Box office

A box office or ticket office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for admission to an event. Patrons may perform the transaction at a countertop, through a hole in a wall or window, or at a wicket. By extension, the term is frequently used, especially in the context of the film industry, as a synonym for the amount of business a particular production, such as a film or theatre show, receives.[1]

For the publication, see BoxOffice (magazine). For the Aja album, see Box Office (album).
Box office at the Ohio Theatre in Columbus, Ohio, United States.
Ticket sales booth, Charing Cross Road, London, England, United Kingdom opposite the Garrick Theatre.
Folk Festival box office in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Box office business can be measured in the terms of the number of tickets sold or the amount of money raised by ticket sales (revenue). The projection and analysis of these earnings is very important for the creative industries and often a source of interest for fans. This is predominant in the Hollywood movie industry.

Etymology

The term is attested since 1786,[2] presumably from sales of boxes (private seating areas in a theater).[3][4] The sense of "total sales" is attested from 1904.[2]

A folk etymology is that this derives from Elizabethan theatre (i.e. late 16th century), where theater admission was collected in a box attached to a long stick, passed around the audience;[3][4] comparable to "bottle" in Punch and Judy, where money was collected in a bottle. However, first attestation is about 200 years later, making this highly unlikely.

Film industry

Box office reporting

There are numerous websites that monitor box-office receipts, such as BoxOffice, Box Office Mojo, The Numbers, A Box Office, Box Office India, Koimoi and ShowBIZ Data. These sites provide box office information for hundreds of movies. Data for older movies is often incomplete due to the way box office reporting evolved, especially in the U.S., and the availability of information prior to the introduction of the internet.

Variety started reporting box office results by theatre on March 3, 1922 to give exhibitors around the country information on a film's performance on Broadway, which was often where first run showings of a film were held. In addition to New York City, they also endeavoured to include all of the key cities in the U.S. in future and initially also reported results for 10 other cities including Chicago and Los Angeles.[5]

In 1929, the first issue of The Motion Picture Almanac was released and included a list of the top 104 grossing films for the past year.[6] In 1932, Variety published the studios' top grossing films of the year and has maintained this tradition annually since.[7] In 1937, BoxOffice magazine began publishing box office reports.[8] Beginning in the 1930s, BoxOffice magazine published a Barometer issue in January, which reported the performance of movies for the year expressed as percentages.[9]

In 1946, Variety started to publish a weekly National Box Office survey on page 3 indicating the performance of the week's hits and flops based on the box office results of 25 key U.S. cities.[10][11]

Later in 1946, Variety published a list of All-Time Top Grossers with a list of films that had achieved or gave promise of earning $4,000,000 or more in domestic (U.S. and Canada) theatrical rentals.[12] This became a leading source of data for a film's performance.[13] Variety would publish an updated all-time list annually for over 50 years, normally in their anniversary edition each January.[13][14][15] The anniversary edition would also normally contain the list of the top performing films of the year.

In the late 1960s, Variety used an IBM 360 computer to collate the grosses from their weekly reports of 22 to 24 U.S. cities from January 1, 1968. The data came from up to 800 theatres which represented around 5% of the U.S. cinema population at the time but around one-third of the total U.S. box office grosses. In 1969, Variety started to publish a list of the top 50 grossing films each week.[16] "The Love Bug" was the number one on the first chart published for the week ending April 16, 1969.[17] The chart was discontinued in 1990.[18]

In 1974, Nat Fellman founded Exhibitor Relations Co., the first company set up to track box office grosses, which it collected from the studios.[19] Two years later, Marcy Polier, an employee of the Mann theater chain, set up Centralized Grosses to collate U.S. daily box office data on a centralized basis from theaters rather than each theater chain collating their own numbers from other theater chains. The company later became National Gross Service then Entertainment Data, Inc. (EDI).[20]

Except for disclosures by the studios on very successful films, total domestic (U.S. and Canada) box office gross information for films was not readily available until National Gross Service started to collate this data around 1981. The collation of grosses led to wider reporting of domestic box office grosses for films. Arthur D. Murphy, a former U.S. Navy lieutenant at Variety was one of the first to organize and chart that information and report it in a meaningful form.[21] During the 1980s, Daily Variety started to publish a weekly chart of the domestic box office grosses of films collated from the studios as compared to the Top 50 chart in Variety which was based on a sample of theatre grosses from key markets.

Gradually the focus of a film's performance became its box office gross rather than the rentals that Variety continued to report annually. Prior to the tracking of these grosses, domestic or worldwide box office grosses is not available for many earlier films so the only domestic or worldwide data available is still often the rental figures.

Murphy started to publish Art Murphy's Box Office Register annually from 1984 detailing U.S. box office grosses.[21]

In 1984, EDI started to report Canadian grosses as well and by 1985 was reporting data for 15,000 screens. In 1987, EDI set up a database of box office information which included data on certain films back to 1970. By 1991, all U.S. studios had agreed to share their complete data reports with EDI.[22] In 1990, EDI opened an office in the UK, moved into Germany in 1993 and Spain in 1995 reporting box office data for those markets.[23] EDI were acquired by ACNielsen Corporation in 1997 for $26 million and became Nielsen EDI.[24]

By the 1990s, Daily Variety started to report studio's weekend estimates from Sundays on Monday mornings which led to other media reporting the data earlier.[19] When Entertainment Weekly was launched in 1990 it started to publish the top 10 box office weekend lists from Exhibitor Relations and the company was also supplying box office data to companies such as the Los Angeles Times, CNN and the Associated Press.[19]

In 1994, Variety published their first annual global box office chart showing the top 100 grossing films internationally for the prior year.[25]

On August 7, 1998, Box Office Mojo was launched by Brandon Gray and in 1999 he started posting the Friday grosses sourced from Exhibitor Relations so that they were publicly available for free online on Saturdays[19] and posted the Sunday estimates on Sundays.[26] In July 2008, Box Office Mojo was purchased by Amazon.com through its subsidiary, IMDb.[27][28]

Rentrak started tracking box office data from point of sale in 2001 and started to rival EDI in providing the studios with data.[29] In December 2009, Rentrak acquired Nielsen EDI for $15 million, and became the sole provider of worldwide box office ticket sales revenue and attendance information which is used by many of the websites noted above.[30][31]

On October 23, 2019, Box Office Mojo unveiled a dramatic redesign resembling IMDb, and was rebranded as "Box Office Mojo by IMDbPro" with some of the content move to the subscription based IMDbPro.[32]

Box office reporting paused for the first time since its inception on March 19, 2020, as nearly all theaters nationwide were closed because of the coronavirus pandemic.[33] Only drive-in theaters, which are typically not included in box office reporting, remained open.[34]

Box office lists

For lists of films which are major box-office hits, see List of highest-grossing films, List of films by box office admissions and Lists of highest-grossing films. Films that are considered to have been very unsuccessful at the box office are called box office bombs or box office flops. For a list of these films, see List of box office bombs.

To determine if a movie made a profit, it is not correct to directly compare the box office gross with the production budget, because the movie theater keeps nearly half of the gross on average. The split varies from movie to movie, and the percentage for the distributor is generally higher in early weeks. Usually the distributor gets a percentage of the revenue after first deducting a "house allowance" or "house nut". It is also common that the distributor gets either a percentage of the gross revenue, or a higher percentage of the revenue after deducting the nut, whichever is larger.[35][36] The distributor's share of the box office gross is often referred to as the "distributor rentals", especially for box office reporting of older films.[37]

The following is film industry specific terminology used by box office reporters such as Variety and Box Office Mojo.[38] For films released in North America, box office figures are usually divided between domestic, meaning the United States and Canada, and foreign which includes all other countries. Weekly box office figures are now normally taken to be from Friday through Thursday to allow for the fact that most films are officially released in the United States on a Friday. With Variety being published for many years every Wednesday, most weekly box office figures they reported from the 1920s to the 1990s were for the week from Thursday to Wednesday. A large component of the weekly gross is the weekend box office. Historically, this was reported as the box office receipts around Friday through Sunday plus any public holidays close to the weekend, such as a 4-day Memorial Day weekend, however, with the increased regularity of reporting of box office figures, a comparable 3-day figure for the Friday to Sunday is now also used. In particular, the weekend box office for the initial week of release, or opening weekend, is often widely reported. (See List of biggest opening weekends.)

Theaters is the number of theaters in which the movie is showing. Since a single theater may show a movie on multiple screens, the total number of screens or engagements is used as another measure. The theaters measure is used to classify whether a film is in wide release, meaning at least 600 theaters, or limited release which is less than 600 theaters. Occasionally, a film may achieve wide release after an initial limited release; Little Miss Sunshine is an example of this.

Gross refers to gross earnings. On average, the movie's distributor receives a little more than half of the final gross (often referred to as the rentals) with the remainder going to the exhibitor (i.e., movie theater).

Multiple is the ratio of a film's total gross to that of the opening weekend. A film that earns $20 million on its opening weekend and finishes with $80 million has a multiple of 4. From 2004 to 2014, films viewers graded as A+ on CinemaScore had a 4.8 multiple, while films graded as F had a 2.2 multiple.[39]

Admissions refers to the number of tickets sold at the box office. In countries such as France, box office reporting was historically reported in terms of admissions, with rules regulated by the government and fines issued if exhibitors failed to report the data.[40] Other countries which historically reported box office figures in terms of admissions include European countries such as Germany, Italy, and Spain, the Soviet Union, and South Korea. Box Office Mojo estimates the North American ticket sales by dividing the domestic box office gross by the average ticket price (ATP) of a given year, a method that Box Office India uses to estimate Indian footfalls (ticket sales). See List of films by box office admissions for the films with the highest known estimated ticket sales.

Distributor rentals

Box-office figures are reported in the form of either gross receipts or distributor rentals, the latter being especially true of older films. Commonly mistaken for home video revenue, the rentals are the distributor's share of the film's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor's cut.[41][42] Historically, the rental price averaged at 30–40% when the distributors owned the theater chains, equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film.[43] In the modern marketplace, rental fees can vary greatly—depending on a number of factors—although the films from the major studios average out at 43%.[41]

Annual rentals % of box office gross receipts
Year United States[44] United States and Canada[44] Japan[45]
1939 36.4%[43] N/A N/A
1955 N/A N/A 58.4%
1956 N/A N/A 56.3%
1957 N/A N/A 55.2%
1958 N/A N/A 54.5%
1959 N/A N/A 55.0%
1960 N/A N/A 54.6%
1961 N/A N/A 53.2%
1962 N/A N/A 50.1%
1963 N/A N/A 47.2%
1964 N/A N/A 44.6%
1965 27.6% 29.8% 44.7%
1966 N/A N/A 42.2%
1967 N/A N/A 40.9%
1968 N/A N/A 40.2%
1969 N/A N/A 39.9%
1970 26.7% 28.6% 37.7%
1971 N/A N/A 38.4%
1972 N/A N/A 37.3%
1973 N/A N/A 38.0%
1974 N/A N/A 38.0%
1975 29.7% 32.7% 39.4%
1976 28.3% 31.3% 39.0%
1977 36.6% 39.4% 39.9%
1978 42.4% 45.3% 41.2%
1979 37.8% 40.5% 39.0%
1980 43.0% 46.4% 38.2%
1981 39.2% 42.2% 37.9%
1982 38.9% 41.8% 38.5%
1983 34.5% 37.0% 42.3%
1984 32.6% 35.3% 39.6%
1985 29.6% 31.6% 40.0%
1986 30.7% 33.1% 40.5%
1987 29.3% 31.5% 39.5%
1988 31.7% 34.5% 40.5%
1989 35.4% 38.4% 40.3%
1990 36.4% 39.4% 41.3%
1991 38.5% 41.3% 40.7%
1992 41.2% 43.8% 41.0%
1993 38.8% 41.3% 43.9%
1994 37.8% 40.2% 41.8%
1995 43.6% 45.6% 43.4%
1996 40.9% 43.4% 42.5%
1997 41.5% 44.2% 44.3%
1998 40.1% 42.6% 45.1%
1999 41.9% 44.7% 45.3%
2000 37.2% 39.7% N/A

Average ticket price

The average ticket price (ATP) is the average cost to purchase a film ticket at the box office in any given year. According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the ATP is "calculated as the total revenues generated from tickets sales divided by the number of feature film tickets sold during the year of reference."[46]

Year[47] USA[48] UK[49][50] Japan[45] India[51] France[52][53] EU[54][53] China[55][56] USSR[57] Worldwide[58]
1950 N/A £0.08 ($0.22) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.75 руб[59] ($0.33) N/A
1951 $0.53 £0.08 ($0.22) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1952 N/A
1953 $0.60
1954 $0.45 £0.09 ($0.25)
1955 N/A £0.09 ($0.25) ¥63 ($0.18)
1956 $0.50 £0.09 ($0.25) ¥62 ($0.17) N/A 1.22 F ($0.35)[60]
1957 N/A £0.10 ($0.28) ¥62 ($0.17) N/A 1.33 F[61] ($0.37)
1958 N/A £0.11 ($0.31) ¥64 ($0.18) N/A N/A
1959 $0.51 £0.12 ($0.34) ¥65 ($0.18)
1960 N/A £0.13 ($0.36) ¥72 ($0.20) ₹1.35 ($0.28)
1961 $0.69 £0.13 ($0.36) ¥85 ($0.24)
1962 $0.70 £0.14 ($0.39) ¥115 ($0.32)
1963 $0.85 £0.15 ($0.42) ¥152 ($0.42) ₹1.44 ($0.30) N/A N/A N/A 0.25 руб[62] ($0.28)
1964 $0.93 £0.17 ($0.48) ¥178 ($0.49) ₹1.45 ($0.30)
1965 $1.01 £0.19 ($0.53) ¥203 ($0.56) ₹1.46 ($0.31) 3.04 F[61] ($0.62)
1966 $1.09 £0.24 ($0.67) ¥219 ($0.61) ₹1.66 ($0.26) 3.34 F[61] ($0.68)
1967 $1.20 £0.22 ($0.61) ¥236 ($0.66) ₹1.66 ($0.22) N/A
1968 $1.31 £0.24 ($0.58) ¥262 ($0.73) ₹1.67 ($0.22) N/A N/A N/A N/A
1969 $1.42 £0.27 ($0.65) ¥295 ($0.82)
1970 $1.55 £0.31 ($0.74) ¥324 ($0.90) ₹1.89 (US$0.25)
1971 $1.65 £0.34 ($0.83) ¥366 ($1.04)
1972 $1.70 £0.38 ($0.95) ¥411 ($1.36) ₹1.96 (US$0.26)
1973 $1.77 £0.43 ($1.05) ¥500 ($1.84) ₹2.06 (US$0.27) N/A N/A N/A $0.47[63]
1974 $1.87 £0.50 ($1.17) ¥631 ($2.16) ₹2.38 (US$0.3)
1975 $2.05 £0.61 ($1.35) ¥751 ($2.53) ₹2.40 ($0.29)
1976 $2.13 £0.73 ($1.31) ¥852 ($2.87) ₹2.47 (US$0.27) N/A N/A N/A N/A
1977 $2.23 £0.83 ($1.45) ¥923 ($3.44) ₹2.52 (US$0.29)
1978 $2.34 £0.94 ($1.80) ¥967 ($4.60) ₹2.55 (US$0.31)
1979 $2.51 £1.13 ($2.39) ¥958 ($4.37) ₹2.76 (US$0.34) N/A N/A ¥0.2[64] ($0.13)
1980 $2.69 £1.42 ($3.30) ¥1,009 ($4.45) ₹2.92 (US$0.37) €2.70[54] ($3.64) €1.90 ($2.56) ¥0.2[64] ($0.13)
1981 $2.78 £1.58 ($3.17) ¥1,093 ($4.96) ₹3.31 (US$0.38) N/A N/A ¥0.2[64] ($0.12)
1982 $2.94 £1.67 ($2.92) ¥1,092 ($4.38) ₹4.21 (US$0.44) N/A N/A ¥0.2[64] ($0.11) 0.50 руб[65] ($0.72)
1983 $3.15 £1.90 ($2.88) ¥1,093 ($4.60) ₹4.21 (US$0.42) N/A N/A ¥0.2[64] ($0.10) N/A
1984 $3.36 £1.91 ($2.54) ¥1,144 ($4.82) ₹4.21 (US$0.37) N/A N/A ¥0.2[64] ($0.09)
1985 $3.55 £1.71 ($2.19) ¥1,118 ($4.69) ₹4.38 (US$0.35) €3.70[54] ($2.71) €3.10 ($2.27) N/A
1986 $3.71 £1.88 ($2.76) ¥1,116 ($6.62) ₹4.24 (US$0.34) N/A N/A
1987 $3.91 £2.15 ($3.51) ¥1,120 ($7.74) N/A
1988 $4.11 £2.30 ($4.09) ¥1,118 ($8.72)
1989 $3.97 £2.33 ($3.81) ¥1,161 ($8.42)
1990 $4.23 £2.81 ($4.99) ¥1,177 ($8.13) N/A €4.50[54] ($5.71) €4.20 ($5.32)
1991 $4.21 £3.03 ($5.34) ¥1,181 ($8.77) N/A N/A N/A
1992 $4.15 £3.21 ($5.63) ¥1,210 ($9.55)
1993 $4.14 £3.21 ($4.81) ¥1,252 ($11.26)
1994 $4.18 £3.25 ($4.97) ¥1,249 ($12.22) ₹11.05 (US$0.35)[66]
1995 $4.35 £3.48 ($5.49) ¥1,243 ($13.21) ₹14.37 (US$0.44)[67] €5.30[54] ($7.06) €4.70 ($6.26)
1996 $4.42 £3.70 ($5.77) ¥1,245 ($11.45) ₹15.70 (US$0.44)[68] €5.40[54] ($6.97) €4.80 ($6.19)
1997 $4.59 £4.07 ($6.66) ¥1,259 ($10.41) ₹17.92 (US$0.49)[69] €5.30[54] ($5.99) €5.00 ($5.65)
1998 $4.69 £4.03 ($6.67) ¥1,264 ($9.66) ₹19.66 (US$0.48)[70] €5.30[54] ($5.90) €5.10 ($5.68)
1999 $5.08 £4.21 ($6.81) ¥1,263 ($11.09) ₹21.51[71] ($0.50) €5.40[54] ($5.75) €5.30 ($5.64)
2000 $5.39 £4.40 ($6.66) ¥1,262 ($11.71) ₹24.07 (US$0.54)[72] €5.40[54] ($4.97) €5.40 ($4.97)
2001 $5.66 £4.14 ($5.96) ¥1,226 ($10.09) ₹26.66 (US$0.57)[73] €5.50[54] ($4.83) €5.60 ($5.01)
2002 $5.81 £4.29 ($6.92) ¥1,224 ($9.76) ₹29.98 (US$0.62)[74] N/A N/A
2003 $6.03 £4.44 ($7.25) ¥1,252 ($10.8) ₹35.77 (US$0.77)[75]
2004 $6.21 £4.49 ($8.22) ¥1,240 ($11.46) ₹42.14 (US$0.93)[76]
2005 $6.41 £4.71 ($8.56) ¥1,235 ($11.21) ₹49.16 (US$1.11)[77] €5.90[55] ($7.33) N/A ¥12.7 ($1.55)
2006 $6.55 £4.87 ($8.96) ¥1,233 ($10.60) ₹53.91 (US$1.19)[78] €5.90[55] ($7.40) N/A ¥14.9 ($1.87)
2007 $6.88 £5.05 ($10.10) ¥1,216 ($10.33) ₹60.73 (US$1.47)[79] €5.90[55] ($8.07) N/A ¥16.9 ($2.22)
2008 $7.18 £5.20 ($9.56) ¥1,214 ($11.75) ₹69.76[80] ($1.60) €6 ($8.82) N/A ¥20.1 ($2.89)
2009 $7.50 £5.44 ($8.47) ¥1,217 ($13.01) ₹78.63 (US$1.62)[81] €6.14 N/A ¥23.5 ($3.44)
2010 $7.89 £5.95 ($9.19) ¥1,266 ($14.42) ₹88.60 (US$1.94)[82] €6.33 N/A ¥35.1 ($5.18)
2011 $7.93 £6.06 ($9.77) ¥1,252 ($15.69) ₹95.48[83] ($2.05) €6.33 N/A ¥35.4 ($5.48)
2012 $7.96 £6.37 ($10.11) ¥1,258 ($15.77) ₹101.74[84] €6.42 N/A ¥36.3 ($5.75)
2013 $8.13 £6.53 ($10.20) ¥1,246 ₹109.75[85] €6.46 N/A ¥35.6 ($5.75)
2014[86] $8.17 £6.72 ($13.30) ¥1,285 ($17.67) ₹117.89[87] ($3.22) €6.38 ($12.29) N/A ¥35.7 ($5.81) N/A $4.74
2015 $8.43 £7.21 ¥1,303 ₹125.97[88] €6.48 N/A ¥35 N/A $4.86
2016 $8.65 £7.41 ¥1,307 ₹131.57[89] €6.51 N/A ¥35[90] N/A $4.99
2017 $8.97 £7.49 ¥1,310 ₹134.38[91] €6.60[55] N/A ¥34.5 N/A $5.11
2018 $9.11 £7.22 ¥1,315 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A $5.16
2019 $9.01 £7.11 ¥1,340 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2020 $9.37 N/A N/A
gollark: In what sense are nested loops unportable?
gollark: This is between 3 and 26.
gollark: It MIGHT not not work.
gollark: Okay, "fixed".
gollark: "Fixing"...

See also

References
  1. box office, Merriam-Webster
  2. box office in the Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper, 2001
  3. William and Mary Morris, Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins, HarperCollins, New York, 1977, 1988
  4. Robert Hendrickson, Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, Facts on File, New York, 1997
  5. "Business on Broadway Figures For Exhibitors' Information". Variety. March 3, 1922. p. 47 – via Archive.org.
  6. Exhibitors Herald-World (1929). The Motion Picture Almanac 1929. Media History Digital Library. New York, The Quigley Publishing Company.
  7. "Six Best Money Stars". Variety. January 5, 1932. p. 1 – via Archive.org.
  8. Singer, Matt; Singer, Matt (2013-01-17). "Boxoffice Magazine Stops Publishing Film Reviews". IndieWire. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  9. "BoxOffice Barometer A Review of 1947 A Preview of 1948". Retrieved April 23, 2018 – via Archive.org.
  10. "Lent and Weather Easing Some B.O.s But 'Trunk,' 'Adventure,' 'Utopia' 'Big'". Variety. April 3, 1946. p. 3 – via Archive.org.
  11. Golden, Herb (June 19, 2003). "How Box Office Reporting Was Built". Simesite. Archived from the original on August 10, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  12. "All-Time Top Grossers". Variety. September 25, 1946. p. 5 – via Archive.org.
  13. Finler, Joel W. (April 2, 1992), The Hollywood Story (Second ed.), Mandarin, p. 483, ISBN 0-7493-0637-8
  14. "All-Time Top Film Rentals". Variety. 1998. Archived from the original on October 7, 1999. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  15. "Rental Champs Rate of Return". Variety. December 15, 1997. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  16. "Computerized B.O. Chart Due". Variety. April 16, 1969. p. 3.
  17. "50 Top-Grossing Films". Variety. April 23, 1969. p. 11.
  18. "Variety's Grosses Report". Variety. February 14, 1990. p. 5.
  19. Hayes, Dade; Bing, Jonathan (2004). Open Wide: How Hollywood Box Office Became a National Obsession. Miramax Books. pp. 295–7. ISBN 1401352006.
  20. Benson-Allott, Caetlin (2013). Killer Tapes and Shattered Screens: Video Spectatorship from VHS to File Sharing. University of California Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780520954496.
  21. Berkshire, Geoffrey (June 18, 2003). "Art Murphy Exits". Simesite. Archived from the original on November 15, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  22. Hindes, Andrew (November 18, 1996). "Number's Game". Variety. p. 43.
  23. Hindes, Andrew (November 18, 1996). "Outfit keeps tabs on overseas pic sales". Variety. p. 48.
  24. "ACNielsen takes EDI off the marquee". Variety. Retrieved March 7, 2018. December 18, 1997
  25. Klady, Leonard (January 3, 1994). "Top 100 pix take $8 bil globally". Variety. p. 1. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  26. "Brandon Gray's Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. October 7, 1999. Archived from the original on October 8, 1999. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  27. Eric Engleman (December 17, 2008). "Amazon's IMDb movie trivia site acquires rival Box Office Mojo". TechFlash. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  28. Ben Fritz (December 15, 2008). "IMDB links up with Box Office Mojo". Variety. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  29. Hayes, Dade; Bing, Jonathan (2004). Open Wide: How Hollywood Box Office Became a National Obsession. Miramax Books. pp. 288–9. ISBN 1401352006.
  30. Gunderson, Laura (February 8, 2010). "Portland-based Rentrak posts Q3 loss". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  31. "Rentrak buys Nielsen EDI, consolidating box office reporting business". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  32. Fuster, Jeremy (October 24, 2019). "Box Office Mojo Criticized After Redesign That Includes a Paywall for Some Data". TheWrap. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  33. "Reporter's Notebook: The Weekend When Box Office Hit Zero for the First Time". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  34. "Weekend Box Office Hits Zero for the First Time in 26 Years". Movieweb. 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  35. Entertainment.howstuffworks.com
  36. Express.howstuffworks.com
  37. Cones, John W. (1997). The feature film distribution deal: a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8093-2082-0.
  38. "Office Tracking by Time". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  39. Busch, Anita (August 9, 2014). "B Grade For 'Turtles': What CinemaScores Mean And Why Exit Polling Matters". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  40. Klady, Leonard (January 4, 1994). "Feeling crunched by B.O. number crunchers". Daily Variety. p. 39.
  41. Cones, John W. (1997). The feature film distribution deal: a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8093-2082-0. Distributor rentals: It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor's gross receipts and the gross rentals. The term "rentals" refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor. Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media, whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only, regardless of whether received by the distributor. Thus, gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals. The issue of film rentals (i.e., what percentage of a film's box office gross comes back to the distributor) is of key importance...More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio/distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43% of box office gross. Again, however, such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films.
  42. Marich, Robert (2009) [1st. pub. Focal Press:2005]. Marketing to moviegoers: a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents (2 ed.). Southern Illinois University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-8093-2884-0. Rentals are the distributors' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex, two-part contract.
  43. Balio, Tino (2005). The American film industry. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-299-09874-2. Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business (1939): 36.4
  44. Vogel, Harold L. (2010). "Table 3.4. Motion picture theater industry statistics, 1965-2009". Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–9. ISBN 978-1-139-49732-9.
  45. "Statistics of Film Industry in Japan (Year 1955 - 1999)". Eiren. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  46. "Average ticket price (ATP)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. UNESCO. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  47. Antweiler, Werner (2019). "Pacific Exchange Rate Service" (PDF). UBC Sauder School of Business. University of British Columbia. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  48. "Box Office Mojo by IMDbPro FAQ (How are grosses adjusted for ticket price inflation?)". IMDb. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  49. "UK cinema ticket prices". Terra Media. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  50. "Average ticket price". UK Cinema Association. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  51. Mittal, Ashok (1995). Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Taxation. Indus Publishing. pp. 71 & 77. ISBN 9788173870231.
  52. "Average cinema ticket price in France 2009-2016". Statista. November 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  53. "Historical exchange rates (EUR)". fxtop.com. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  54. "Cinema market". Cinema, TV and radio in the EU: Statistics on audiovisual services (Data 1980-2002). Europa (2003 ed.). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2003. pp. 31–64 (61). ISBN 92-894-5709-0. ISSN 1725-4515. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  55. "UIS Statistics". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. UNESCO. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  56. "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - China". World Bank. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  57. "Archive". Central Bank of Russia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  58. "Average actual cinema admission price worldwide from 2014 to 2018". Statista. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  59. "Political Affairs". Political Affairs. New Century Publishers. 29: 80. 1950. In moving picture theaters the price of tickets ranges from 2-6 rubles at first-run houses, and from 50 kopeks to one ruble 50 kopeks in neighborhood houses and clubs.
  60. "French Film Industry Anxious Despite Increase in Features". Foreign Commerce Weekly. United States Department of Commerce. 58: 35. August 5, 1957.
  61. "The ... Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures". The ... Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures. J.W. Alicoate. 49 (1967): 560. 1967. (...) 1966 represent only a one per cent decline from the preceding year, the average ticket price having increased from 3.04 F to 3.34 F. Thus, the level of receipts is safeguarded by a constant process of re-evaluating the ticket prices. (The average price in 1957 was only 1.33 F.)
  62. Roth-Ey, Kristin (2011). "Chapter 1: The Soviet Film Industry" (PDF). Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War. Cornell University Press. pp. 47–8. ISBN 978-0-8014-4874-4.
  63. "Cinema Going". The Asian Messenger. Center for Communication Studies, Chinese University. 1–4: 2. 1975. More Russians (4.5 billion) go to the movies more times (an average of 17.7 times per person) each year than people in any other country, according to UNESCO statistics for 1973, the last year for which figures are available. Tailing the Russians are Singaporeans, 17.1 times a year, and Hong Kong people, 15.1 times a year. Italians go 10 times, Britons 2.4 times and Frenchmen 3.5 times a year. The high frequency of movie going in Russia is attributed to the low price of movie admission, the drab quality of Soviet TV and the difficulty in getting seats at a restaurant or other places of entertainment. In Russia, where a movie ticket costs about 47 US cents, there are 154,200 cinemas.
  64. Soviet Military Review. Krasnaya Zveda Publishing House. 1982. p. 7.
  65. "Releases 1994". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  66. "Releases 1995". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  67. "Releases 1996". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  68. "Releases 1997". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  69. "Releases 1998". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  70. "Releases 1999". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  71. "Releases 2000". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  72. "Releases 2001". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  73. "Releases 2002". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  74. "Releases 2003". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  75. "Releases 2004". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  76. "Releases 2005". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  77. "Releases 2006". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  78. "Releases 2007". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  79. "Releases 2008". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  80. "Releases 2009". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  81. "Releases 2010". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  82. "Releases 2011". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  83. "Releases 2012". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  84. "Releases 2013". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  85. "Cinema ticket price". NationMaster. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  86. "Releases 2014". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  87. "Releases 2015". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  88. "Releases 2016". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  89. "Box Office Revenue In China: How It Works". China Film Insider. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  90. "Releases 2017". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.