Zeus

Zeus[lower-alpha 1] is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythologies and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perkūnas, Perun, Indra, Dyaus and Thor.[6][7][8][9]

For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation).

Zeus
King of the Gods God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice
Zeus de Smyrne, discovered in Smyrna in 1680[1]
Abode	Mount Olympus
Symbol	Thunderbolt, eagle, bull, oak
Day	Thursday
Personal information
Parents	Cronus, Rhea
Siblings	Hestia, Hades, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Chiron
Consort	Hera, various others
Children	Aeacus, Agdistis, Angelos, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Dionysus, Eileithyia, Enyo, Epaphus Eris, Ersa, Hebe, Helen of Troy, Hephaestus, Heracles, Hermes, Lacedaemon Minos, Pandia, Persephone, Perseus, Rhadamanthus, the Graces, the Horae, the Litae, the Muses, the Moirai
Roman equivalent	Jupiter[2]
Norse equivalent	Thor[3]
Slavic equivalent	Perun
Hinduism equivalent	Indra

Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to Hera, by whom he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus.[10] At the oracle of Dodona, his consort was said to be Dione, by whom the Iliad states that he fathered Aphrodite.[13] Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Persephone, Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses.[10]

He was respected as an allfather who was chief of the gods[14] and assigned roles to the others:[15] "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."[16][17] He was equated with many foreign weather gods, permitting Pausanias to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".[18] Zeus' symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" (Greek: Νεφεληγερέτα, Nephelēgereta)[19] also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.

Name

The god's name in the nominative is Ζεύς (Zeús). It is inflected as follows: vocative: Ζεῦ (Zeû); accusative: Δία (Día); genitive: Διός (Diós); dative: Διί (Dií). Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spelling the name Ζάς.[20]

Zeus is the Greek continuation of *Di̯ēus, the name of the Proto-Indo-European god of the daytime sky, also called *Dyeus ph₂tēr ("Sky Father").[21][22] The god is known under this name in the Rigveda (Vedic Sanskrit Dyaus/Dyaus Pita), Latin (compare Jupiter, from Iuppiter, deriving from the Proto-Indo-European vocative *dyeu-ph₂tēr),[23] deriving from the root *dyeu- ("to shine", and in its many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god").[21] Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic pantheon whose name has such a transparent Indo-European etymology.[24]

The earliest attested forms of the name are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀇𐀸, di-we and 𐀇𐀺, di-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.[25]

Plato, in his Cratylus, gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning "cause of life always to all things", because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus (Zen and Dia) with the Greek words for life and "because of".[26] This etymology, along with Plato's entire method of deriving etymologies, is not supported by modern scholarship.[27][28]

Diodorus Siculus wrote that Zeus was also called Zen, because the humans believed that he was the cause of life (zen).[29][30] While Lactantius wrote that he was called Zeus and Zen, not because he is the giver of life, but because he was the first who lived of the children of Cronus.[31]

Mythology

Birth

"Cave of Zeus", Mount Ida, Crete

Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon, but swallowed them all as soon as they were born, since he had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overthrown by his son as he had previously overthrown Uranus, his own father, an oracle that Rhea heard and wished to avert.

When Zeus was about to be born, Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save him, so that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus and his own children. Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallowed.[32]

Infancy

Varying versions of the story exist:

1. According to Hyginus (Fabulae, 139)) Zeus was raised by a nymph named Amalthea. Since Saturn (Cronus) ruled over the Earth, the heavens and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
2. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, 1.1.5-7)) Zeus was raised by a goat named Amalthea in a cave called Dictaeon Antron (Psychro Cave). A company of soldiers called Kouretes danced, shouted and clashed their spears against their shields so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.

King of the gods

After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge first the stone (which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, the Omphalos) then his siblings in reverse order of swallowing. In some versions, Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut Cronus's stomach open. Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes, from their dungeon in Tartarus, killing their guard, Campe.

As a token of their appreciation, the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt, or lightning, which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus, his brothers and sisters, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans, in the combat called the Titanomachy. The defeated Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus. Atlas, one of the titans who fought against Zeus, was punished by having to hold up the sky.

First century statue of Zeus

After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus got the sky and air, Poseidon the waters, and Hades the world of the dead (the underworld). The ancient Earth, Gaia, could not be claimed; she was left to all three, each according to their capabilities, which explains why Poseidon was the "earth-shaker" (the god of earthquakes) and Hades claimed the humans who died (see also Penthus).

Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children. Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, the monsters Typhon and Echidna. He vanquished Typhon and trapped him under Mount Etna, but left Echidna and her children alive.

Conflicts with humans

When Zeus was atop Mount Olympus he was appalled by human sacrifice and other signs of human decadence. He decided to wipe out mankind and flooded the world with the help of his brother Poseidon. After the flood, only Deucalion and Pyrrha remained.[33] This flood narrative is a common motif in mythology.[34]

The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church.

Throughout history Zeus has been depicted as using violence to get his way and terrorize humans. As god of the sky he has the power to hurl lightning bolts as a weapon. Since lightning is quite powerful and sometimes deadly, it is a bold sign when lightning strikes because it is known that Zeus most likely threw the bolt.

In the Iliad

Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida by James Barry, 1773 (City Art Galleries, Sheffield.)

The Iliad is a poem by Homer about the Trojan war and the battle over the City of Troy, in which Zeus plays a major part.

Scenes in which Zeus appears include:[35][36]

• Book 2: Zeus sends Agamemnon a dream and is able to partially control his decisions because of the effects of the dream
• Book 4: Zeus promises Hera to ultimately destroy the City of Troy at the end of the war
• Book 7: Zeus and Poseidon ruin the Achaeans fortress
• Book 8: Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return to Mount Ida where he can think over his decision that the Greeks will lose the war
• Book 14: Zeus is seduced by Hera and becomes distracted while she helps out the Greeks
• Book 15: Zeus wakes up and realizes that his own brother, Poseidon has been aiding the Greeks, while also sending Hector and Apollo to help fight the Trojans ensuring that the City of Troy will fall
• Book 16: Zeus is upset that he couldn't help save Sarpedon's life because it would then contradict his previous decisions
• Book 17: Zeus is emotionally hurt by the fate of Hector
• Book 20: Zeus lets the other Gods lend aid to their respective sides in the war
• Book 24: Zeus demands that Achilles release the corpse of Hector to be buried honourably

List of other deeds

• Zeus granted Callirrhoe's prayer that her sons by Alcmaeon, Acarnan and Amphoterus, grow quickly so that they might be able to avenger the death of their father by the hands of Phegeus and his two sons.
• He unsuccessfully wooed Thetis, daughter of Nereus.

Family

Zeus and Hera

Main article: Hera

Zeus was brother and consort of Hera. By Hera, Zeus sired Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus, though some accounts say that Hera produced these offspring alone. Some also include Eileithyia, Eris, Enyo and Angelos as their daughters. In the section of the Iliad known to scholars as the Deception of Zeus, the two of them are described as having begun their sexual relationship without their parents knowing about it.[37] The conquests of Zeus among nymphs and the mythic mortal progenitors of Hellenic dynasties are famous. Olympian mythography even credits him with unions with Leto, Demeter, Metis, Themis, Eurynome and Mnemosyne.[38][39] Other relationships with immortals included Dione and Maia. Among mortals were Semele, Io, Europa and Leda (for more details, see below) and with the young Ganymede (although he was mortal Zeus granted him eternal youth and immortality).

Many myths render Hera as jealous of his amorous conquests and a consistent enemy of Zeus' mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a nymph named Echo had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by talking incessantly, and when Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to repeat the words of others.

Transformation of Zeus

Love interest	Disguises
Aegina	an eagle or a flame of fire
Alcmene	Amphitryon
Antiope	a satyr
Asopis	a flame of fire
Callisto	Artemis
Cassiopeia	Phoenix
Danae	shower of gold
Europa	a bull
Eurymedusa	ant
Ganymede	an eagle
Imandra	a shower
Lamia	a lapwing
Leda	a swan and a star
Manthea	a bear
Mnemosyne	a shepherd
Nemesis	a goose
Persephone	a serpent
Semele	a fire
Thalia	a vulture

Consorts and offspring

Comparative table of Zeus' family

Divine Lovers	Offspring	Divine Lovers	Offspring	Mortal Consort	Offspring
Aega or	• Aegipan[40]	Themis	• Astraea	Alcmene	• Heracles
Aix or			• Nemesis	Anaxithea	• Olenus[41]
Boetis			• Nymphs of Eridanos	Calyce	• Aethlius or
Ananke	• Moirai / Fates^1		• Moirai / Fates^1		• Endymion
	1. Atropos		1. Atropos	Cassiopeia	• Anchinos[42]
	2. Clotho		2. Clotho		• Atymnius
	3. Lachesis		3. Lachesis	Chaldene	• Milye
Aphrodite	• Tyche^6 (possibly)		• Horae		• Solymus
Asteria	• Hecate[43]		First Generation:	Chonia	• Lacon[44]
	• Heracles[45][46]		1. Auxo	Chloris	• Mopsus[44]
Asterope	• Acragas		2. Carpo	Cotonia[47]	• Polymedes[44]
Calliope	• Corybantes		3. Thallo	Danaë	• Perseus
Coryphe	• Coria (Athene)[48]		Second Generation:	Dia	• Pirithous
Demeter	• Persephone		1. Dike	Elara or	• Tityos
	• Dionysus[49]		2. Eirene	Larissa
Dione			3. Eunomia	Europa	• Minos
	• Aphrodite		Third Generation:		• Rhadamanthus
Eos	• Carae		1. Euporie		• Sarpedon
Eris	• Limos		2. Orthosie		• Alagonia[50]
Euanthe or	• Charites/ Graces^2		3. Pherusa		• Carnus[51]
Eurydome or	1. Aglaea		• Athena[52]	Euryodeia	• Arcesius
Eurymedusa or	2. Euphrosyne	Unknown mother	• Aletheia	Helen	• Musaeus[44]
Eurynome	3. Thalia	Unknown mother	• Ate	Hermippe	• Orchomenus[53]
	• Asopus	Unknown mother	• Nysean [54]	Hippodamia	• Olenus[44]
Europa	• Dodon[55][44]	Unknown mother	• Caerus	Hippodamia[44]	no known offspring
Gaia	• Agdistis	Unknown mother	• Eubuleus[56]	Imandra[57]	no known offspring
	• Manes	Unknown mother	• Litae	Iodame	• Thebe[58]
	• Cyprian Centaurs	Unknown mother	• Nymphs		• Deucalion[59]
Hera	• Angelos	Unknown mother	• Phasis[60]	Isonoe (Isione)	• Orchomenus
	• Ares^3	Semi-divine Lovers	Offspring	Lamia	• Achilleus (Acheilus)[61][62]
	• Arge[59]	Aegina	• Aeacus	Lamia	• Libyan Sibyl (Herophile)
	• Eileithyia		• Damocrateia[63]	Laodamia or	• Sarpedon
	• Eleutheria[64]	Antiope	• Amphion	Hippodamia[44]
	• Enyo		• Zethus	Leanida	• Coron[44]
	• Eris	Borysthenis	• Targitaus	Leda	• Helen of Troy^5
	• Hebe^3	Callisto	• Arcas		• Pollux
	• Hephaestus^3	Callirrhoe	no known offspring	Libya	• Belus[44]
	• Curetes[52]	Carme	• Britomartis	Lysithea	• Helenus[44]
Hybris	• Pan	Chalcea	• Olympus[44]	Lysithoe	• Heracles[65]
Leto	• Apollo	Charidia	• Alchanus[44]	Manthea	• Arctos[44]
	• Artemis	Chrysogenia[66]	• Thissaeus[44]	Maera	• Locrus
Maia	• Hermes	Electra	• Dardanus	Megaclite
Metis	• Athena^4		• Emathion		• Thebe
Mnemosyne	• Muses (Original three)		• Iasion or Eetion	Niobe	• Argus
	1. Aoide		• Harmonia		• Pelasgus
	2. Melete	Eurymedousa	• Myrmidon	Pandora	• Graecus
	3. Mneme	Eurynome	• Ogygias[44]		• Latinus[67]
	• Muses (Later nine)	Himalia	• Cronius		• Melera[68]
	1. Calliope		• Spartaios		• Pandorus[68]
	2. Clio		• Cytus	Phthia	• Achaeus
	3. Euterpe	Hora	• Colaxes[69]	Protogeneia	• Aethlius
	4. Erato	Idaea	• Asterion[44]		• Aetolus
	5. Melpomene		• Cres[70]		• Dorus
	6. Polyhymnia	Io	• Epaphus		• Opus
	7. Terpsichore		• Keroessa	Pyrrha	• Hellen or
	8. Thalia	Lardane[71]	• Sarpedon		• Helmetheus[44]
	9. Urania		• Argus	Semele	• Dionysus
Nemesis	• Helen of Troy	Nymphe	• Saon	Thaicrucia[72]	• Nympheus[44]
Persephone	• Melinoë	Othreis	• Meliteus	Thebe	• Aegyptus[58]
	• Zagreus	Phoenissa[73]	• Endymion[44]		• Heracles[74]
Selene	• Dionysus[75]	Plouto	• Tantalus	Thyia[76]	• Magnes
	• Ersa	Podarge	• Balius		• Makednos
	• Nemea		• Xanthus	Unknown mother	• Calabrus
	• Nemean Lion	Salamis	• Saracon[44]		• Geraestus
	• Pandia	Taygete	• Lacedaemon		• Taenarus[77]
Styx	• Persephone	Themisto	• Archas	Unknown mother	• Corinthus
Thalassa	• Aphrodite	Torrhebia	• Carius	Unknown mother	• Crinacus[78]
Thalia	• Palici	Nymph African	• Iarbas	No mother	• Orion[79]
		Nymph Sithnid	• Megarus

¹The Greeks variously claimed that the Moires/Fates were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis or of primordial beings like Chaos, Nyx, or Ananke.

²The Charites/Graces were usually considered the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome but they were also said to be daughters of Dionysus and Aphrodite or of Helios and the naiad Aegle.

³Some accounts say that Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus were born parthenogenetically.

⁴According to one version, Athena is said to be born parthenogenetically.

⁵Helen was either the daughter of Leda or Nemesis.

⁶Tyche is usually considered a daughter of Aphrodite and Hermes.

Roles and epithets

Roman marble colossal head of Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)[80]

Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and was featured in many of their local cults. Though the Homeric "cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.

Aside from local epithets that simply designated the deity as doing something random at some particular place, the epithets or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:

• Zeus Aegiduchos or Aegiochos: Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the Aegis, the divine shield with the head of Medusa across it,[81][82][83] although others derive it from "goat" (αἴξ) and okhē (οχή) in reference to Zeus' nurse, the divine goat Amalthea.[84][85]
• Zeus Agoraeus: Zeus as patron of the marketplace (agora) and punisher of dishonest traders.
• Zeus Areius: either "warlike" or "the atoning one".
• Zeus Horkios: Zeus as keeper of oaths. Exposed liars were made to dedicate a votive statue to Zeus, often at the sanctuary at Olympia
• Zeus Olympios: Zeus as king of the gods and patron of the Panhellenic Games at Olympia
• Zeus Panhellenios ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): worshipped at Aeacus's temple on Aegina
• Zeus Xenios, Philoxenon, or Hospites: Zeus as the patron of hospitality (xenia) and guests, avenger of wrongs done to strangers

A bust of Zeus.

Additional names and epithets for Zeus are also:

• Abrettenus (Ἀβρεττηνός) or Abretanus: surname of Zeus in Mysia[86]
• Achad: one of his names in Syria.
• Acraeus: his name at Smyrna.
• Acrettenus: his name in Mysia.
• Adad: one of his names in Syria.
• Adultus: from his being invoked by adults, on their marriage.
• Apemius: Zeus as the averter of ills
• Apomyius Zeus as one who dispels flies
• Astrapios ("Lightninger"): Zeus as a weather god
• Bottiaeus: Worshipped at Antioch[87]
• Brontios ("Thunderer"): Zeus as a weather god
• Diktaios: Zeus as lord of the Dikte mountain range, worshipped from Mycenaean times on Crete[88]
• Ithomatas: Worshipped at Mount Ithome in Messenia
• Zeus Adados: A Hellenization of the Canaanite Hadad and Assyrian Adad, particularly his solar cult at Heliopolis[89]
• Zeus Bouleus: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Naos
• Zeus Georgos (Ζεὺς Γεωργός, "Zeus the Farmer"): Zeus as god of crops and the harvest, worshipped in Athens
• Zeus Helioupolites ("Heliopolite" or "Heliopolitan Zeus"): A Hellenization of the Canaanite Baʿal (probably Hadad) worshipped as a sun god at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek)[89]
• Zeus Kasios ("Zeus of Mount Kasios" the modern Jebel Aqra): Worshipped at a site on the Syrian–Turkish border, a Hellenization of the Canaanite mountain and weather god Baal Zephon
• Zeus Labrandos ("Zeus of Labraunda"): Worshiped at Caria, depicted with a double-edged axe (labrys), a Hellenization of the Hurrian weather god Teshub
• Zeus Meilichios ("Zeus the Easily-Entreated"): Worshipped at Athens, a form of the archaic chthonic daimon Meilichios
• Zeus Naos: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Bouleus
• Zeus Tallaios ("Solar Zeus"): Worshipped on Crete
• Hetareios (Ἑταιρεῖος, "of fellowship"). According to the Suda, Zeus was called this among the Cretans.[90]
• Eleutherios (Ἐλευθέριος, "of freedom"). At Athens after the Battle of Plataea, Athenians built the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios.[91] Some writers said that was called "of freedom" because free men built the portico near his shrine, while others because Athenians escaped subjection to the power of Persia and they were free.[92]
• Bottiaios (Βοττιαίος, "of the Bottiaei"). Libanius wrote that Alexander the Great founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios, in the place where later the city of Antioch was built.[93][94]
• Ourios (Οὐριος, "of favourable wind"). Ancient writers wrote about a sanctuary at the opening of the Black Sea dedicated to the Zeus Ourios (ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Οὐρίου).[95] In addition, on the island of Delos a dedication to Zeus Ourios was found. The dedication was made by a citizen of Ascalon, named Damon son of Demetrius, who escaped from pirates.[96]

Cults of Zeus

Marble eagle from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum of Dion.

Panhellenic cults

Colossal seated Marnas from Gaza portrayed in the style of Zeus. Roman period Marnas[97] was the chief divinity of Gaza (Istanbul Archaeology Museum).

The major center where all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was Olympia. Their quadrennial festival featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash, from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animals sacrificed there.

Outside of the major inter-polis sanctuaries, there were no modes of worshipping Zeus precisely shared across the Greek world. Most of the titles listed below, for instance, could be found at any number of Greek temples from Asia Minor to Sicily. Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance.

Zeus Velchanos

With one exception, Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as Crete. Minoan culture contributed many essentials of ancient Greek religion: "by a hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new", Will Durant observed,[98] and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan features. The local child of the Great Mother, "a small and inferior deity who took the roles of son and consort",[99] whose Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos, was in time assumed as an epithet by Zeus, as transpired at many other sites, and he came to be venerated in Crete as Zeus Velchanos ("boy-Zeus"), often simply the Kouros.

In Crete, Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at Knossos, Ida and Palaikastro. In the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at the Hagia Triada site of a long-ruined Minoan palace. Broadly contemporary coins from Phaistos show the form under which he was worshiped: a youth sits among the branches of a tree, with a cockerel on his knees.[100] On other Cretan coins Velchanos is represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic marriage.[101] Inscriptions at Gortyn and Lyttos record a Velchania festival, showing that Velchanios was still widely venerated in Hellenistic Crete.[102]

The stories of Minos and Epimenides suggest that these caves were once used for incubatory divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of Plato's Laws is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult and hymned as ho megas kouros, "the great youth". Ivory statuettes of the "Divine Boy" were unearthed near the Labyrinth at Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans.[103] With the Kouretes, a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan paideia.

The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late source, Callimachus,[104] together with the assertion of Antoninus Liberalis that a fire shone forth annually from the birth-cave the infant shared with a mythic swarm of bees, suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit.[105] The Hellenistic writer Euhemerus apparently proposed a theory that Zeus had actually been a great king of Crete and that posthumously, his glory had slowly turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived, but Christian patristic writers took up the suggestion.

Zeus Lykaios

Further information: Lykaia

Laurel-wreathed head of Zeus on a gold stater, Lampsacus, c 360–340 BC (Cabinet des Médailles).

The epithet Zeus Lykaios ("wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the Lykaia on the slopes of Mount Lykaion ("Wolf Mountain"), the tallest peak in rustic Arcadia; Zeus had only a formal connection[106] with the rituals and myths of this primitive rite of passage with an ancient threat of cannibalism and the possibility of a werewolf transformation for the ephebes who were the participants.[107] Near the ancient ash-heap where the sacrifices took place[108] was a forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast.[109]

According to Plato,[110] a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, Megalopolis; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.

There is, however, the crucial detail that Lykaios or Lykeios (epithets of Zeus and Apollo) may derive from Proto-Greek *λύκη, "light", a noun still attested in compounds such as ἀμφιλύκη, "twilight", λυκάβας, "year" (lit. "light's course") etc. This, Cook argues, brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as Achaeus, the contemporary tragedian of Sophocles, spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described by Cicero. Again under this new signification may be seen Pausanias' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that ever the sun beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'. Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god of light' (Lykaios).[111]

A statue of Zeus in a drawing.

Additional cults of Zeus

Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored a local Zeus who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus Meilichios ("kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had Zeus Chthonios ("earthy"), Zeus Katachthonios ("under-the-earth") and Zeus Plousios ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented as snakes or in human form in visual art, or, for emphasis as both together in one image. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did chthonic deities like Persephone and Demeter, and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.

In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the daimon to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in Boeotia might belong to the hero Trophonius or to Zeus Trephonius ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe Pausanias, or Strabo. The hero Amphiaraus was honored as Zeus Amphiaraus at Oropus outside of Thebes, and the Spartans even had a shrine to Zeus Agamemnon. Ancient Molossian kings sacrificed to Zeus Areius. Strabo mention that at Tralles there was the Zeus Larisaeus.[112]

Non-panhellenic cults

Roman cast terracotta of ram-horned Jupiter Ammon, 1st century AD (Museo Barracco, Rome).

In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men. With the epithet Zeus Aetnaeus he was worshiped on Mount Aetna, where there was a statue of him, and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor.[113] Other examples are listed below. As Zeus Aeneius or Zeus Aenesius, he was worshiped in the island of Cephalonia, where he had a temple on Mount Aenos.[114]

Oracles of Zeus

Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to Apollo, the heroes, or various goddesses like Themis, a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In addition, some foreign oracles, such as Baʿal's at Heliopolis, were associated with Zeus in Greek or Jupiter in Latin.

The Oracle at Dodona

The cult of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, where there is evidence of religious activity from the second millennium BC onward, centered on a sacred oak. When the Odyssey was composed (circa 750 BC), divination was done there by barefoot priests called Selloi, who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches.[115] By the time Herodotus wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called peleiades ("doves") had replaced the male priests.

Zeus' consort at Dodona was not Hera, but the goddess Dione — whose name is a feminine form of "Zeus". Her status as a titaness suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.

The Oracle at Siwa

The oracle of Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before Alexander's day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: Herodotus mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the Persian War. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at Sparta, where a temple to him existed by the time of the Peloponnesian War.[116]

After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose in the Hellenistic imagination of a Libyan Sibyl.

Zeus and foreign gods

Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros ("Zeus holding Nike") on Indo-Greek coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the wreath of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of Heliocles I 145-130 BC), then to a baby elephant (middle, coin of Antialcidas 115-95 BC), and then to the Wheel of the Law, symbol of Buddhism (right, coin of Menander II 90–85 BC).

Zeus as Vajrapāni, the protector of the Buddha. 2nd century, Greco-Buddhist art.[117]

Zeus was identified with the Roman god Jupiter and associated in the syncretic classical imagination (see interpretatio graeca) with various other deities, such as the Egyptian Ammon and the Etruscan Tinia. He, along with Dionysus, absorbed the role of the chief Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in Rome as Sabazius. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.[118] Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as Baal Shamen (in English, Lord of Heaven).[119]

Zeus and the sun

Zeus is occasionally conflated with the Hellenic sun god, Helios, who is sometimes either directly referred to as Zeus' eye,[120] or clearly implied as such. Hesiod, for instance, describes Zeus' eye as effectively the sun.[121] This perception is possibly derived from earlier Proto-Indo-European religion, in which the sun is occasionally envisioned as the eye of *Dyḗus Pḥ_atḗr (see Hvare-khshaeta).[122]

The Cretan Zeus Tallaios had solar elements to his cult. "Talos" was the local equivalent of Helios.[123]

Zeus in philosophy

In Neoplatonism, Zeus' relation to the gods familiar from mythology is taught as the Demiurge or Divine Mind, specifically within Plotinus's work the Enneads[124] and the Platonic Theology of Proclus.

Zeus in the Bible

Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice, first in Acts 14:8–13: When the people living in Lystra saw the Apostle Paul heal a lame man, they considered Paul and his partner Barnabas to be gods, identifying Paul with Hermes and Barnabas with Zeus, even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd. Two ancient inscriptions discovered in 1909 near Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city.[125] One of the inscriptions refers to the "priests of Zeus", and the other mentions "Hermes Most Great"" and "Zeus the sun-god".[126]

The second occurrence is in Acts 28:11: the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul set sail from the island of Malta bore the figurehead "Sons of Zeus" aka Castor and Pollux.

The deuterocanonical book of 2 Maccabees 6:1, 2 talks of King Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius).[127]

Zeus in Gnostic literature

Pistis Sophia, a Gnostic text discovered in 1773 and possibly written between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD alludes to Zeus. He appears there as one of five grand rulers gathered together by a divine figure named Yew, as the manuscript states.[128]

In modern culture

Movies

Zeus was portrayed by Axel Ringvall in Jupiter på jorden, the first known film adaption to feature Zeus; Niall MacGinnis in Jason and the Argonauts[129][130] and Angus MacFadyen in the 2000 remake;[131] Laurence Olivier in the original Clash of the Titans,[132] and Liam Neeson in the 2010 remake,[133] along with the 2012 sequel Wrath of the Titans;[134][135] Rip Torn in the Disney animated feature Hercules[136] and Sean Bean in Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010).[137]

TV series

Zeus was portrayed by Anthony Quinn in the 1990s TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys[138], Corey Burton in the TV series Hercules and by Hakeem Kae-Kazim in Troy: Fall of a City.[139]

Video Games

Zeus has been portrayed by Corey Burton in God of War II, God of War III, God of War: Ascension, PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale & Kingdom Hearts 3[140][141] and Eric Newsome in Dota 2.

Other

Depictions of Zeus as a bull, the form he took when abducting Europa, are found on the Greek 2-euro coin and on the United Kingdom identity card for visa holders. Mary Beard, professor of Classics at Cambridge University, has criticised this for its apparent celebration of rape.[142]

Genealogy of the Olympians

Olympians' family tree [143]
Uranus Gaia Uranus' genitals Cronus Rhea Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades Demeter Hestia     a[144]      b[145] Ares Hephaestus Metis Athena[146] Leto Apollo Artemis Maia Hermes Semele Dionysus Dione     a[147]      b[148] Aphrodite

Argive genealogy

Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus

Colour key:      Male      Female      Deity

Image Gallery

• 
  The abduction of Europa from Zeus
• 
  Olympian assembly, from left to right: Apollo, Zeus and Hera
• 
  The "Golden Man" Zeus statue
• 
  Enthroned Zeus (Greek, c. 100 BC) - modeled after the Olympian Zeus by Pheidas (c. 430 BC)
• 
  Zeus and Hera
• 
  Zeus statue
• 
  Zeus/Poseidon statue

See also

• Achaean League
• Agetor
• Ambulia - Spartan epithet used for Athena, Zeus, and Castor and Pollux
• Deception of Zeus
• Hetairideia – Thessalian Festival to Zeus
• Temple of Zeus, Olympia
• Zanes of Olympia - Statues of Zeus

Notes

1. British English /zjuːs/;[4] American English /zuːs/[5]
   Attic–Ionic Greek: Ζεύς, romanized: Zeús Attic–Ionic pronunciation: [zděu̯s] or [dzěu̯s], Koine Greek pronunciation: [zeʍs], Modern Greek pronunciation: [zefs]; genitive: Δῐός, romanized: Diós [di.ós]
   Boeotian Aeolic and Laconian Doric Greek: Δεύς, romanized: Deús Doric Greek: [děu̯s]; genitive: Δέος, romanized: Déos [dé.os]
   Greek: Δίας, romanized: Días Modern Greek: [ˈði.as̠]

1. The sculpture was presented to Louis XIV as Aesculapius but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by Pierre Granier, who added the upraised right arm brandishing the thunderbolt. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the Gardens of Versailles, now conserved in the Louvre Museum (Official on-line catalog)
2. Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
3. https://www.theoi.com/articles/thor-greek-god-all-you-need-to-know/
4. Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "Zeus, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1921.
5. Zeus in the American Heritage Dictionary
6. Thomas Berry (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism. Columbia University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-231-10781-5.
7. T. N. Madan (2003). The Hinduism Omnibus. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-566411-9.
8. Sukumari Bhattacharji (2015). The Indian Theogony. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281.
9. Roshen Dalal (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. Entry: "Dyaus"
10. Hamilton, Edith (1942). Mythology (1998 ed.). New York: Back Bay Books. p. 467. ISBN 978-0-316-34114-1.
11. Homer, Il., Book V.
12. Plato, Symp., 180e.
13. There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's origins: Hesiod's Theogony claims that she was born from the foam of the sea after Cronos castrated Uranus, making her Uranus's daughter but Homer's Iliad has Aphrodite as the daughter of Zeus and Dione.[11] A speaker in Plato's Symposium offers that they were separate figures: Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos.[12]
14. Homeric Hymns.
15. Hesiod, Theogony.
16. Burkert, Greek Religion.
17. See, e.g., Homer, Il., I.503 & 533.
18. Pausanias, 2.24.2.
19. Νεφεληγερέτα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
20. Laërtius, Diogenes (1972) [1925]. "1.11". In Hicks, R.D. (ed.). Lives of Eminent Philosophers. "1.11". Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (in Greek).
21. "Zeus". American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
22. R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 499.
23. Harper, Douglas. "Jupiter". Online Etymology Dictionary.
24. Burkert (1985). Greek Religion. p. 321. ISBN 0-674-36280-2.
25. "The Linear B word di-we". "The Linear B word di-wo". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of Ancient languages.
26. "Plato's Cratylus" by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 Nov 2003, p. 91
27. Jevons, Frank Byron (1903). The Makers of Hellas. C. Griffin, Limited.
28. Joseph, John Earl (2000). Limiting the Arbitrary. ISBN 1556197497.
29. Diodorus Siculus, Library, 5.72
30. Diodorus Siculus, Library, 3.61
31. Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 1.11.1
32. "Greek and Roman Mythology.". Mythology: Myths, Legends, & Fantasy. Sweet Water Press. 2003. p. 21. ISBN 9781468265903.
33. "Greek Gods". AllAboutHistory.org. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
34. Leeming, David (2004). Flood | The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195156690. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
35. "The Gods in the Iliad". department.monm.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
36. Homer (1990). The Iliad. South Africa: Penguin Classics.
37. Iliad, Book 14, line 294
38. Theogony 886–900.
39. Theogony 901–911.
40. Hyginus, Fabulae 155
41. Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Ōlenos
42. Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.22]
43. according to Musaeus as cited Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.467
44. Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21-23
45. Cicero. De Natura Deorum, 3.16
46. Athenaeus. Deipnosophists, 9.392
47. daughter of Lesbus
48. Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.59
49. Scholiast on Pindar, Pythian Odes 3.177; Hesychius
50. Natalis Comes, Mythologiae viii.23
51. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 3.13.5
52. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 6.1.9
53. Scholia on Iliad, 2. 511
54. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 2.904-906
55. Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Dōdōne, with a reference to Acestodorus
56. Hymn 30.6, as cited by Graf and Johnston, Ritual Texts, pp. 123–124 (Hymn 29 in the translation of Thomas Taylor).
57. daughter of Geneanus as cited in Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21-23
58. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 1206
59. Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. p. 8.
60. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5.205
61. Photios (1824). "190.489R". In Bekker, August Immanuel (ed.). Myriobiblon (in Greek). Tomus alter. Berlin: Ge. Reimer. p. 152a. At the Internet Archive. "190.152a" (PDF). Myriobiblon (in Greek). Interreg Δρόμοι της πίστης – Ψηφιακή Πατρολογία. 2006. p. 163. At khazarzar.skeptik.net.
62. Ptolemy Hephaestion Book 6
63. Scholia on Pindar, Olympian Ode 9, 107
64. Eleutheria is the Greek counterpart of Libertas (Liberty), daughter of Jove (Zeus) and Juno (Hera) as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae Preface
65. Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.16.42
66. daughter of Peneus
67. Ioannes Lydus, De Mensibus i.13
68. Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21
69. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 6.48ff., 6.651ff
70. Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Krētē
71. Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. pp. 5–6.
72. daughter of Proteus
73. daughter of Alphionis (Alpheus)
74. John Lydus, De mensibus 4.67
75. Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.21-23
76. Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 3 as cited in Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Thematibus, 2 (p. 86 sq. Pertusi)
77. Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Tainaros
78. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 5.81.4
79. Hyginus, Fabulae 195 in which Orion was produced from a bull's hide urinated by three gods, Zeus, Poseidon and Hermes
80. The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a niche, was found at Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli and donated to the British Museum by John Thomas Barber Beaumont in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1904).
81. Homer, Iliad i. 202, ii. 157, 375, &c.
82. Pindar, Isthmian Odes iv. 99
83. Hyginus, Poetical Astronomy ii. 13
84. Spanh. ad Callim. hymn. in Jov, 49
85. Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Aegiduchos". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. I. Boston. p. 26.
86. Strab. xii. p. 574
87. Libanius (2000). Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius. Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-85323-595-3.
88. Δικταῖος in Liddell and Scott.
89. Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 549 ff..
90. Suda ε 3269
91. Agora Monument: Stoa of Zeus
92. ε 804
93. (Libanius, Oration In Praise Of Antioch, 88
94. Ancient Antioch, Glanville Downey, Princeton University Press, 2015.
95. Marcianus, Epitome of Menippus' Periplus, 6-8
96. Dedication to Zeus Ourios and Astarte Palaistine Aphrodite Ourania, followed by a small sacrificial regulation, from Delos
97. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gaza" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.; Johannes Hahn: Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt; The Holy Land and the Bible
98. Durant, The Life of Greece (The Story of Civilization Part II, New York: Simon & Schuster) 1939:23.
99. Rodney Castleden, Minoans: Life in Bronze-Age Crete, "The Minoan belief-system" (Routledge) 1990:125
100. Pointed out by Bernard Clive Dietrich, The Origins of Greek Religion (de Gruyter) 1973:15.
101. A.B. Cook, Zeus Cambridge University Press, 1914, I, figs 397, 398.
102. Dietrich 1973, noting Martin P. Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, and Its Survival in Greek Religion 1950:551 and notes.
103. "Professor Stylianos Alexiou reminds us that there were other divine boys who survived from the religion of the pre-Hellenic period — Linos, Ploutos and Dionysos — so not all the young male deities we see depicted in Minoan works of art are necessarily Velchanos" (Castleden 1990:125
104. Richard Wyatt Hutchinson, Prehistoric Crete, (Harmondsworth: Penguin) 1968:204, mentions that there is no classical reference to the death of Zeus (noted by Dietrich 1973:16 note 78).
105. "This annually reborn god of vegetation also experienced the other parts of the vegetation cycle: holy marriage and annual death when he was thought to disappear from the earth" (Dietrich 1973:15).
106. In the founding myth of Lycaon's banquet for the gods that included the flesh of a human sacrifice, perhaps one of his sons, Nyctimus or Arcas. Zeus overturned the table and struck the house of Lyceus with a thunderbolt; his patronage at the Lykaia can have been little more than a formula.
107. A morphological connection to lyke "brightness" may be merely fortuitous.
108. Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial detritus, Walter Burkert, "Lykaia and Lykaion", Homo Necans, tr. by Peter Bing (University of California) 1983, p. 90.
109. Pausanias 8.38.
110. Republic 565d-e
111. A. B. Cook (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol. I, p.63, Cambridge University Press
112. Strabo, Geography, book 14, chapter 1.42
113. Schol. ad Pind. Ol. vi. 162
114. Hesiod, according to a scholium on Apollonius of Rhodes. Argonautika, ii. 297
115. Odyssey 14.326-7
116. Pausanias 3.18.
117. "In the art of Gandhara Zeus became the inseparable companion of the Buddha as Vajrapani." in Freedom, Progress, and Society, K. Satchidananda Murty, R. Balasubramanian, Sibajiban Bhattacharyya, Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1986, p. 97
118. 2 Maccabees 6:2
119. David Syme Russel. Daniel. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.
120. Sick, David H. (2004), "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun", Numen, 51 (4): 432–467, JSTOR 3270454
121. Ljuba Merlina Bortolani, Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity, Cambridge University Press, 13/10/2016
122. West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth (PDF). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 194–196. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9. Retrieved 7 May 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
123. Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951:110.
124. In Fourth Tractate 'Problems of the Soul' The Demiurge is identified as Zeus.10. "When under the name of Zeus we are considering the Demiurge we must leave out all notions of stage and progress, and recognize one unchanging and timeless life."
125. The translation of Hermes
126. The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, edited by J. Orr, 1960, Vol. III, p. 1944.
127. "The Second Book of the Maccabees".
128. George R. S. Mead (1963). Pistis Sophia. Jazzybee Verlag. p. 190. ISBN 9783849687090.
129. Rochim, Fatchur (8 November 2011). "Ini Dia Aktor-Aktor Yang Pernah Memerankan Dewa Zeus". KapanLagi (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2019.
130. "Zei, semizei, eroi..." Cinemagia (in Romanian). 24 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
131. Piantadosi, Roger (30 March 2016). "Angus Macfadyen, 'Unhinged' in Virginia". Rapp News. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
132. Canby, Vincent (12 June 1981). "'CLASH OF TITANS' WITH OLIVIER AS ZEUS". NY Times. The New York Times Company. p. 6. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
133. "From Schindler to Zeus". Telegraph India. Telegraph. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
134. Dittman, Earl (27 June 2012). "Liam Neeson digs playing a god in 'Wrath Of The Titans'". Digital Journal. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
135. Wigler, Josh (12 August 2010). "Liam Neeson Returns As Zeus For 'Wrath Of The Titans'". MTV News. MTV. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
136. Lipp, Chaz (21 August 2014). "Blu-ray Review: Disney's Hercules (1997)". The Morton Report. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
137. Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2011
138. Becker, Josh (1 May 2008). Rushes. Wildside Press LLC. p. 145. ISBN 9780809573004.
139. Clarke, Stewart (2017-07-19). "Hakeem Kae-Kazim to Play Zeus in BBC and Netflix Series 'Troy'". Variety. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
140. Fermin, Margret (23 April 2018). "God of War Cast – Who Are The Voice Actors (2018)?". PlayStation Universe. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
141. Radcliffe, Noam (31 December 2018). "Kingdom Hearts 3 English Voice Actors: Who Are They?". DBLTAP. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
142. A Point of View: The euro's strange stories, BBC, retrieved 20/11/2011
143. This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.
144. According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
145. According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
146. According to Hesiod's Theogony, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her (886–890), later after mentioning the birth of his other children, Hesiod says that Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" (924–926), see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84.
147. According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
148. According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.

References

• Burkert, Walter, (1977) 1985. Greek Religion, especially section III.ii.1 (Harvard University Press)
• Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, (3 volume set), (1914–1925). New York, Bibilo & Tannen: 1964.
  • Volume 1: Zeus, God of the Bright Sky, Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0148-9 (reprint)
  • Volume 2: Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning), Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0156-X
  • Volume 3: Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (earthquakes, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorites)
• Druon, Maurice, The Memoirs of Zeus, 1964, Charles Scribner's and Sons. (tr. Humphrey Hare)
• Farnell, Lewis Richard, Cults of the Greek States 5 vols. Oxford; Clarendon 1896–1909. Still the standard reference.
• Farnell, Lewis Richard, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921.
• Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
• Graves, Robert; The Greek Myths, Penguin Books Ltd. (1960 edition)
• Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Mitford, William, The History of Greece, 1784. Cf. v.1, Chapter II, Religion of the Early Greeks
• Moore, Clifford H., The Religious Thought of the Greeks, 1916.
• Nilsson, Martin P., Greek Popular Religion, 1940.
• Nilsson, Martin P., History of Greek Religion, 1949.
• Rohde, Erwin, Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks, 1925.
• Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, Ancientlibrary.com, William Smith, Dictionary: "Zeus" Ancientlibrary.com

External links

• Greek Mythology Link, Zeus stories of Zeus in myth
• Theoi Project, Zeus summary, stories, classical art
• Theoi Project, Cult Of Zeus cult and statues
• Photo: Pagans Honor Zeus at Ancient Athens Temple from National Geographic