Icarus

In Greek mythology, Icarus (/ˈɪkərəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἴκαρος [ǐːkaros]) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings nor the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the sun; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned, sparking the idiom "don't fly too close to the sun".

For other uses, see Icarus (disambiguation).

Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus (1635–1637)

Icarus and Daedalus modern red relief plastic pottery beaker

This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaethon.

Name

The Greek Ἴκαρος is more directly transliterated into English as Ikaros. In Latin, the name becomes Icarus ([ˈiːkarʊs]); by convention it is the Latin name that is most often used in English. The Greek name is thought to have come from an earlier *Ϝίκαρος (Wī́karos); this would be reflected in Icarus' Etruscan name, Vikare.[1]

The legend

The Lament for Icarus (1898) by H. J. Draper

Icarus's father Daedalus, a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman, built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull. Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos's daughter, Ariadne, a clew[2] (or ball of string) in order to help Theseus, the enemy of Minos, to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur.

Modern street art of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos on Icaria, Greece

Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son. Daedalus tried his wings first, but before trying to escape the island, he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea, but to follow his path of flight. Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him, Icarus soared into the sky, but in the process, he came too close to the sun, which due to the heat melted the wax. Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms, and so Icarus fell into the sea and drowned in the area which today bears his name, the Icarian Sea near Icaria, an island southwest of Samos.[3][4][5]

Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat, provided by Pasiphaë], for which Daedalus invented the first sails, to outstrip Minos' pursuing galleys, and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned. Heracles erected a tomb for him.[6][7]

Classical literature

The Sun, or the Fall of Icarus (1819) by Merry-Joseph Blondel, in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre

Icarus' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing, but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus.[8] In the literature of ancient Rome, the myth was of interest to Augustan writers. Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40, beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë, daughter of the Sun, resulting in the birth of the Minotaur. Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses (viii.183–235), and refers to it elsewhere.[9]

Medieval, Renaissance, and Modern literature

Ovid's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaethon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature[10] as received and interpreted by major writers including Chaucer,[11] Marlowe,[12] Shakespeare,[13] Milton,[14] and Joyce.[15]

Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (ca. 1558), famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background

In Renaissance iconography, the significance of Icarus depends on context: in the Orion Fountain at Messina, he is one of many figures associated with water; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall – where he symbolizes high-flying ambition.[16] The 16th-century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder, was the inspiration for two of the 20th century's most notable ecphrastic English-language poems, "Musée des Beaux Arts" by W. H. Auden and "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" by William Carlos Williams. Other English-language poems referencing the Icarus myth are "To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph" by Anne Sexton, "Icarus Again" by Alan Devenish, "Mrs Icarus" by Carol Ann Duffy, "Failing and Flying" by Jack Gilbert, and "Icarus Burning" and "Icarus Redux" in Hiromi Yoshida's Icarus Burning chapbook. The Norwegian Axel Jensen used Icarus as a metaphor for troubled modern young men, in the 1957 novel Icarus: A Young Man in Sahara.

Interpretation

17th-century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right (Musée Antoine Vivenel)

Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition.[17] An Icarus-related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi-Ducroux.[18] In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire, enuresis, high ambition, and ascensionism.[19] In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic-high and depressive-low of bipolar disorder. Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex, apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights, fascinated by both fire and water, narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far-fetched imaginary cognition.[20][21] Seth Godin's 2012 The Icarus Deception points to the historical change in how Western culture both propagated and interpreted the Icarus myth arguing that "we tend to forget that Icarus was also warned not to fly too low, because seawater would ruin the lift in his wings. Flying too low is even more dangerous than flying too high, because it feels deceptively safe."[22]

See also

• Icarus imagery in contemporary music
• Kua Fu, a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close
• Bladud, a legendary king of the Britons, purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed
• Etana, a sort of "Babylonian Icarus"[23]
• Sampati, an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun

Notes

References

1. Larissa Bonfante, Judith Swaddling, Etruscan Myths, p. 43
2. clew – a ball of yarn or thread. The etymology of the word "clue" is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth.
3. Graves, Robert (1955). "92 – Daedalus and Talus". The Greek Myths. ISBN 0-14-007602-6.
4. Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning Archived 14 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine 2012-01-24.
5. Translated by A. S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005-07-03.
6. Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
7. Pinsent, J. (1982). Greek Mythology. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. ISBN 0-600-55023-0.
8. Epitome of the Biblioteca i.11 and ii.6.3.
9. Gareth D. Williams, Banished voices: readings in Ovid's Exile Poetry (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 132 online.
10. Peter Knox, A Companion to Ovid (Blackwell, 2009), p. 424 online.
11. Jane Chance, The Mythographic Chaucer (University of Michigan Press, 1995), p. 65 online.
12. Troni Y. Grande, Marlovian Tragedy (Associated University Presses, 1990), pp. 14 online, 40–42 et passim; Frederic B. Tromly, Playing with Desire: Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization (University of Toronto Press, 1998), p. 181.
13. Coppélia Kahn, Man's estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare (University of California Press, 1981), p. 53 online.
14. Su Fang Nu, Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 154 online; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, Lucifer and Prometheus (Routledge, 2001, reprinted from 1952), p. 32 online.
15. R. J. Schork, Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce (University Press of Florida, 1997), p. 160 online.
16. E. H. Gombrich, Symbolic Images; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance (London, 1972); p. 8.
17. Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process: Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus, the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press, 2003 Retrieved 2012-01-24 ISBN 0-8143-3002-9 See also Harry Levin, The Overreacher, Harvard University Press, 1952
18. Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise (1975). Dédale: Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne. Paris: François Maspero. p. 227.
19. Wiklund, Nils (1978). The icarus complex. Lund: Doxa. ISBN 91-578-0064-2.
20. Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts, University Press of America, 2010, p. 166 ff, ISBN 0-7618-4993-9
21. Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012-01-24.
22. results, search (31 December 2012). The Icarus Deception: How High Will You Fly? (1st ed.). Portfolio.
23. Comparion noted by W.H.Ph. Römer, "Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia," in Historia Religionum: Religions of the Past (Brill, 1969), vol. 1, p. 163.

Further reading

• Graves, Robert, (1955) 1960. The Greek Myths, section 92 passim
• Smith, William, ed. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
• Pinsent, J. (1982). Greek Mythology. New York: Peter Bedrick Books

Adaptions

• Icarus at the Unicorn Theatre (On 26 January - 10 March)
• Daedalus and the sun