upstate New York

The other regions of New York State are culturally and economically distinct from the New York City area and in many ways from each other. Most of New York State is characterized both by agricultural and forested rural communities, and by small and medium-sized cities and their surrounding suburbs located along major transportation corridors. The state's major metropolitan areas outside of New York City are Buffalo, Rochester, Albany-Schenectady-Troy, and Syracuse, each of whose population exceeds 500,000.

The different regions of New York State are influenced by and have affinities with other adjacent regions. Western New York has cultural and economic ties to the other Great Lakes states as well as Southern Ontario. The Capital District, the Hudson Valley, the Mohawk Valley and the Plattsburgh area have ties to New England. The North Country, the extreme northern portion of the state, also has strong cultural, economic, linguistic and familial ties to Quebec and Eastern Ontario. Thus, Plattsburgh has close ties to its neighbors in the Montreal area as well as Vermont. Much of New York State receives television and radio broadcasts from Canada and there are often other cross-border ties, both historical and familial. A similar relationship can be seen in Northern New England.

Linguistically, upstate New York from Western New York east to Utica is part of the Inland North region of American English dialectology, a region which includes Midwestern cities as far west as Chicago and Milwaukee. The Hudson and lower Mohawk Valley has more in common dialectologically with western New England and New York City.[20] The boundary between the use of the words pop and soda to refer to soft drinks, however, falls farther west than the edge of the Inland North, running just to around the city of Rochester: Buffalo and areas west of Rochester use pop, like the rest of the Inland North to the west, whereas areas east of Rochester, like Syracuse and Binghamton, use soda, like New England and New York City. In Ithaca and Elmira, the border is less clear, with some people having grown up with pop and some with soda; however, current trends see Ithaca, at least, turning to mostly "soda."

Opening ceremony at Woodstock

Foodways indigenous to regions of Upstate New York include:

Although one local legend lays claim that the potato chip was invented in Saratoga Springs, it has achieved such universal popularity that it is no longer identified with the region. Winemaking is a growing industry in the Finger Lakes as well as in Chautauqua County, where Welch's operates one of the oldest extant grape juice factories in the United States. In the center of the Finger Lakes region, Ithaca is known for the Bo Burger, a cheeseburger with a fried egg on top.

Two of the most important rock festivals of the 20th century were held in Upstate New York. In 1969 the Woodstock Festival was held in Bethel, New York, while in 1973 another multiday festival was held at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.

Some literary, documentary and cinematic depictions of upstate present a sense of small town, simple lifestyles, such as It's a Wonderful Life, set in a small upstate town (probably based on Seneca Falls) in the 1940s.

Demographics
Ancestries from across the United States

As of 2019, The population of New York State is 19,453,561, with 13,418,688 living in the New York City metropolitan, leaving 6,034,873 for the entire rest of the state. This means Upstate NY has a population density far lower than that of downstate. Upstate is typified by farmland and forest, many large lakes, and two (major) mountain ranges, with a few metro areas dotting the map. Residents of English colonial ancestry are common, as well as German, Irish, and Italian, with most metropolitan counties having a similar number of residents from each group. The North Country is heavily French Canadian. Italian Americans are the largest ethnic group in Oneida County, Schenectady County, as well as in some counties in the Hudson Valley that are closest to New York City. Irish Americans represent the largest ethnic group from the Capital District, Syracuse, Binghamton, and the rest of the Hudson Valley, though they also have large Italian American populations; Irish population is consistently above 15% in most of upstate New York (reaching over 20% in the upper Hudson Valley), compared to less than 8% in most of New York City.[21] Buffalo also contains a notably large contingent of residents with Polish ancestry. African Americans, while not as numerous as in New York City, make up at least 25% of the residents in cities such as Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, and Albany.

There is also a significant presence of the indigenous Haudenosaunee or Six Nations in the region, who retain several reservations: the Seneca nation and Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians in Western New York, the Onondaga nation south of Syracuse, the Oneida nation of Oneida County and the Mohawk nation in Franklin County. Members of the Six Nations also live in the cities of Upstate New York.

Geography
Whiteface Mountain, in the Adirondacks

The headwaters of the Delaware, Susquehanna, Hudson, and Allegheny rivers are located in the region. The region is characterized by the major mountain ranges, large lakes, and extensive forests.

Canisteo River Valley in the Allegheny Plateau

The Allegheny Plateau extends into west and central New York from the south. The Catskill Mountains lie in the southeastern part of the state, closer to New York City. The Catskills and the Allegheny Plateau are both part of the Appalachian Mountains. The northernmost part of the state contains the Adirondack Mountains, which are sometimes considered part of the Appalachians but are geologically separate, a southern extension of the Canadian Shield.

In the more mountainous eastern part of Upstate New York, the valleys of the Hudson River and the Mohawk River were historically important travel corridors and remain so today. Western New York in the vicinity of Buffalo is very flat, as it was once the bottom of a glacial lake. The only "hills" in Niagara County are the Niagara Escarpment, which formed the Falls.

Upstate has a long shared border with Canadian province of Ontario divided by water; including the Lake Erie, Niagara River, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. It shares a land border with the province of Quebec in the northernmost part of the state.

The sizes of upstate counties and towns are generally larger in area and smaller in population, compared with the downstate region, although there are exceptions. The state's smallest county in population (Hamilton County) and largest county in area (St. Lawrence County on the state's northern border) are both in Upstate New York, while the largest in population (Kings County) and smallest in area (New York County) are both part of New York City.

Climate
Average seasonal snowfall totals for areas subject to lake-effect snow in New York (in inches).[22]

Upstate New York is well known for its cold and snowy winters, particularly in comparison to the more temperate climate of downstate New York. The snowy reputation is especially true for the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Oswego and Syracuse, and is largely due to lake-effect snow from Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. The villages of Old Forge and Saranac Lake, both in the Adirondacks, often vie on winter nights with places like International Falls, Minnesota and Fargo, North Dakota for the coldest spot in the nation.[23]

Many of the features of the upstate landscape, such as the Finger Lakes and the drumlins that dot the region, are the result of glaciers during the Ice Age.

Statistics for selected cities
Climate data for Albany International Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] extremes 1874–present[lower-alpha 3])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22)		 74
(23)		 89
(32)		 93
(34)		 97
(36)		 100
(38)		 104
(40)		 102
(39)		 100
(38)		 91
(33)		 82
(28)		 72
(22)		 104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 52.8
(11.6)		 53.5
(11.9)		 68.2
(20.1)		 81.6
(27.6)		 86.7
(30.4)		 91.1
(32.8)		 92.3
(33.5)		 91.2
(32.9)		 86.0
(30.0)		 76.8
(24.9)		 68.1
(20.1)		 54.8
(12.7)		 94.3
(34.6)
Average high °F (°C) 30.6
(−0.8)		 34.6
(1.4)		 44.4
(6.9)		 58.3
(14.6)		 69.4
(20.8)		 77.9
(25.5)		 82.3
(27.9)		 80.4
(26.9)		 72.2
(22.3)		 59.8
(15.4)		 47.9
(8.8)		 35.8
(2.1)		 57.9
(14.4)
Average low °F (°C) 14.5
(−9.7)		 17.3
(−8.2)		 25.7
(−3.5)		 37.3
(2.9)		 47.1
(8.4)		 56.5
(13.6)		 61.4
(16.3)		 59.9
(15.5)		 51.6
(10.9)		 39.6
(4.2)		 31.5
(−0.3)		 21.2
(−6.0)		 38.7
(3.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −7.1
(−21.7)		 −2.8
(−19.3)		 6.5
(−14.2)		 23.2
(−4.9)		 32.7
(0.4)		 42.0
(5.6)		 49.5
(9.7)		 46.5
(8.1)		 36.1
(2.3)		 25.8
(−3.4)		 15.9
(−8.9)		 1.6
(−16.9)		 −9.6
(−23.1)
Record low °F (°C) −28
(−33)		 −22
(−30)		 −21
(−29)		 9
(−13)		 26
(−3)		 35
(2)		 40
(4)		 34
(1)		 24
(−4)		 16
(−9)		 −11
(−24)		 −22
(−30)		 −28
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.59
(66)		 2.20
(56)		 3.21
(82)		 3.17
(81)		 3.61
(92)		 3.79
(96)		 4.12
(105)		 3.46
(88)		 3.30
(84)		 3.68
(93)		 3.29
(84)		 2.93
(74)		 39.35
(999)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 17.9
(45)		 12.2
(31)		 11.0
(28)		 2.3
(5.8)		 0.1
(0.25)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.3
(0.76)		 2.8
(7.1)		 13.7
(35)		 60.3
(153)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.8 10.4 12.1 11.9 13.1 12.2 10.8 10.7 9.8 10.4 11.7 11.9 137.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 10.3 7.6 5.6 1.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 2.5 7.4 34.8
Average relative humidity (%) 71.1 68.5 64.8 61.2 65.5 69.5 70.5 74.1 75.7 72.4 73.1 73.9 70.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 141.1 158.5 200.3 218.9 248.9 262.2 289.2 253.2 210.5 168.8 100.7 108.3 2,360.6
Percent possible sunshine 48 54 54 54 55 57 62 59 56 49 34 38 53
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 7 6 3 2 1 5
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[24][25][26] and Weather Atlas[27]
Niagara Falls in the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area

History

Early history
Traditional Iroquois longhouse

Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was long inhabited by Iroquoian-speaking people (mainly west of the Hudson and around the Great Lakes), and Algonquian-speaking people (mainly east of the Hudson). The conflict between the two peoples continued through the period of early European colonization, and the French, Dutch and English tended to ally with their trading partners among the indigenous peoples. The Haudenosaunee or Iroquois confederacy of the Five (later Six) Nations was a powerful force in its home territory. The Five Nations' territory extended from the Mohawk River Valley through the western part of the state and into current Pennsylvania. From this home base they also controlled at various times large swaths of additional territory throughout what is now the northeastern United States. The Guswhenta (Two Row Wampum Treaty), made with the Dutch government in 1613, codified relations between the Haudenosaunee and European colonizers, and formed the basis of subsequent treaties. In the mid-17th century, during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois were victorious and dominated the tribes of Neutral Indians, Wenrohronon and the Erie Indians in Western New York. (Survivors were mostly assimilated into the Seneca people of the Iroquois; some are believed to have escaped to South Carolina, where they merged with other Indian tribes.)

The region was important from the first days of both French and Dutch colonization In the seventeenth century. The New Netherland colony encompassed the Hudson Valley from Manhattan island north to the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, where Fort Orange (later Albany) was established in 1623. The fort at Schenectady, New York was built in 1661. The upper Hudson Valley was the center of much of the colony's fur trade, which was highly lucrative, serving a demand for furs in Europe.

North and west of New Netherland, the French established trading posts along the St. Lawrence River and as far south as the shores of Onondaga Lake. They found both trading and proselytizing difficult among the Haudenosaunee, as Samuel de Champlain had alienated the Haudenosaunee during military forays from New France. In the 1640s, three French Jesuit missionaries to New France —St. René Goupil, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Jean de Lalande—were killed near the Mohawk village of Ossernenon, which was located at the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers, where the modern town of Auriesville was later developed. They are considered to be the first three U.S. saints.

England seized New Netherland by force in 1664, renaming it New York. The Dutch recaptured the colony nine years later, but ceded it to England under the Treaty of Westminster of 1674.

In the eighteenth century, the British consolidated their hold on the region. William Johnson, a Scottish trader, established an estate in the Mohawk Valley, living among the Mohawk, learning their language, and forging an alliance with them. He was appointed as the British Indian agent to the Iroquois. The British also encouraged settlement in the Mohawk Valley by other Europeans, including German Palatines beginning in the 1720s.

In what became known as the Albany Congress in 1754, delegates from seven of the thirteen British North American colonies met at Albany to pursue a treaty with the powerful Mohawk. Benjamin Franklin, a Pennsylvania delegate, proposed a plan for uniting the seven colonies that greatly exceeded the scope of the congress. The delegates spent most of their time debating this Albany Plan of union, one of the first attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes".[43] The delegates approved an amended version, but the colonies rejected it.

To counter the French militarily, the British established forts along Lake Ontario and at portages between the Mohawk Valley and the adjacent Lake Champlain and Lake Ontario watersheds. The region became the area for many conflicts of the French and Indian War, such as the Battle of Fort Oswego (1756) and the Siege of Fort William Henry (which was later depicted in the work of James Fenimore Cooper), during the Seven Years' War.

The British conquered New France by 1760 with the fall of Quebec. France formally ceded New France to the British in the Treaty of Paris of 1763. The same year, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which established the western and northern boundary of the Province of New York at the limits of the Hudson, Mohawk and Delaware River watersheds. The area between that boundary and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, including west of the Appalachian Mountains, was to be the "Indian Reserve."

American Revolution
Cherry Valley massacre

Between 1774 and 1783, deeply divided colonists waged civil war on each other directly and by proxy, through attacks such as the Seneca-led Cherry Valley and the Mohawk-led Cobleskill massacre. In 1779, the Sullivan Expedition, a campaign by the Continental Army ordered by General George Washington, drove thousands of the Haudenosaunee from their villages, farms and lands in the region in an effort to both avenge and prevent such attacks.

The region was strategically important to the war plans of both the British and the Continental forces. British efforts to divide the New England colonies from the rest led to battles including the Battle of Valcour Island and the Battle of Saratoga, a significant turning point in the war. While New York City remained in the hands of the British during most of the war, the upstate region was eventually dominated by the Colonial forces. At the end of the war, the Continental Army was headquartered in Newburgh. Uncertain that the Continental Congress would pay back wages, some Continental officers threatened an uprising in what became known as the Newburgh Conspiracy.

Post-revolutionary period

After the American Revolution, the Treaty of Paris established the border between New York and British North America. The 45th Parallel became the border with Quebec or Lower Canada. The St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, the Niagara River and Lake Erie became the border with Upper Canada. Great Britain continued to occupy military installations along the American shores of the Great Lakes until 1794, including Fort Niagara at the mouth of the Niagara River and Fort Ontario at the mouth of the Oswego River.

The government of the new State of New York seized the property of New Yorkers who had remained loyal to the British crown. Thousands emigrated to colonies that remained under British rule, such as Nova Scotia and the newly established Upper Canada (now Ontario). Haudenosaunee who had fought with the British also fled. The British Crown granted a large tract of land in Upper Canada to their Haudenosaunee allies, who established the Grand River settlement.

In the federal Treaty of Canandaigua, the new United States recognized the title of the remaining Haudenosaunee to the land north and west of the Proclamation Line of 1763. Nevertheless, New York state officials and private land agents sought through the early 19th century to extinguish Indian title to these lands via non-Federally-sanctioned treaties, such as the Treaty of Big Tree.[44] The Treaties of Buffalo Creek were designed to finally remove the last of the native claims in Western New York as part of the federal Indian Removal program, but the purchaser failed to buy most of the land in time, and some of the tribes objected to their exclusion. Three of the four reservations remain in the region to this day; one of the reservations leased out their land to form the city of Salamanca, and the coexistence of the predominantly white city and the reservation has been a source of contention since the 1990s.

Both before and after the Revolution, boundary disputes with other colonies and their successor states also complicated American settlement. In conflict with New York Colony's claims west of the Hudson Valley, which placed the entire region in the sprawling Albany County, Pennsylvania Colony claimed much of the Southern Tier until 1774, while Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed all of the region west of Massachusetts to the Great Lakes.

The Province of New York also claimed jurisdiction east to the Connecticut River. To pursue this claim north of Connecticut and Massachusetts, New York granted lands to settlers in what is now Vermont at the same time that New Hampshire made grants of the same lands. When Vermont declared independence in 1777, the new Republic of Vermont recognized the New Hampshire grants over those of New York. New Yorkers who lost land in Vermont came to be known as the "Vermont Sufferers" and were granted new lands in 1788 in the Town of Bainbridge, New York.

The dispute with Massachusetts over lands to the west of Massachusetts was settled in the 1786 Treaty of Hartford by dividing the rights to the land. The treaty granted sovereignty to the State of New York, but granted to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts the "pre-emptive" right to seek title to the land from the Haudenosaunee. The eastern boundary of the Massachusetts lands was thus known as the Preemption Line. This line runs from the Pennsylvania line due north to Lake Ontario, passing through Seneca Lake. The line was surveyed a second time due to initial errors. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts sold this land in large tracts, including the Phelps and Gorham Purchase and the Holland Purchase.

Many of the settlers of what then became Central and Western New York came from the New England states. The Central New York Military Tract, where many of the townships were given the names of classical military and literary figures by Robert Harpur, was established to grant land to Revolutionary War veterans. Some of Northern New York was founded by the hundreds of Canadian exiles who had fought in the First and Second Canadian Regiments of the Continental Army, who were banished from Canada due to their rebellion against the Crown.

19th century
1816 engraving of the Battle of Plattsburgh

Battles of the War of 1812 (1812–1815) were fought on the Niagara Frontier, in the Champlain Valley, including the Battle of Plattsburgh, in the St. Lawrence Valley, and on Lake Ontario, including the Battle of Sackets Harbor. The city of Buffalo was razed by the British as well.[45] After the war, the US Government began to construct Fort Montgomery just south of the border at Rouses Point on Lake Champlain. Subsequently, it was discovered that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile south of the surveyed line, putting the Fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", in Canada. This was not resolved until 1842 with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, in which Great Britain and the United States decided to leave the border on the meandering line as surveyed.

Slavery existed in New Netherland and the Province of New York. New York was in the 1690s the largest importer of slaves among the American colonies. Slavery did not end with the American Revolution, although John Jay introduced an emancipation bill into the State Assembly as early as 1777. Sojourner Truth was held as a slave in the Hudson Valley from the time she was born in 1797 until she escaped in 1826. Through efforts of the New York Manumission Society and others, New York began to adopt a policy of gradual emancipation in 1799. The law passed in 1817 that would finally emancipate slaves did not take effect for ten years, giving slaveowners an entire decade to sell their slaves away to other states. When the law finally took effect, the last 2,800 slaves in New York State were emancipated on July 4, 1827.

Erie Canal at Lockport, New York, in 1839

Although routes for travel on foot and by canoe had existed across the region for hundreds of years, transportation of agricultural goods to market was expensive and slow. Influenced by the canals being built in Britain, leading citizens of New York began to press for the construction of a canal across the state. Governor DeWitt Clinton prevailed upon the legislature to charter and fund construction of a canal from Albany to Buffalo. Construction of the Erie Canal began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. The canal allowed the area to become an important component of the 19th century industrial expansion in the United States. The canal also promoted trade with British North America and settlement of newer states in western territories. Later in the century the New York Central Railroad followed the "water-level route" from New York City to the Great Lakes, contributing to the industrialization of cities along its route.

Several times in the nineteenth century, Upstate New York served as a staging area and refuge for Canadian rebels against Great Britain, as well as Irish-American invaders of Canada, straining British-American relations. In 1837 and 1838, in the aftermath of the Lower Canada Rebellion, some Québécois rebels escaped south to the North Country, while on the Niagara Frontier, events of the Upper Canada Rebellion, also known as the Patriot War, took place. In the late 1860s, some of the Fenian Raids were launched across the Niagara Frontier; Fenians also assembled in Malone.

Although now largely discredited, the report of the 1905–07 Mills Commission, charged with investigating the origins of baseball, named Cooperstown as the place where baseball was invented in the 1830s or 1840s by Abner Doubleday. Cooperstown is the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. (Modern research suggests that the game was actually developed in its modern form in New York City.)

In the pre-Civil War era, Upstate New York became a major center of radical abolitionist activity and was an important nexus of the Underground Railroad. Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act was particularly heated in the region, as evidenced by such events as the Jerry Rescue. The American women's rights movement was also born in Upstate New York at this time. The Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, was held at Seneca Falls in 1848. The Rochester Convention, the second such convention, was held two weeks later in Rochester.

Through the nineteenth century, Upstate New York was a hotbed of religious revivalism. A number of sects, such as the Shakers and the Oneida Community, established themselves in Upstate New York during that time. This led evangelist Charles Grandison Finney to coin the term the "Burned-Over District" for the region. Because of the comparative isolation of the region, many of the sects were non-conformist, and because of their non-traditional tenets they had numerous difficulties with government and other local people. The region is considered to be the cradle of Mormonism, as well as the Women's Suffrage movement. The Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists and Spiritualists are the only 21st century survivors of the hundreds of sects created during this time; some more mainstream churches, such as the Wesleyan Church and Free Methodist Church (both offshoots of Methodism that originated in political disputes with the mainline Methodist church), also survive.

In the 19th century, extractive industries changed the landscape. Potash was manufactured as the land was cleared for farming. Logging was rampant in the Adirondacks. Iron was mined in the Adirondacks and the North Country. By the 1870s, business leaders, concerned about the effect of deforestation on the water supply necessary to the Erie Canal, advocated for the creation of forest preserves in the Adirondacks and the Catskills. The Adirondack Park and Catskill Park were created and strengthened by a series of legislation between 1885 and 1894, when the "Forever wild" provision of the New York State Constitution was added.

20th century
Harvard Mark I, one of the earliest computers, made by IBM in Endicott

During the era immediately following World War II, Upstate reached what was probably its peak influence in the national economy. Major local corporations such as IBM, General Electric, Kodak, Xerox and Carrier had national success, producing cutting-edge products for business, government and consumers, and leadership in corporate culture. The opening of the New York State Thruway in the mid-1950s gave the region superior access to other eastern markets. This regional advantage faded as many local firms relocated certain operations to other states, or downsized in the face of foreign competition, similar to events in other areas in the American Rust Belt.

Since the late 20th century, with the decline of manufacturing and its jobs, the area has generally suffered a net population loss, most heavily in Western New York. By contrast, many Amish and Mennonite families are recent arrivals to the area and have helped revive agriculture as part of the economy. Beginning in 1974, many Mennonite families moved to the Penn Yan area of Yates County from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, seeking cheaper farmland. Amish communities have also been established in St. Lawrence, Montgomery, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties, and are making farming profitable.

Artisans are reviving traditional specialty cheeses, and developing growing markets for their products, including shipping some items to the New York metropolitan market. A Greek-style yogurt, Chobani, is being produced Upstate by a recent immigrant, who has expanded his operation nationally.

Additionally, Upstate New York continues to boast low crime rates, high educational prospects, and readily affordable daily essentials, earning Syracuse, Rochester, Albany, Schenectady, and Buffalo spots in the Forbes magazine list of top ten places to raise a family in the United States.[46]

Five of the six Iroquois nations have filed land claims against New York State (or have sought settlement of pending claims), based on late 18th-century treaties following the American Revolutionary War with the State of New York (which did not have constitutional authority to treat with American Indian nations) and the United States.

Economy
Main article: Innovation and business in Upstate New York

Politics
Main article: Politics of Upstate New York

Often attributed to the region's semi-rural to rural character, there is more conservatism in culture and politics than found in the more urban downstate area, and the region is the power base of the state's Republican Party. Upstate New York does however have several Democratic-dominated counties, including Erie County (Buffalo), Monroe County (Rochester), Onondaga County (Syracuse), Tompkins County (Ithaca), and Albany County (Albany).

As a whole, Upstate New York is roughly equally divided in federal elections between Democrats and Republicans. In 2004, John Kerry defeated George W. Bush by fewer than 1,500 votes (1,553,246 votes to 1,551,971) in the Upstate Region.

Relationship with New York City

New York City is dependent on upstate for a variety of services; the latter is the source of the city's water supply via the Delaware Aqueduct and the Catskill Aqueduct; much of the city's electric power supply comes from state owned hydroelectric plants at Niagara Falls and the St. Lawrence River; and most of the state's prisons are upstate; hence the popular term "being sent up the river" (however, the term originally referred to Sing Sing, which is "up the Hudson River" from New York City, but being in Ossining in Westchester County is still in the "downstate" region). Conversely, the operation of state facilities providing these services is an important part of the upstate economy.

Historic events

Journalists

Social, political and religious movements

Spiritual and religious figures

Major highways

Major universities and colleges

Major tourist attractions and destinations
Baseball Hall of Fame
Fort Stanwix
Boldt Castle in the Thousand Islands
NASCAR Cup Series at Watkins Glen

Geography

Metropolitan areas and major cities
  • Albany
  • Binghamton
  • Buffalo
  • Rochester
  • Poughkeepsie
  • Syracuse
  • Utica

Subregions
Economic regions of New York, showing approximate location of several upstate subregions
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See also

Notes
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. According to the National Weather Service, the snowfall data has been readjusted as of June 3, 2015. As such, snowfall data is based the source at Albany Snowfall Normals
  3. Official records for Albany kept January 1874 to May 1938 at downtown and at Albany Int'l since June 1938. For more information, see Threadex
  4. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  5. Official records for Binghamton were kept exclusively at the airport since 25 May 1951.[28]
  6. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  7. Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex
  8. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  9. Official records for Rochester kept January 1871 to September 1940 at downtown and at Greater Rochester Int'l since October 1940. For more information, see Threadex
  10. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  11. Official records for Syracuse kept at downtown from August 1902 to April 1938, Syracuse Municipal Airport from May 1938 to September 17, 1949, and at Syracuse Hancock Int'l since September 18, 1949.[39]

References
  1. https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/appendix/countypop.htm
  2. "Upstate, downstate distinction raises questions". Recordonline.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  3. Pollak, Michael (February 14, 2014). "What Area Is Considered Upstate New York?". F.Y.I. The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  4. "NYS Geography". How the Other Third Lives: A Focus on Upstate New York. Lewis Mumford Center, University at Albany. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  5. Technology and Steel Industry Competitiveness: Chapter 4. The Domestic Steel Industries Competitiveness Problems. Washington, D.C: Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, 1980, pp. 115–151. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  6. Leeman, Mark A. From Good Works to a Good Job: An Exploration of Poverty and Work in Appalachian Ohio PhD dissertation, Ohio University, 2007.
  7. "The Role of Agriculture in the New York State Economy" (PDF). Osc.state.ny.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  8. "New York's laws, like its residents, can't pin down 'upstate'". politico.com.
  9. http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/29461.html
  10. "NY Urbanized Area Maps : Area and Density" (PDF). Pad.human.cornell.edu. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  11. Rodriguez v. Pataki, 308 F.Supp. 2d 346, 353, note 1, 369 (S.D.N.Y. 2004).
  12. "What Area Is Considered Upstate New York?". The New York Times. February 14, 2016.
  13. Court/District History. United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  14. "Where is upstate NY? Voters are split". democratandchronicle.com.
  15. "Here's what New Yorkers think upstate New York is". The Washington Post. April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  16. "Chevrolet Dealer In Attica Near Batavia - Upstate Chevrolet". Upstatechevyofattica.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  17. "Upstate Farms :: Welcome Back to the Farm". Upstatefarms.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  18. Included in this chapter are Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica & Binghamton areas, and the following counties: Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautaugua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Erie, Genesee, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Schuyler, Seneca, St. Lawrence, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates. Note that some northern counties in eastern New York, which are sometimes considered Upstate, are not included in that Arthritis Chapter. Among other counties not included in this chapter are Albany, Clinton, Columbia, Delaware, Essex, Fulton, Greene, Hamilton, Montgomery, Orange, Otsego, Putnam, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster, Warren, and Washington.
  19. "VA Health Care Upstate New York". Visn2.va.gov. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  20. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. "Which county is the most Irish in New York state? (list)". Syracuse.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  22. NOAA's National Weather Service. "Average Seasonal Snowfall Over the Eastern Great Lakes Region". Erh.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  23. Osborn, Liz. "Coldest Places in United States". Current Results. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  24. "Station Name: NY ALBANY AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  25. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  26. "WMO Climate Normals for ALBANY/ALBANY COUNTY, NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  27. d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Albany, NY - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  28. ThreadEx
  29. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  30. "Station Name: NY BINGHAMTON". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  31. "WMO Climate Normals for BINGHAMTON/EDWIN A LINK FIELD, NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  32. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  33. "Station Name: NY BUFFALO". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  34. "WMO Climate Normals for Buffalo/Greater Buffalo, NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  35. "Buffalo, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  36. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  37. "Station Name: NY ROCHESTER GTR INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  38. "WMO Climate Normals for ROCHESTER/ROCHESTER-MONROE CO,NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  39. "Threaded Extremes". threadex.rcc-acis.org.
  40. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  41. "Station Name: NY SYRACUSE HANCOCK INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  42. "WMO Climate Normals for SYRACUSE/HANCOCK INT'L ARPT NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  43. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Second Edition. Yale University Press, 1964. pp.209-210
  44. "Iroquois Bio". Oswego.edu. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  45. "The Burning of Buffalo, NY". The Buffalonian. The People's History Coalition. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
  46. Levy, Francesca (June 7, 2010). "America's Best Places To Raise A Family". Forbes.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  47. "Notes on Railroad Accidents - 1879". Catskillarchive.com. July 11, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  48. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 7, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. "All hotels in Playa del Ingles". Peace4turtleisland.org. Retrieved October 23, 2016.

Further reading

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