Huawei

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (/ˈhwɑːˌweɪ/; Chinese: 华为; pinyin: Huáwéi) is a Chinese multinational technology company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It designs, develops, and sells telecommunications equipment and consumer electronics (mainly smartphones). [4]

Huawei Technologies Group Co., Ltd.
Native name
华为技术有限公司
Limited company
Industry
Founded1987 (1987)
FounderRen Zhengfei
Headquarters
Shenzhen
,
China
Area served
Worldwide (exempting United States since 2019)
Key people
Ren Zhengfei (Founder & CEO)
Liang Hua (chairman)
Meng Wanzhou (CFO)
ProductsMobile and fixed broadband networks
consultancy and managed services
multimedia technology
smartphones
tablet computers
dongles
Smart TV
Harmony OS
BrandsHuawei, Honor
Revenue CN¥858.833 billion US$122.972 billion (2019 [1])
CN¥77.835 billion US$11.145 billion (2019)
CN¥62.656 billion US$8.971 billion (2019)
Total assets CN¥858.661 billion US$122.947 billion (2019)
Total equity CN¥295.537 billion US$42.316 billion (2019)
Number of employees
194,000 (2019[1])
ParentHuawei Investment & Holding[2]
SubsidiariesAmartus
Caliopa
Chinasoft International
FutureWei Technologies
HexaTier
HiSilicon
iSoftStone
Websitewww.huawei.com
Footnotes / references
[3]
Huawei
"Huawei" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese华为
Traditional Chinese華為
Literal meaning"Splendid Achievement" or "Chinese Achievement"
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Simplified Chinese华为技术有限公司
Traditional Chinese華為技術有限公司

The company was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former Deputy Regimental Chief in the People's Liberation Army.[5] Initially focused on manufacturing phone switches, Huawei has expanded its business to include building telecommunications networks, providing operational and consulting services and equipment to enterprises inside and outside of China, and manufacturing communications devices for the consumer market.[6][7] Huawei has over 194,000 employees as of December 2019.[8]

Huawei has deployed its products and services in more than 170 countries.[9] It overtook Ericsson in 2012 as the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world,[10] and overtook Apple in 2018 as the second-largest manufacturer of smartphones in the world, behind Samsung Electronics.[11] In December 2019, Huawei reported that its annual revenue had risen to $121.72 billion US dollars in 2019.[12]

Although successful internationally, Huawei has faced difficulties in some markets, due to claims of undue state support, links to the People's Liberation Army, and cybersecurity concerns—primarily from the United States government—that Huawei's infrastructure equipment may enable surveillance by the Chinese government.[13][14] With the development of 5G wireless networks, there have been calls from the U.S. to prevent the use of products by Huawei or fellow Chinese telecommunications company ZTE by the U.S. and its allies.[15] Huawei has argued that its products posed "no greater cybersecurity risk" than those of any other vendor and that there is no evidence of the U.S. espionage claims.[16] Questions regarding Huawei's ownership and control as well as concerns regarding the extent of state support also remain.[13] Huawei has also been accused of assisting in the surveillance and mass detention of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang re-education camps, which have resulted in sanctions by the United States Department of State.[17][18][19]

In the midst of an ongoing trade war between China and the United States, Huawei was restricted from doing commerce with U.S. companies due to alleged previous willful violations of U.S. sanctions against Iran. On 29 June 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump reached an agreement to resume trade talks with China and announced that he would ease the aforementioned sanctions on Huawei. Huawei cut 600 jobs at its Santa Clara research center in June, and in December 2019 founder Ren Zhengfei said it was moving the center to Canada because the restrictions would block them from interacting with US employees.[20][21]

In July 2020, Huawei surpassed Samsung and Apple to become the leading smartphone mobile brand in the world for the first time primarily due to the slump of Samsung's global performance whereas the overseas sales of Samsung dropped in the second quarter of 2020 owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[22][23][24]

Name

According to the company founder Ren Zhengfei, the name Huawei comes from a slogan he saw on a wall, Zhonghua youwei meaning "China has promise" (中华有为, Zhōnghuá yǒuwéi), when he was starting up the company and needed a name.[25] Zhonghua or Hua means China,[26] while youwei means "promising/to show promise".[27][28] Huawei has also been translated as "splendid achievement" or "China is able" which are possible readings to the name.[29] In Chinese pinyin, the name is Huáwéi,[30] and pronounced [xwǎwéi] in Mandarin Chinese; in Cantonese, the name is transliterated with Jyutping as Waa4-wai4 and pronounced [wȁːwɐ̏i]. However, pronunciation of Huawei by non-Chinese varies in other countries, for example "Hoe-ah-wei" in the Netherlands.[31] The company had considered changing the name in English as it was concerned that non-Chinese may find the name hard to pronounce,[32] but decided to keep the name, and launched a name recognition campaign instead to encourage a pronunciation closer to "Wah-Way" using the words "Wow Way".[33][34]

History

Early years

During the 1980s, the Chinese government tried to modernize the country's underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure. A core component of the telecommunications network was telephone exchange switches, and in the late 1980s, several Chinese research groups endeavored to acquire and develop the technology, usually through joint ventures with foreign companies.

Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the People's Liberation Army engineering corps, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. The company reports that it had RMB 21,000 in registered capital at the time of its founding (about $5,000 at the time).[35]

Ren sought to reverse engineer foreign technologies with local researchers. At a time when all of China's telecommunications technology was imported from abroad, Ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecommunication company that could compete with, and ultimately replace, foreign competitors.[36]

During its first several years the company's business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange (PBX) switches imported from Hong Kong.[6][37] Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research and development to manufacture its own technologies.[6] By 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises.[38]

The company's first major breakthrough came in 1993 when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch. It was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, the company gained market share and made its way into the mainstream market.[39]

Huawei also won a key contract to build the first national telecommunications network for the People's Liberation Army, a deal one employee described as "small in terms of our overall business, but large in terms of our relationships".[40] In 1994, founder Ren Zhengfei had a meeting with Party general secretary Jiang Zemin, telling him that "switching equipment technology was related to national security, and that a nation that did not have its own switching equipment was like one that lacked its own military." Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment.[6]

In the 1990s Canadian telecom giant Nortel outsourced production of their entire product line to Huawei.[41] They subsequently outsourced much of their product engineering to Huawei as well.[42]

Another major turning point for the company came in 1996 when the government in Beijing adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access to foreign competitors. Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices.[6]

Foreign expansion
Huawei Offices
In Voorburg, Netherlands
In Markham, Ontario, Canada

In 1997, Huawei won a contract to provide fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa.[39] Later that year, Huawei launched its wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS. In 1999, the company opened a research and development (R&D) center in Bangalore, India to develop a wide range of telecom software.[38]

In May 2003, Huawei partnered with 3Com on a joint venture known as H3C, which was focused on enterprise networking equipment. It marked 3Com's re-entrance into the high-end core routers and switch market, after having abandoned it in 2000 to focus on other businesses. 3Com bought out Huawei's share of the venture in 2006 for US$882 million.[43][44]

In 2004, Huawei signed a $10 billion credit line with the China Development Bank (CDB) to provide low-cost financing to customers buying its telecommunications equipment to support its sales outside of China. This line of credit was tripled to $30 billion in 2009.[45]

In 2005, Huawei's foreign contract orders exceeded its domestic sales for the first time. Huawei signed a Global Framework Agreement with Vodafone. This agreement marked the first time a telecommunications equipment supplier from China had received Approved Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain.[46] Huawei also signed a contract with British Telecom (BT) for the deployment of its multi-service access network (MSAN) and Transmission equipment for BT's 21st Century Network (21CN).

In 2007, Huawei began a joint venture with U.S. security software vendor Symantec Corporation, known as Huawei Symantec, which aimed to provide end-to-end solutions for network data storage and security. Huawei bought out Symantec's share in the venture in 2012, with The New York Times noting that Symantec had fears that the partnership "would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyberthreats".[47]

In May 2008, Australian carrier Optus announced that it would establish a technology research facility with Huawei in Sydney.[48] In October 2008, Huawei reached an agreement to contribute to a new GSM-based HSPA+ network being deployed jointly by Canadian carriers Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility, joined by Nokia Siemens Networks.[49] Huawei delivered one of the world's first LTE/EPC commercial networks for TeliaSonera in Oslo, Norway in 2009.[38]

In July 2010, Huawei was included in the Global Fortune 500 2010 list published by the U.S. magazine Fortune for the first time, on the strength of annual sales of US$21.8 billion and net profit of US$2.67 billion.[50][51]

In October 2012, it was announced that Huawei would move its UK headquarters to Green Park, Reading, Berkshire.[52]

In September 2017, Huawei created a Narrowband IoT city-aware network using a "one network, one platform, N applications" construction model utilizing IoT, cloud computing, big data, and other next-generation information and communications technology, it also aims to be one of the world's five largest cloud players in the near future.[53][54]

In April 2019, Huawei established Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC) at Cyberjaya, Malaysia,[55] which is Huawei's first training center outside of China.

Recent performance
Huawei expo at IFA 2018 in Berlin

As of the end of 2018, Huawei sold 200 million smartphones.[56] They reported that strong consumer demand for premium range smart phones helped the company reach consumer sales in excess of $52 billion in 2018.[57]

Huawei announced worldwide revenues of $105.1 billion for 2018, with a net profit of $8.7 billion.[58] Huawei's Q1 2019 revenues were up 39% year-over-year, at US$26.76 billion.[59]

In 2019, Huawei reported revenue of US$122 billion.[60]

During the second quarter 2020, Huawei became the world's top smartphone seller last quarter, overtaking Samsung for the first time ever.[61]

Corporate affairs

Huawei classifies itself as a "collective" entity and prior to 2019 did not refer to itself as a private company. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, said that this is "a definitional distinction that has been essential to the company's receipt of state support at crucial points in its development".[62] McGregor argued that "Huawei's status as a genuine collective is doubtful."[62] Huawei's position has shifted in 2019 when, Dr. Song Liuping, Huawei's chief legal officer, commented on the US government ban, said: "Politicians in the US are using the strength of an entire nation to come after a private company." (emphasis added).[63]

Leadership

Ren Zhengfei is the founder and CEO of Huawei and has the power to veto any decisions made by the board of directors.[64][65]

Board of Directors

Huawei disclosed its list of board of directors for the first time in 2010.[66] Liang Hua is the current chair of the board. As of 2019, the members of the board are Liang Hua, Guo Ping, Xu Zhijun, Hu Houkun, Meng Wanzhou (CFO and deputy chairwoman, currently out on bail in Vancouver,[67] after being arrested there on December 1, 2018, after an extradition request of US authorities on suspicion of Iran sanctions evasion[68]), Ding Yun, Yu Chengdong, Wang Tao, Xu Wenwei, Shen-Han Chiu, Chen Lifang, Peng Zhongyang, He Tingbo, Li Yingtao, Ren Zhengfei, Yao Fuhai, Tao Jingwen, and Yan Lida.[69]

Executives

Guo Ping is the Chairman of Huawei Device, Huawei's mobile phone division.[70] Huawei's Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer is Zhou Daiqi[71] who is also Huawei's Communist Party Committee Secretary.[72] Their Chief legal officer is Song Liuping.[63]

Ownership

Huawei claims it is an employee-owned company, but it remains a point of dispute.[64][73] Ren Zhengfei retains approximately 1 percent of the shares of Huawei's holding company, Huawei Investment & Holding,[73] with the remainder of the shares held by a trade union committee (not a trade union per se, and the internal governance procedures of this committee, its members, its leaders or how they are selected all remain undisclosed to the public) that is claimed to be representative of Huawei's employee shareholders.[64][74] The company's trade union committee is registered with and pay dues to the Shenzhen federation of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, which is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.[75] This is also due to a limitation in Chinese law preventing limited liability companies from having more than 50 shareholders.[76] About half of Huawei staff participate in this scheme (foreign employees are not eligible), and hold what the company calls "virtual restricted shares". These shares are non-tradable and are allocated to reward performance.[77] When employees leave Huawei, their shares revert to the company, which compensates them for their holding.[78] Although employee shareholders receive dividends,[74] their shares do not entitle them to any direct influence in management decisions, but enables them to vote for members of the 115-person Representatives’ Commission from a pre-selected list of candidates.[74] The Representatives’ Commission selects Huawei Holding's Board of Directors and Board of Supervisors.[79]

Scholars have found that, after a few stages of historical morphing, employees do not own a part of Huawei through their “shares”. Instead, the “virtual stock is a contract right, not a property right; it gives the holder no voting power in either Huawei Tech or Huawei Holding, cannot be transferred, and is cancelled when the employee leaves the firm, subject to a redemption payment from Huawei Holding TUC at a low fixed price”.[80][64] The same scholars added, "given the public nature of trade unions in China, if the ownership stake of the trade union committee is genuine, and if the trade union and its committee function as trade unions generally function in China, then Huawei may be deemed effectively state-owned."[64]

In September 2019 Huawei filed a defamation lawsuit against a French researcher and a television show which had hosted her.[81] The researcher, with the Foundation for Strategic Research, had noted that Ren Zhengfei was a former PLA member and that Huawei functions as an arm of the Chinese government.[82] This was the first time Huawei had sued a researcher for defamation for stating common opinions and recognized facts.[83]

Partners

As of the beginning of 2010, approximately 80% of the world's top 50 telecoms companies had worked with Huawei.[84]

Prominent partners include:

Since 2016, German camera company Leica has established a partnership with Huawei, and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones, including the P and Mate Series. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the Huawei P9.[94]

In 2020, Huawei partners with Dutch navigation device company TomTom for Google map alternative.[95]

Products and services

Huawei is organized around three core business segments:[96]

  • Carrier Network Business Group – provides wireless networks, fixed networks, global services, carrier software, core networks and network energy solutions that are deployed by communications carriers
  • Enterprise Business Group – Huawei's data center and storage products
  • Consumer Business Group – the core of this group is "1 + 8 + N" where "1" represents mobile phones; "8" represents tablets, PCs, VR devices, wearables, smart screens, smart audio, smart speakers, and head units; and "N" represents ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) devices[97]

Huawei announced its Enterprise business in January 2011 to provide network infrastructure, fixed and wireless communication, data center, and cloud computing solutions for global telecommunications customers.[98]

Telecommunication networks

Huawei's core network solutions offer mobile and fixed softswitches, plus next-generation home location register and Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems (IMS). Huawei sells xDSL, passive optical network (PON) and next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform. The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider routers and switches (SPRS). Huawei's software products include service delivery platforms (SDPs), BSSs, Rich Communication Suite and digital home and mobile office solutions.[99]

Global services

Huawei Global Services provides telecommunications operators with equipment to build and operate networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational efficiencies.[100] These include network integration services such as those for mobile and fixed networks; assurance services such as network safety; and learning services, such as competency consulting.[99]

Devices

Huawei's Devices division provides white-label products to content-service providers, including USB modems, wireless modems and wireless routers for mobile Wi-Fi,[101][102] embedded modules, fixed wireless terminals, wireless gateways, set-top boxes, mobile handsets and video products.[103] Huawei also produces and sells a variety of devices under its own name, such as the IDEOS smartphones, tablet PCs and Huawei Smartwatch.[104][105]

Phones
Main article: List of Huawei phones

Huawei is the second-biggest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, as of the first quarter of 2019. Their portfolio of phones includes both high-end smartphones, its Huawei Mate series and Huawei P series, and cheaper handsets that fall under its Honor brand.[106]

History of Huawei phones
The Huawei P30 with (back) triple-lens Leica optics camera

In July 2003, Huawei established their handset department and by 2004, Huawei shipped their first phone, the C300. The U626 was Huawei's first 3G phone in June 2005 and in 2006, Huawei launched the first Vodafone-branded 3G handset, the V710. The U8220 was Huawei's first Android smartphone and was unveiled in MWC 2009. At CES 2012, Huawei introduced the Ascend range starting with the Ascend P1 S. At MWC 2012, Huawei launched the Ascend D1. In September 2012, Huawei launched their first 4G ready phone, the Ascend P1 LTE. At CES 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend D2 and the Ascend Mate. At MWC 2013, the Ascend P2 was launched as the world's first LTE Cat4 smartphone. In June 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend P6 and in December 2013, Huawei introduced Honor as a subsidiary independent brand in China. At CES 2014, Huawei launched the Ascend Mate2 4G in 2014 and at MWC 2014, Huawei launched the MediaPad X1 tablet and Ascend G6 4G smartphone. Other launched in 2014 included the Ascend P7 in May 2014, the Ascend Mate7, the Ascend G7 and the Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition as China's first 4G smartphone with a sapphire screen.[107]

In January 2015, Huawei discontinued the "Ascend" brand for its flagship phones, and launched the new P series with the Huawei P8.[108][109] Huawei also partnered with Google to build the Nexus 6P in 2015.

The current models in the P and Mate lines, the Mate 30, Mate 30 Pro, Mate 30 5G, Mate 30 Pro 5G P30, P30 Pro, Mate 20, Mate 20 Pro and Mate 20 X were released in 2018 and 2019.[110][111][112][113][114][115]

Laptops
Main article: Huawei MateBook series

In 2016, Huawei entered the laptop markets with the release of its Huawei MateBook series of laptops.[116] They have continued to release laptop models in this series into 2020 with their most recent models being the MateBook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020.[117]

Tablets
Main article: Huawei MatePad Pro

The HUAWEI MatePad Pro, launched in November 2019.[97] Huawei is number one in the Chinese tablet market and number two globally as of 4Q 2019.[118]

Wearables
Main article: Huawei Watch

The Huawei Watch is an Android Wear-based smartwatch developed by Huawei. It was announced at 2015 Mobile World Congress on March 1, 2015,[119] and was released at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin on September 2, 2015.[120] It is the first smartwatch produced by Huawei.[120] Their latest watch, the Huawei Watch GT 2e, was launched in India in May, 2020.[121]

Software

EMUI (Emotion User Interface)
Main article: EMUI

Emotion UI (EMUI) is a ROM/OS developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and based on Google's Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is pre-installed on most Huawei Smartphone devices and its subsidiaries the Honor series. The latest version of EMUI is EMUI 10.

Harmony OS
Main article: Harmony OS

On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural developers' conference in Dongguan. Huawei described Harmony as a free, microkernel-based distributed operating system for various types of hardware, with faster inter-process communication than QNX or Google's "Fuchsia" microkernel, and real-time resource allocation. The ARK compiler can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS. Huawei stated that developers would be able to "flexibly" deploy Harmony OS software across various device categories; the company focused primarily on IoT devices, including "smart displays", wearable devices, and in-car entertainment systems, and did not explicitly position Harmony OS as a mobile OS.[122][123]

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS)

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) is Huawei's app store created as a competitor to Google's Android Play Store. As of December, 2019 it was in version 4.0 and as of January 16, 2020 the company reports it has signed up 55,000 apps using its HMS Core software.[124]

Competitive position

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. is the world's largest telecom equipment maker[10][125] and China's largest telephone-network equipment maker.[126] With 3,442 patents, Huawei became the world's No. 1 applicant for international patents in 2014.[127][128]

R&D centers

It has 21 R&D institutes in countries including China, the United States,[129] Canada,[130] the United Kingdom,[131] Pakistan, Finland, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India,[132] Russia, Israel, and Turkey.[133][134]

Huawei is considering opening a new research and development (R&D) center in Russia (2019/2020), which would be the third in the country after the Moscow and St. Petersburg R&D centers. Huawei also announced plans (November 2018) to open an R&D center in the French city of Grenoble, which would be mainly focused on smartphone sensors and parallel computing software development. The new R&D team in Grenoble was expected to grow to 30 researchers by 2020, said the company. The company said that this new addition brought to five the number of its R&D teams in the country: two were located in Sophia Antipolis and Paris, researching image processing and design, while the other two existing teams were based at Huawei's facilities in Boulogne-Billancourt, working on algorithms and mobile and 5G standards. The technology giant also intended to open two new research centers in Zürich and Lausanne, Switzerland. Huawei at the time employed around 350 people in Switzerland.[135][136]

Huawei also funds research partnerships with universities such as the University of British Columbia, the University of Waterloo, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Guelph, and Université Laval.[137][138]

Criticism and controversies
Main article: Criticism of Huawei

Huawei has faced criticism for various aspects of its operations, with its most prominent controversies having involved U.S. allegations of its products containing backdoors for Chinese government espionage—consistent with domestic laws requiring Chinese citizens and companies to cooperate with state intelligence when warranted. Huawei executives have consistently denied these allegations, having stated that the company has never received any requests by the Chinese government to introduce backdoors in its equipment, would refuse to do so, and that Chinese law did not compel them to do so.[139][139][140][141][142]

Espionage
See also: Chinese intelligence activity abroad

Huawei has been at the center of espionage allegations over Chinese 5G network equipment. In 2018, the United States passed a defense funding bill that contained a passage barring the federal government from doing business with Huawei, ZTE, and several Chinese vendors of surveillance products, due to security concerns.[143][144][145] The Chinese government has threatened economic retaliation against countries that block Huawei's market access.[146] German and British intelligence agencies have pushed back against the US' allegations, stating that after examining Huawei's 5G hardware and accompanying source code, they have found no evidence of malevolence and that a ban would therefore be unwarranted.[147][148] Additionally, the head of Britain's National Cyber Security Centre (the information security arm of GCHQ) stated that the US has not managed to provide the UK with any proof of its allegations against Huawei.[148] However, on July 14 2020 the UK government announced ban on the use of company's 5G network equipment, citing security concerns.[149]

Following the 2020 China–India skirmishes, India announced that Huawei would be blocked from participating in the country's 5G network for national security reasons.[150]

Exploitable backdoors

In February 2020, US government officials claimed that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials in carrier equipment like antennas and routers since 2009.[151][152]

Allegations of fraudulent conspiracy to subvert sanctions against Iran

In December 2012, Reuters reported the "deep links" existed as early as 2010 between Huawei through Meng Wanzhou (who was then CFO of the firm) and an Iranian telecom importer named Skycom. The US had long-standing sanctions on Iran, including against the importation of US technology goods into Iran. On August 22, 2018, a New York court issues an arrest warrant for Meng to stand trial in the United States.[153][154] On 1 December 2018, Meng,[155] was arrested in Canada at the request of U.S. authorities. She faced extradition to the United States on charges of violating the sanctions regime.[156]

On 28 January 2019, U.S. federal prosecutors formally indicted Meng and Huawei with 13 counts of bank and wire fraud (in order to mask the sale that is illegal under sanctions of U.S. technology to Iran), obstruction of justice, and misappropriating trade secrets.[157][158] The Department also filed a formal extradition request for Meng with Canadian authorities that same day. Huawei responded to the charges and said that it "denies that it or its subsidiary or affiliate have committed any of the asserted violations", as well as asserted Meng was similarly innocent. The China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology believed the charges brought on by the United States were "unfair".[159]

The case for extradition of Meng to the US to face charges is ongoing as of May, 2020 with the B.C. Supreme Court judge on May 27, 2020 ruling that extradition proceedings against the Huawei executive should proceed, denying the claim of double criminality brought by Meng's defense team.[160]

Allegations of intellectual property theft

Huawei has been accused of various instances of intellectual property theft against parties such as Nortel,[161] Cisco Systems, and T-Mobile US (where a Huawei employee had photographed a robotic arm used to stress-test smartphones and taken a fingertip from the robot).[162][163][164] The management of the company claims the US government persecutes it because Huawei's expansion can affect American business interests.[165] In February 2020, the United States Department of Justice charged Huawei with racketeering and conspiring to steal trade secrets from six U.S. firms.[166][167]

Allegations of involvement in Xinjiang re-education camps

In 2019, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused Huawei of assisting in the mass detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang re-education camps.[17][18][168] Huawei technology is regarded as critical to the Chinese government's pervasive system of surveillance of Uyghurs and other ethnic minority groups.[169][170]

U.S. business restrictions

In August 2018, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) was signed into law, containing a provision that banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns.[171] Huawei filed a lawsuit over the act in March 2019,[172] alleging it to be unconstitutional because it specifically targeted Huawei without granting it a chance to provide a rebuttal or due process.[173]

Additionally, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its entity list under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)".[174] This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.[175][176][177][178] Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.[179]

These actions have negatively affected Huawei production, sales and financial projections.[180][181][182] However, on 29 June 2019 at the G20 summit, the US President made statements implicating plans to ease the restrictions on U.S. companies doing business with Huawei.[183][184][185] Despite this statement, on 15 May 2020, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended its export restrictions to bar Huawei from producing semiconductors derived from technology or software of U.S. origin, even if the manufacturing is performed overseas.[186][187][188] In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission designated Huawei a national security threat, thereby barring it from any U.S. subsidies.[15] In July 2020, the Federal Acquisition Regulation Council published a Federal Register notice prohibiting all federal government contractors from selling Huawei hardware to the federal government and preventing federal contractors from using Huawei hardware. [189]

Replacement operating systems
Main article: Harmony OS

During the sanctions, it was noted that Huawei had been working on its own in-house operating system codenamed "HongMeng OS": in an interview with Die Welt, executive Richard Yu stated that an in-house OS could be used as a "plan B" if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of U.S. action.[190][191][192] Huawei filed trademarks for the names "Ark", "Ark OS", and "Harmony" in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS.[193][194] On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural developers' conference in Dongguan with the ARK compiler which can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS.[122][123]

In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Chinese Linux distribution Deepin as an optional pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China, as an alternative to Windows.[195]

gollark: Well, you could use, I don't know, transfer.sh, dropbox, whatever.
gollark: They use technology™ to stick multiple tracks on one tape and allow seeking to individual ones.
gollark: If you're doing tape stuff, you might want to consider an XTMF player like TapeShuffler or rph's thing.
gollark: ĦEŁØ
gollark: That's what a humanoid would say!

See also

References
  1. "Huawei Annual Report 2019". 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  2. Zhong, Raymond (25 April 2019). "Who Owns Huawei? The Company Tried to Explain. It Got Complicated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  3. "Huawei 2018 Annual Report" (PDF). huawei.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  4. "A rare look insider Huawei, China's tech giant". CNN. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. Ahrens, Nathaniel (February 2013). "China's Competitiveness Myth, Reality, and Lessons for the United States and Japan. Case Study: Huawei" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  7. Shukla, Anuradha (18 April 2011). "Huawei maintained steady growth in 2010". Computerworld. IDG Communications. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  8. "Corporate Introduction - Who Is Huawei?". Huawei. 1 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  9. Vance, Ashlee; Einhorn, Bruce (15 September 2011). "At Huawei, Matt Bross Tries to Ease U.S. Security Fears". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  10. "Who's afraid of Huawei?". The Economist. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2018. Huawei has just overtaken Sweden's Ericsson to become the world's largest telecoms-equipment-maker.
  11. Gibbs, Samuel (1 August 2018). "Huawei beats Apple to become second-largest smartphone maker". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  12. "Huawei expects 'eventful' 2018 to deliver $108.5bn in revenue". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  13. Yap, Chuin-Wei (25 December 2019). "State Support Helped Fuel Huawei's Global Rise". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  14. Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (24 June 2020). "Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies". Axios. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  15. McCabe, David (30 June 2020). "F.C.C. Designates Huawei and ZTE as National Security Threats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  16. McCaskill, Steve (28 February 2019). "Huawei: US has no evidence for security claims". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  17. Wheeler, Caroline (22 December 2019). "Chinese tech giant Huawei 'helps to persecute Uighurs'". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  18. VanderKlippe, Nathan (29 November 2019). "Huawei providing surveillance tech to China's Xinjiang authorities, report finds". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  19. Kelly, Laura; Mills Rodrigo, Chris (15 July 2020). "US announces sanctions on Huawei, citing human rights abuses". The Hill. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  20. "Huawei moving US research center to Canada". Associated Press. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  21. McLeod, James (9 December 2019). "'Who's going to make the first move?': Canada not alone in the Huawei dilemma". Financial Post. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  22. Business, Sherisse Pham, CNN. "Samsung slump makes Huawei the world's biggest smartphone brand for the first time, report says". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  23. Kharpal, Arjun (30 July 2020). "Huawei overtakes Samsung to be No. 1 smartphone player in the world thanks to China as overseas sales drop". CNBC. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  24. "Huawei Beats Samsung, Apple in Smartphones Shipments in Q2: Canalys". NDTV Gadgets 360. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  25. "任正非：华为名源自中华有为 我们要教外国人怎么念_科技频道_凤凰网". tech.ifeng.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  26. "中华". MDBG.
  27. "有为". MDBG.
  28. "有为 yǒuwéi". LINE Dict. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  29. Vaswani, Karishma (6 March 2019). "Huawei: The story of a controversial company". BBC. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  30. "华为". MDBG.
  31. Segers, Rien (29 January 2016). Multinational Management: A Casebook on Asia's Global Market Leaders. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 9783319230122.
  32. Thomson, Ainsley (4 September 2013). "Huawei Mulled Changing Its Name as Foreigners Found it Too Hard". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  33. "Wow Way or Huawei? A readable Chinese brand is the first key in unlocking America's market". South China Morning Post. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  34. Miller, Matthew (10 January 2018). "Huawei launches unlocked Mate 10 Pro in US, backed by Wonder Woman". ZD Net. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  35. "Huawei, a self-made world-class company or agent of China's global strategy?". Ash Center. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  36. Peilei Fan, "Catching Up through Developing Innovation Capacity: Evidence from China's Telecom Equipment Industry," Technovation 26 (2006): 359–368
  37. "The Startup: Who is Huawei". BBC Future. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  38. "Milestones". Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016.
  39. Christine Chang; Amy Cheng; Susan Kim; Johanna Kuhn Osius; Jesus Reyes; Daniel Turgel (2009). "Huawei Technologies: A Chinese Trail Blazer In Africa". Business Today. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  40. Gilley, Bruce (28 December 2000). "Huawei's Fixed Line to Beijing". Far Eastern Economic Review: 94–98.
  41. Kehoe, John. "How Chinese hacking felled telecommunication giant Nortel". afr.com. Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  42. Smith, Jim. "Did Outsourcing and Corporate Espionage Kill Nortel?". assemblymag.com. Assembly Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  43. Hochmuth, Phil (29 November 2006). "3Com buys out Huawei joint venture for $882 million". Network World. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  44. "3Com exits enterprise network stage". ITworld. 26 March 2001. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  45. Mcmorrow, Ryan (30 May 2019). "Huawei a key beneficiary of China subsidies that US wants ended". Phys.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  46. "Huawei Becomes an Approved Supplier for Vodafone's Global Supply Chain". Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 20 November 2005. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  47. Perlroth, Nicole; Markoff, John (26 March 2012). "Symantec Dissolves Alliance with Huawei of China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  48. Marcus Browne (20 May 2008). "Optus opens up mobile research shop with Huawei". ZDNet Australia. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  49. "Bell teams up with rival Telus on 3G". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  50. "397. Huawei Technologies". Fortune. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  51. "Huawei Financial Results". Huawei. 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  52. "Reading move for Chinese communication giant / Reading Chronicle / News / Roundup". Readingchronicle.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  53. Bridgwater, Adrian. "Huawei CEO Ambitions: We Will Be One Of Five Major 'World Clouds'". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  54. "Huawei Creates the 'Nervous System' of Smart Cities and Launches IoT City Demo Based on NB-IoT with Weifang". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  55. "YB Dr Ong Kian Ming Deputy Minister of International Trade and Industry visits Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre". Huawei. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  56. "Huawei Hits 200 Million Smartphone Sales in 2018". AnandTech. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  57. "China's Huawei eyes smartphone supremacy this year after record 2018 sales". Reuters. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  58. "Financial Highlights - About Huawei". huawei. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  59. Cherrayil, Naushad K.; phones, Mike Moore 2019-04-23T09:50:43Z Mobile. "Huawei revenue soars despite US allegations and restrictions". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  60. "Huawei Thumbs its Nose at the US Government With Record High Revenues | Tom's Hardware". www-tomshardware-com.cdn.ampproject.org.
  61. Business, Sherisse Pham, CNN. "Samsung slump makes Huawei the world's biggest smartphone brand for the first time, report says". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  62. McGregor, Richard (2012). The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-84614-173-7.
  63. Bisset, Jennifer. "Huawei asks court to rule US ban unconstitutional". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  64. Balding, Christopher; Clarke, Donald C. (17 April 2019). "Who Owns Huawei?": 4. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3372669. SSRN 3372669. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. "Who is the man behind Huawei and why is the U.S. intelligence community so afraid of his company?". www.latimes.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  66. Fletcher, Owen (18 April 2011). "Huawei Discloses Directors". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  67. "Huawei chief's extradition process begins". 2 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  68. Horowitz, Julia. "What is Huawei, and why the arrest of its CFO matters". CNN Business. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  69. "Board of Directors – About Huawei". huawei. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  70. "Mr. Guo Ping – Huawei Executives". huawei. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  71. "Mr.Zhou Daiqi". www.huawei.com. Huawei. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  72. Mo Han Aw, Florence. "Huawei – private or state-owned?". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  73. Zhong, Raymond (25 April 2019). "Who Owns Huawei? The Company Tried to Explain. It Got Complicated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  74. "Huawei says employees control company through virtual shares". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  75. Tao, Li (29 April 2019). "Huawei: Four key questions on ownership structure answered". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  76. "Company Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised in 2013)". fdi.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019.
  77. Mackie. "Innovation in China".
  78. Saarinen, Juha (28 May 2010). "Analysis: Who Really Owns Huawei?". IT News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  79. Shi, Wei (16 April 2019). "New research claims employees do not own Huawei". Telecoms.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  80. "New research claims employees do not own Huawei". 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  81. Dent, Steve (25 November 2019), Huawei is suing French critics who say it's tied to the Chinese state, Engadget, archived from the original on 27 November 2019, retrieved 25 November 2019
  82. Fouquet, Helene (22 November 2019), Huawei Sues Critics in France Over Remarks on China State Ties, Bloomberg, retrieved 27 November 2019
  83. Tucker, Patrick. "China's Largest Telecom May Sue You For Criticizing It". www.defenseone.com. Defense One. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  84. Mucci, Jeff (5 February 2010). "Huawei Q&A: 95,000 employees and growing". RCR Wireless. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  85. "Bell teams up with Huawei to successfully test 5G in Ontario". IT World Canada. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  86. Huawei Picked for BT's 21CN Archived 5 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Light Reading. 28 April 2005.
  87. "Globe to launch 5G network in June | BusinessWorld". Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  88. Motorola exec's domain is profitable, if not sexy. Chicago Tribune. 12 November 2006.
  89. Huawei wins first major German deal Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. China Daily. 16 November 2006.
  90. France Telecom adds China's Huawei to pool of UMTS equipment suppliers – report. AFX News Limited. 1 February 2007. Archived 4 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  91. "PLDT's Smart partners with Huawei to transform mobile services delivery". telecompaper.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  92. Vodafone, Huawei sign deal for 3G handsets. ZDNet News. 15 February 2006. Archived 16 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  93. Huawei Meets Vodafone's Needs Archived 11 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Light Reading. 22 November 2005.
  94. "Huawei and Leica Camera announce long-term technology partnership for the reinvention of smartphone photography". Leica Camera (Press release). Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  95. Lambrechts 2020-01-20T02:35:45Z, Stephen. "Huawei partners with TomTom for Google Maps alternative". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  96. "Huawei". Martin Roll. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  97. "Huawei Consumer Business Group 2019 Business Results". HUAWEI Consumer. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  98. "Huawei Reports FY10 Revenues of CNY185.2 Billion, Up 24.2%; Net Profit of CNY23.8 Billion, Up 30.0%". Huawei. 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  99. "Information on the Company". Huawei. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  100. Millet, Carol (9 May 2011). "Huawei clinches Everything Everywhere network upgrade deal". Mobile Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  101. Oliver, Dave (8 June 2012). "Vodafone Mobile Wi-Fi R205 review". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  102. "China R206 Huawei Wireless Router – China 4g Router, Huawei Router". Made-in-China.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  103. Vendor Rating: Huawei. Gartner. 24 September 2010.
  104. "Huawei watch smartwatch classy smartwatch android wear android smartwatch". 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  105. Chyen Yee, Lee; Yuntao, Huang (19 April 2011). "INTERVIEW – Huawei makes aggressive push in consumer devices". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  106. Villas-Boas, Antonio; Eadicicco, Lisa (20 May 2019). "Why Huawei smartphones are so popular all over the world – except in the US, where stores don't sell them". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  107. "About Us Huawei | Our History, Heritage & Who We Are | | HUAWEI Malaysia". consumer.huawei.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  108. "Huawei to drop 'Ascend' smartphone branding | Trusted Reviews". Trusted Reviews. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  109. "Huawei is retiring the Ascend brand for future devices". GSMArena.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  110. "Huawei Mate 20 Pro Review". Techradar. 25 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  111. Savov, Vlad (26 March 2019). "Huawei's P30 Pro is a photographic powerhouse with a tiny notch". The Verge. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  112. "HUAWEI Mate 30 Pro 5G". Huawei Official Website. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  113. "HUAWEI Mate 30 5G". Huawei Official Website. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  114. "HUAWEI Mate 30 Pro". Huawei Official Website. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  115. "HUAWEI Mate 30". Huawei Official Website. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  116. "Huawei's MateBook is its spin on the Surface". Engadget. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  117. Bonshor, Gavin. "Huawei Matebook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020 Models Available For Pre-Order". AnandTech. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  118. "IDC: Q4 2019 China's Tablet Market Shipments Down 3.9% Year-on-Year". Gizchina.com. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  119. "Huawei Watch announced at Mobile World Congress is stylish strike at Apple Watch and LG Urbane". International Business Times. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  120. "IFA 2015 Sees Huawei's 1st Smart Watch". Twice. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  121. Mehrotra, Pranob (14 May 2020). "Huawei Watch GT 2e announced with Sp02 monitoring, 1.39" AMOLED display, 2 week battery life". XDA-Developers Android Forums. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  122. "Huawei reveals HarmonyOS, its alternative to Android". Engadget. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  123. Porter, Jon (9 August 2019). "Huawei's new operating system is called HarmonyOS". The Verge. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  124. "Huawei pitches its alternative to Google Play Store". TechRadar. 16 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  125. "Chinese telecom firms fight for rights". China Daily USA. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  126. "Huawei Climbs 'Food Chain' in Cisco Enterprise Challenge". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  127. "China's Huawei leads international patent filings: WIPO". Reuters. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  128. "Telecom giants in China lead int'l patent filings in 2014: WIPO". Want China Times. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  129. Some of Huawei's US operations include FutureWei Technologies Inc. (in at least Santa Clara CA, Plano TX, and Bridgetwater NJ), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Huawei North America.
  130. "Huawei Canada – Corporate Information". Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  131. "Huawei and Imperial College Open Data Science Innovation Lab". Datacenter Dynamics. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  132. "CES 2016: Huawei unveils Mate 8 with Kirin 950 chipset". Tech Desk. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  133. "Huawei has opened its R&D center in Istanbul on 27 February 2010". Huawei.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  134. "Huawei – Invest in Turkey". Invest.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  135. "Huawei to open R&D centres in Switzerland". S-GE.
  136. "Huawei achieves 27Gbps 5G speeds with Polar Code". www.telecomasia.net. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  137. Armstrong, Peter (29 November 2019). "Huawei funds $56M in academic research in Canada. That has some experts concerned". CBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  138. Hainsworth, Jeremy (13 January 2020). "Canadian taxpayers, companies subsidizing Huawei research". Richmond News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  139. Kharpal, Arjun (5 March 2019). "Huawei says it would never hand data to China's government. Experts say it wouldn't have a choice". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  140. Sanger, David E.; Perlroth, Nicole (22 March 2014). "N.S.A. Breached Chinese Servers Seen as Security Threat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  141. Byford, Sam (27 February 2019). "Huawei chairman accuses American critics of hypocrisy over NSA hacks". The Verge. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  142. "Huawei leader calls out U.S. for privacy contradictions". FierceWireless. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  143. "Senate rejects Trump's plan to lift ZTE export ban". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  144. "China Contributing $500 Million to Trump-Linked Project in Indonesia". National Review. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  145. "New law bans US gov't from buying tech from Chinese giants ZTE and Huawei". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  146. Doffman, Zak. "China Just Crossed A Dangerous New Line For Huawei: 'There Will Be Consequences'". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  147. The Local (16 December 2018). "German IT watchdog says 'no evidence' of Huawei spying". The Local. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  148. Stubbs, Jack; Chee, Foo Yun (20 February 2019). "Britain managing Huawei risks, has no evidence of spying: official". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  149. BBC News (14 July 2020). "Huawei 5G kit must be removed from UK by 2027". BBC News. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  150. Chaudhary, Archana (13 August 2020). "China's Huawei, ZTE Set To Be Shut Out of India's 5G Trials". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  151. Reichert, Corinne. "US finds Huawei has backdoor access to mobile networks globally, report says". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  152. Pancevski, Bojan (12 February 2020). "WSJ News Exclusive | U.S. Officials Say Huawei Can Covertly Access Telecom Networks". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020 – via www.wsj.com.
  153. Reisinger, Don. "Huawei caught up in legal mess over cell equipment sales to Iran". CNET. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  154. Warburton, Moira (28 May 2020). "Timeline: Key events in Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou's extradition case". U.S. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  155. Zhong, Raymond (7 December 2018). "Meng Wanzhou Was Huawei's Professional Face, Until Her Arrest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  156. Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Rappeport, Alan (5 December 2018). "A Top Huawei Executive Is Arrested in Canada for Extradition to the U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  157. "US files charges against China's Huawei and CFO Meng Wanzhou". BBC News. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  158. Lee, Timothy B. (29 January 2019). "US indicts Huawei for stealing T-Mobile robot arm, selling US tech to Iran". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  159. Maresca, Thomas (29 January 2019). "China calls on US to end 'unreasonable crackdown' on Huawei, other Chinese firms". USA Today. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  160. "Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou loses key court battle as B.C. judge rules extradition bid should proceed - CBC News". CBC. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  161. Chaffin, Larry (8 October 2012). "60 Minutes torpedoes Huawei in less than 15 minutes". networkworld.com. Network World. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  162. Lerman, Rachel (18 May 2017). "Jury awards T-Mobile $4.8M in trade-secrets case against Huawei". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  163. Flynn, Laurie J. (29 July 2004). "Technology briefing: Cisco drops Huawei suit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  164. Markoff, John; Barboza, David (25 October 2010). "Huawei Technologies of China's Bold Push Into U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  165. "Huawei: US issues new charges of racketeering and theft". BBC News. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020.
  166. O’Keeffe, Corinne Ramey and Kate (13 February 2020). "China's Huawei Charged With Racketeering, Stealing Trade Secrets". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  167. Crichton, Danny (13 February 2020). "The US is charging Huawei with racketeering". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  168. Doffman, Zak. "Has Huawei's Darkest Secret Just Been Exposed By This New Surveillance Report?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  169. Buckley, Chris; Mozur, Paul (22 May 2019). "How China Uses High-Tech Surveillance to Subdue Minorities". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  170. Sabbagh, Dan (3 March 2020). "Tory MP asks BT if using Huawei complies with anti-slavery policy". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  171. Kastrenakes, Jacob (13 August 2018). "Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  172. Mozur, Paul; Ramzy, Austin (6 March 2019). "Huawei Sues U.S. Government Over What It Calls an Unfair Ban". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  173. Lecher, Colin (29 May 2019). "Huawei is challenging its US contracting ban as unconstitutional". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  174. "Addition of Entities to the Entity List". Federal Register. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  175. Webster, Graham (18 May 2019). "It's not just Huawei. Trump's new tech sector order could ripple through global supply chains". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  176. "Tech stocks slide on US decision to blacklist Huawei and 70 affiliates". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  177. Kuo, Lily; Siddiqui, Sabrina (16 May 2019). "Huawei hits back over Trump's national emergency on telecoms 'threat'". The Guardian. Washington. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  178. "US places China's Huawei and 70 affiliates on trade blacklist". South China Morning Post. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  179. Satariano, Adam; Zhong, Raymond; Wakabayashi, Daisuke (20 May 2019). "U.S. Tech Suppliers, Including Google, Restrict Dealings With Huawei After Trump Order". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  180. Doffman, Zak. "Huawei Stops Smartphone Production Lines After Blacklisting, Report Claims". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  181. Doffman, Zak. "Huawei Confirms $30 Billion Revenue Hit As Smartphone Sales Drop 40-60% (Updated)". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  182. "Huawei Braces for Phone Sales Drop of Up to 60 Million Overseas". Bloomberg News. 16 June 2019. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  183. Miller, Matthew. "President Trump lifts US ban on Huawei at G20 summit". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  184. "US and China agree to restart trade talks". 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  185. "Trump appears to soften his tone on Huawei". CNN Politics. 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  186. Lyons, Kim (15 May 2020). "US moves to cut off Huawei from overseas chip manufacturers". The Verge. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  187. "U.S.-China tensions rise as Trump administration moves to cut Huawei off from global chip suppliers". CNBC. 15 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  188. "Commerce Addresses Huawei's Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Produced with U.S. Technologies". U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  189. "Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting With Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment". Federal Register. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  190. "Huawei confirms it has its own OS on back shelf as a plan B". South China Morning Post. 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  191. Faulkner, Cameron (14 March 2019). "Huawei developed its own operating systems in case it's banned from using Android and Windows". The Verge. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  192. Kharpal, Arjun (15 March 2019). "Huawei built software for smartphones and laptops in case it can't use Microsoft or Google". CNBC. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  193. phones, John McCann 2019-05-28T09:07:56Z Mobile. "Huawei may be building an Ark (OS) as it prepares for life after Android". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  194. Lakshmanan, Ravie (15 July 2019). "Huawei wants to name its Android OS replacement 'Harmony' in Europe". The Next Web. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  195. "Huawei selling MateBook laptops with Linux preinstalled to consumers in China". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Library resources about
Huawei
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.